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Photographic 

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23  WKT  MAIN  STRHT 

WIUTIR,N.Y.  MSN 

(716)  •72-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Instituta  for  Historical  IMicroraproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiquaa 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notaa/Notaa  techniquaa  at  bibllographiquaa 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  bast 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


n 


D 
D 
D 

D 
0 

D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couvfirture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^  et/ou  pelliculie 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


Coloured  maps/ 

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Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


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Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
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II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais.  lorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6tA  fiimtes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires; 


L'lnstitul  a  microf  llmA  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  AtA  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique.  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite.  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  ir«diqute  ci-dessous. 


Th^ 
to 


r~1   Coloured  pages/ 


0 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmA  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
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Pages  restaurAes  et/ou  peliiculAes 

E   Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
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□   Pages  detached/ 
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Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

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Quality  inAgaie  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  miitiriel  supplimentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Mition  disponible 


[^  Showthrough/ 

r^  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

r~n  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

r~n  Only  edition  available/ 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  uy  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc..  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  beet  possible  image/ 
^et  pages  totalement  ou  partiellament 
ob^curcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure. 
etc..  ont  *t^  film6es  A  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


Thi 
poi 
ofi 
filn 


Ori 
be( 
the 
sioi 
oth 
firs 
sioi 
ori 


The 
sha 
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Mai 
diffi 
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begi 
righ 
reqi 
met 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

v" 

12X 

16X 

aox 

a4x 

28X 

32X 

1 

laire 
I  details 
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3 

32X 


Tha  copy  flimad  here  haa  been  raproducad  thanica 
to  tha  ganaroaity  of: 

Yoric  University 
Toronto 
Scott  Library 

Tha  Imagaa  appearing  hare  are  the  beet  quality 
poaaibie  conaidaring  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  apeclflcatione. 


Original  coplea  in  printed  paper  eovera  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  iaat  page  with  a  printed  or  illuatrated  imprea- 
aion,  or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  coplea  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
firat  page  with  a  printed  or  illuatrated  imprea- 
aion.  and  ending  on  the  Iaat  page  with  a  printed 
or  illuatrated  impreaalon. 


The  Iaat  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
ahall  contain  the  aymbd  — »•  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  aymbol  y  (meening  "END"), 
whichever  appliea. 

Mape.  platea,  charta,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratioa.  Thoae  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  expoeure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  comer,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  framea  aa 
required.  The  following  diagrama  illuatrate  the 
method: 


1 

2 

3 

L'exemplaire  filmi  f ut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
ginAroaitA  da: 

York  University 
Toronto 
Scott  Library 

Lee  imagaa  auivantea  ont  AtA  raproduitea  avac  la 
plua  grand  aoin,  compta  tenu  de  ia  condition  at 
da  la  nettetA  de  l'exemplaire  filmA,  et  en 
coiijormitA  avac  lea  conditiona  du  contrat  de 
fllmage. 

Lea  exemplairea  originaux  dont  ia  couvarture  en 
papier  eat  imprimAe  aont  filmAa  an  commandant 
par  la  premier  plat  et  en  terminent  aoit  par  la 
darnlAre  pege  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'Impreaalon  ou  d'illuatration,  aoit  par  la  second 
plat,  aelon  le  caa.  Tous  lea  autrea  axempiairee 
originaux  aont  filmAa  en  commenpant  par  la 
premlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'Impreaalon  ou  d'illuatration  et  en  terminent  per 
le  demlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  dea  aymbolaa  auivants  apparattra  aur  ia 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  aelon  le 
caa:  le  symbde  -^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  le 
aymbole  ▼  algnifie  "FIN". 

Lee  castea,  planchea,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmAa  A  dee  taux  de  rAduction  diffArents. 
Loraque  le  document  eat  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cllchA,  II  eat  filmA  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bee,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'Imagee  nAceeaaira.  Lea  diagrammea  suivanta 
illuatrent  la  mAthodo. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

s 


THE 


SILVA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


A  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  TREES  WHICH  GROW 

NATURALLY  IN  NORTH  AMERICA 

EXCLUSIVE  OF  MEXICO 


CHARLES   SPRAGUE    SARGENT 


DIRKCTOB   OK  TllK   ARNOLD   ARBORETUM 
OK  HARVARD  UNIVER3ITT 


3iUu)3trateD  tuitl)  figurcis  and  9nalfise!3  Dratsn  from  Mature 

BT 

CHARLES   EDWARD   FAXON 

O 

VOLUME  VII 
LA  URA  CEJE—JUGLANDA  CEM 


M!]^@razi( 


BOSTON  AND  NEW  YORK 
HOUGHTON    MIFFLIN  AND  COMPANY 


MDCCCXCV 


ii  ,.^ 


M' 


© 


Bl  CIIARLKS  srilAlUK  SAIiaEST. 


.1//  rit/hu  restTitii. 


Elwtrotyp<Hl  »ud  rrioti'd  li)  H,  ll,  Mnighton  «iij  Oali>|<«ir. 


i'     u^ 


m\ 


A 


To 
SIR  JOSEPH  DALTON  HOOKER, 

WIIOSK    I.AIIOKH    IIAVK    l.ARdKLV    IN(  KKASKIJ    KNOWLEDGE 

IN    KEOAIin   TO  TRKEM    OF   TIIKEE   CONTINENTS 

ANI>  WIIOSK    EXAMl'I.K 

HAM    BEEN  A  HTIMUI.ANT   TO    IIOTANIL'AI,    KTfDY  I.N    EVERY  LAND, 

THIS  SEVENTH  VOLUME  OK 

TIIK   SILVA  OF"  NORTH   AMKUICA 

18   OKATEKILLY    DEDICATED 


i 


TABLE  OF   CONTENTS. 


'i 


If 


SVNOllilM   OK  OllDKIW 
I'KRSKA    HoKllONIA 
I'KltsKA    1'I'I1KM(  KNS  . 
OCOTKA    CaTKSIIVANA 

Sassakuax  Sashakka.s 

UMHKl.i."!  *R1A   CaLIKOBNICA 

Dkyi'Ktkh  Kkvknhis 
DiivrfrrRs  t.ATKiiiKi.ORA 

(iVMNAMIIKS    I.IKIDA 
Iliri'ClMANK    Mam  INKLLA    . 
t'l.Mll'    AmKUIi  ANA 
IJl.Ml'H    KA(  K.MIWA 
I'l.MUM    AI.ATA 
Ul.Ml'H    Fn.VA       . 
I'l.MTS    I  HA.'-HII'OI.IA 

I'i.anrba  AyrATicA    . 

CkI.TIS    («1IIiKNTaI.I!< 
CkI.TH    M|SMI*<II'I'I.'S'»IS 

iMiiKi-1  RrmiA 

MllKl'S    (  Kl.TIIUKDI.IA 
ToXYI-llS    I'OMrFKHlIM 
Kl(  IS    AI'KKA 
Fl(  IS    I'lllTl.NKA 
I'l.ATANl's    111  I  lltKNTALIS       . 
I'laiams   ItAl  KMIWA 
I'l.AiAMs    WKIiill'lII 
I.KITNKHIA    Kl.DKIHANA     . 
JlIlil.ANS   riNKKKA  .  . 

Jrill.ANS    NIll!" 
■Iriil.ASS    Kl'l'>iKIS 
.ll'llI.AXS   ('AI.IKIIKNirA      . 
!llH>KIA    I'ki  AN 
lIllllHIA  MINIMA 
H.rOKIA   MVRlsrir.KKORMW 
I'      DRIA    Ayl'ATIlA  . 
IlllDUlA    OVATA   . 
IIlriiRIA    I.AI  INIllsA 
lIlrOHIA    AI.IIA      .  .  • 

hlrnUIA   (iLAIlKV      . 


I'llltp  roi'i.  .  .  • 

I'liitr  I'l'i'ii.   . 

I"  itf  I'l'iiii. 

I'  lies  I'l'iiv.,  iTi^v. 

I'lnte  I'lTvi. 

I'latc  ocrvii. 

Pluto  crcviii.     .         .         • 

I'lnle  ccpix. 

I'lnte  I'W'X. 

I'late  ni'cxi.  . 

I'latu  cccxii.     .         ■         • 

I'liitt!  ccoxiil.         .         • 

Plate  fi'i'xiv.    . 

Plllll'  I'lTXV. 

Plato  cccxvi     . 

Plate  ci'cxvii. 

Plates  ccoxviii.,  cccxix. 

Plate  ocoxx. 

Plate  rci'xxi.     . 

Plates  rcexxil.,  ecoxxiii. 

Plato  ciexxiv. . 

Plate  ccexxv. 

Plates  lecxxvi..  ceoxxvii.  . 

Plato  icexxviii. 

Plate  eerxxix.  . 

I'lttte  ecexxx. 

Plates  eccxxxi..  ecixxxii.  . 

Plates  cocxxxiii..  crexxxiv. 

Plates  ci'i'xxxv.,  cocxxxvi. 

Plate  ri'cxxxvii.     . 

)'late»  irexxxviii.,  eiTXXxix. 

Plates  ceexl.,  ccexli. 

Plates  I'lTxIii.,  cccxiiii. 

Plates  I'lTxliv.,  occxlv.  . 

Plates  "I'exlvi..  erexlvii.  . 

Plates  I'ei-xlviii.,  ecexlix. 

Plates  cccl.,  coi'li. 

Plates  rcolii.,  eccliii..  cecliv. 


vii 
4 
7 
11 
17 
21 
25 
27 
30 

nr. 

43 
47 

r,\ 

f)3 

Gl 
07 
71 
79 
«3 
8'J 
95 
97 
lO'J 

lor. 

107 
111 
118 
Vl\ 
IIT. 
129 

,  137 
141 

,  14.-> 
149 

.  iri3 

1-.7 

.  Kil 

165 


I 


SYNOPSIS  OF  THE   ORDERS  OF   PLANTS  CONTAINED  IN  VOLUME  VII. 
OF  THE   SILVA  OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


Cla>«  I.     DICOTYLEDONOUS  or  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

SU'niN  iiicroaMini,'  in  iliaiiictor  by  Ihu  uiiiiuiU  additiuii  of  it  luyir  of  wood  iimiilc  the  bark.     Leavei  netted-veined.     Kmbryo 
witli  a  pair  of  op|M)Hitu  cotyludittiH. 

Suh-Clahh  I.     AngiOSponniB.     I'i«til,  a  cloM'd  ovary  onntaiiiiiiK  the  ovulca  and  devoloiiinf;  into  the  fruit. 
OIVIHIU.N  III.     ApetalSD.     Corolla  0.     StiinirnN  innertcd  on  tlip  iictiiloid  rnlyx.  or  hypogynoim. 

44.  Lauriicece.  Klower*  pcrfiM-t  or  (liiiMioiH.  Stiinicns  '.»  to  l'2,  by]M)gynouM.  Ovary  anpcr'.or,  l-oelli'd. 
Ovule  Holitary.  siispcndeil.  anatro|KmN.     Stivd  I'xiilbuniinoim.      Leaves  alternate  or  opposite.  exHtipiilate. 

45.  EuphorbiaoeBB.  Klowem  unisexual.  Stuincnn  1,  few  or  many.  Ovary  iiu|MMior,  usually  l-ciUed.  Ovide 
■olitary.  or  'J,  eollatvral,  dewendini;,  anatropoun.     .Seed  albuniinoux.      Leaves  usually  alternato  or  opposite,  stipulate. 

46.  Ulmaoem.  Flowers  perfect  or  p(jlyKanio-nioiia'cious.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  ealyx, 
hypojtynouB.  Ovary  superior,  1 -celled.  Ovule  solitary,  suspcniled,  anatroiKius.  Fruit  a  compresscil  winyed 
•amara.  or  dru'iaceoiis.     .Seed  albuminous.     Ix'aves  alternato,  stipulate. 

47.  Moracb^.  Flowers  unisexual.  Stiimeiis  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx.  Oviiry  superior,  1 -celled. 
Ovule  solitjiry.  suspended,  anBtr<i|>ouH.     See<l  ulbuminous.      I>>aves  alternate  or  opiwsite,  stijudate. 

48.  Platanacece.  Flowers  niona-cious  in  dense  unisexual  capitate  heads.  Stamens  as  ninny  as  the  lobes  of 
the  calyx.  Ovary  sujicrior.  1-celled.  Ovule  usually  solitary,  suspended,  orthotropous.  Seeil  albuminous.  Uuives 
alternate,  stipulate. 

4y.  Leitnoriaceep.  Flower*  amentaceous,  diiwious.  Stamens  .'<  to  12.  Ovary  superior.  1-celled.  Ovule 
•olitAry,  asrendini;,  scnnanatro|)ous.      Fruit  drupaceous.     Seed  albuminous.     I<eaves  alternate,  exstipulate. 

r>(l.  Juglandacoa).  Flowers  monitcious.  Stamens  indetinite.  Ovary  inferior.  l-<'clled.  Ovule  erect,  ortho- 
tropous.    Fruit  a  uul  iuulo»ed  iu  uu  iuduhiscent  or  4-valved  woody  or  ticsliy  involucre.      Leaves  alternate,  exstipulatc. 


0 


SILVA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


PER  HE  A. 

Ft,OWEKH  pcrffct ;  oiilyx  O-lobcd,  tho  lohcs  in  two  ncricH,  iiiibricatcd  in  irstivntion, 
persistent;  coi'Dlla  0  ;  stamens  12,  in  tour  series,  tliose  of  the  inner  series  sterile; 
(lisi<  *);  ovary  superior,  I -celled  ;  ovule  solitary,  suspended.  Fruit  baeeatu.  Leaves 
alternate,  destitute  of  stipules,  persistent. 

PoiMim.  I.iiiiianw,  (ifii.  91  (IT.'t").       Kinllirlnr.  '»'<".  .'tlT.  —  Laurus.  Ijiimiimih.  Hen.  vt\.  'J.  171  I  in  piiit)  (t74'J).  —  A.  L. 
Mi'ioiK'r.  (Jen.  .'ILTi. —  HiiIIIdm,   /Ituf.   /'/.  ii.    Iti'.).  —  lien-  lU- MiMU-n.  Om.  NO  (in  |iiirl). 

tliuni  *    Honker,  Gfii.    iii.   \M   (exrl.   «poi.    .tl.*i;„l,ijil,iii;  Munimtnitll,  V.>lli./ii,  /■'/.  h'liim.  I".t'.»;    h-an.  v.  t.  2  (IN'.Ti). 

/'/i,i7.,', mill  S'ltiiiih'vhr).  —  I'lix,  h'.iiijIfrX-  I'niiiit  I'jiun-  Tomula,  lluliiu'wiuv,  Si/Ira  TiUnr.  l.Ui  (1H;18). 
tiiijUin.  iii.  |il.  ii.  111  (t'Xcl.  ncc.  AlMotlaphne). 

Aromiitic  ti'i'cs  or  Klirul)s,  with  iiiikfil  limls,  Lfuvi-H  altcriiiitu,  Hcuttfi'i'il,  iicniiivciiiiHl,  siilii-oriii- 
ccoiiH,  rij^id,  toiiu'iitosc  or  riin'y  ji;liil)roun,  iMTsistciit.  Flowers  Ntiiail,  jjrci'iiisli  vfllow,  apftaiouH, 
cyniosi'  or  rart'ly  siiliiimlii'llatc  in  axillary  or  axillary  aii<l  ti'rniinal  |iciliiii('ulatt'  paiiicics,  Itracts  and 
Itractli'ts  lanct'iilatf.  acute,  I'ailiu-oiiH,  Calyx  eanipainilate,  diviiieil  nearly  to  the  hasc  into  six  lohes, 
those  of  the  outer  series  shorter  than  those  of  the  inner  series  or  Hoinetinius  nearly  as  lonjj.  persistent 
under  the  fruit.  StaUM'tis  twelve,  in  foiU'  series,  tiiose  of  the  inner  series  an<l  siinn-tiines  also  those  <d' 
the  third  series  reduced  to  staniinodia  ;  tihinu>nts  ttattened,  inserted  on  the  iias(-  of  the  calvx.  Ioniser  or 
rarely  sliorter  than  the  anthers,  hirsute  or  ^iahrous,  those  of  the  third  series  furnished  near  the  liase 
with  two  sessile  or  rarely  stipitate  glands;  anthers  ovate,  flattened,  erect,  innate,  four-celled,  the  U|)per 
cells  rather  larjjer  than  the  lower,  or  those  of  the  third  series  sonu'tiines  two-celled,  rarely  all  two-celled, 
the  cells  opening;  from  helow  upward  hy  persistent  lids,  those  of  the  outer  series  introrse  or  suiiintrorse. 
those  of  the  third  series  extrorse  or  laterally  dehiscent;  NtaniiniHlia  lar^^e.  cordate-sajjittate,  stipitate, 
usually  hearded  at  the  apex  ;  pollin  siin[de,  jrlohose,  frranidar.  Ovary  sessile,  snlijrlohose.  jrlahrous  or 
pilose,  oni'-celled,  narrowed  into  a  slender  simple  eloiifrated  style.  j;radually  enlarj^ed  at  the  apex  into 
a  discoid  sti^jnia  ;  ovule  solitary,  suspended  from  the  ajK'X  of  the  cell,  anatropous.  Fruit  haccate. 
j;lohose.  ohlonj;  or  rarely  ])yriform,  more  or  !enM  fleshy,  Hurrounded  at  the  ham;  hy  the  jwrsistent  calvx. 
.S'ed  jjioliose,  |)endulous.  destitute  of  alhunien  ;  test^i  thin  and  memhranaceims.  separable  into  two  coats. 
Knduyo  erect ;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy  ;  radicle  sup-rior,  turned  toward  the  hilum,  included 
hetweeii  the  cotyledons.' 


'  Itv  Ml'/.  (Jiihrh.  Ai.niy.  /Jo/,  (iiirl.  V.  lll."i  [Liiumcm  AmnaiKT 
Moiiui/.])  Vvnea  is  divitlcd  into  IIh*  following;  Hiib^neni :  — 

IlKMU'hKsi-.v.  Aiitlu'r>  uf  till'  tlirei'  oiiIit  wnis  of  nIanii'iiK  Iwii- 
I'l'IK'il. 

lllCXANTMKK.A.      .VlltlllTH  of  tlu'  two  olltlT  Sfrif.H  of  Htunioiis  four 

iM  Mill,  tliosi'  of  the  tliiril  sfrics  niiiiiitc  anil  .stiiili.. 


IIktkka.niiua.     Aiilhcm  of  tlif  two  ontor  «crie>  of  atamons  foiir- 
ci'llfti,  tliiwi-  of  till'  tliiril  M'Tivn  two-i'i'lli'd, 

Kii'i-UBKA.     .Vntliirs  of  tlir  tliroc  miti'i-  Hfrie.s  of  ntanirn.s  fi-rlilo, 

ff>lir-ci-llril. 


H. 


,s7y.iM  OF  Noirni  amkiuca. 


h\m\\cv.x. 


Of  Porspii,  as  it  is  now  limited,  about  lifty  specii's '  are  (liHtiiifruiHluHl ;  tliey  arc  confined  to  tlie 
New  World  and  to  the  Canary  Islands,  whi-ri'  one  ondoniic  siiccii's  is  found.'  In  America  the  genus 
is  distrihuted  from  the  'oast  rejjioii  of  the  southern  I'nited  States,  iniial.ited  hy  two  species,  to  Brazil 
and  Chile,  where,  with  a  sinjjle  s]iecies.''  it  Hnds  its  most  southern  home.  During  tiie  tertiary  epoch 
I'ersca  extended  to  the  middle  plateau  of  North  .\merica  *  and  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  .'>iei  ra  Nevada, 
where,  in  deposits  of  gold-bearing  gravel,  traces  of  an  immediate  ancestor  of  one  of  tlie  existing  North 
American  species  has  been  found  ; ''  and  several  species  long  played  their  part  in  the  niiocene  und 
pliocene  forests  of  central  Ktu-opc." 

The  most  useful  species,  /'irxid  Prrsin,'  the  Avocado  or  Alligator  Pear,  produces  edible  fruit 
whir  h  is  esteemed  in  all  tropical  countries ;  and  numy  of  the  species  yield  hard  dark-colored  handsome 
wood  valued  in  cabinet-making. 

Persea  is  not  seriously  injured  by  insects  or  fungal  diseases." 

The  <'enerii'  name,  used  by  Theophra.stus  to  distinguish  a  tree  of  the  Orient,  was  transferred  by 
Pluniier  "  to  one  of  the  tropical  .\mcrican  species  and  was  afterward  adopted  by  Linnieus. 


I 


-m 


i  lIuniK.Iih.  litniplftiid  *v  Kuiilli.  .V.M  O'M.  rt  Sfnc  ii.  !."»". — 
Kiiiilti.  Si/i,.  PI.  .fCtpiiu.  i.  l.ht.  *"  <i  Nr.  .  h)i  i:»rnU'tk,  I.mmm^ 
viii.  lU  ;  Syst.  Lnur.  lllli.  —  Sociiiaiiii.  /.'.»/.  Toy.  UrniU/,  llKl.  —  A. 
Hi.himl.  h".  Cnh.  iii.  lS."i.  —  (;riMlHirli,  /V.  liril.  M*.  /r»/.  L'W>. — 
Mii-mr.  /V  {\iwIih2*'  PrtMlr.  w .  \A.  i.  \\\  \  Marfifui  II.  Urnttl.  v. 
|(t.  ii.  I'll.  —  llfiuslev,  Hot.  I'W.  Am.  Crut.  ii\.  7\.  —  Mv/.  Jtihrh. 
Amum/.  Hot.  dart.  v.  13.">  {l.nuni<t>r  Ammnvur  .\fimoif.). 

^  /Vr.*Mi   /wiii'o,  Spn-ii^fl.  Su*t.  ii.  *J«W  (1,S'J.'»),       i\  (J.  NtM'tt  nb 
K.-ifiilMH'k.  Si/it.  hi'ir.  \'Xi.       Mi-isniT,  /V  *\ifu{i4lf  l^rmir.  I.  r.  .VJ. 
I.iiurus  Ittilirii,  \Atmiviis,SfH'r.'MO(vtv\.  Hub.Virpnia)  (  17"kM  - 

WilUlt'iiow.  Sf>tr.  ii.  pt.  i.  4H(».  -   Itmli,  /'Ai/.*.  hr^rhr.Cnunr.  /tx. 

no.  ^  \V,.M.  Ac  lU-rthrKit,  I'h^Uujr.  (ntMr.  mv.  iii.  ITJ-I.  t.  'JH. 
l.iiunLi  Ttfifnjhgt  I'uin't,  Lam.  Ihrt.  Siippl.  iii.  Mil*.*  (lHi;(). 

Dti-  IVi^oaof  tilt' C';uiarv  Nlumls,  wliitli  is  nfU>ii  pliuitod  hh  an 
(irnaint-ttta)  tr"f  in  sniitlnTii  Kurnpr,  in  nm-  of  thi*  miwl  valimMr 
tinilitr-trt'tf*  of  tin*  pt'inis  ;  ii  piinlinfs  tlu'  vinutiro  ur  Ma'lrirn 
iii;ili<t;;;inv.  a  liftnl  rii»M'-j;rairu-il  )li'rpM*nIur<Mi  vuhhI  niiu  Ii  nnrd  in 
cal'iiM't-Hiakiiijj.      (StM'  N'uinliii,  J/'inuW  '/'■  iWfftiimtilrur,  'AW.) 

•  /'.T»Mi  Aifiyi/. .  i'.  <;.  Nffs  !ib  Ks.iilMvk,  /.  c.  i:»7  (IH;tti); 
Imnira,  %xi.  191.  ~  Mcianer,  /.  r.   18.  —  Mi-z.  /.  r.  UWl 

•  I.f>qn.T»Mix,  lirp.  ^^  A'.  firUotj.  Snrv.  vi.  T.'i.  t.  UM,  f.  I  ;  76,  U 
7,  f.  I  ;  viii  .Vt  {i'->utnh.  Fo%t.  h'l    Wrttrrn  Trmtorus,  i.,  iji.). 

■  |j«'Hipii'n'Ui,  Mrm,  \fus.  ("omp.  /im'/,  vi.  pt.  ii.  19  (Foifii  PlarUs 
of  thf  .1  Nn/fro'w  iirnvrl  I Upostt  of  thf  Sirrra  AVixi'/n). 

•  Sa|M»rta.  Orn/irw  Pnli uhUAmjiffite  dfs  .Ir/T?*,  l!ii*J. —  Zitt«l,  Hantth. 
l\ilirnnttfio<}.  ii.  VM\. 

■  Cnck.Trll,  HhU.   Torrfif  lUtt.  ('iuf>.  xtx    *l."i  (  \H\^J). 

f.'turu.''  I'frxrti,  lAuuH'xis,  Sfn'r.  'A~i\  (M.'hi).      Swartz,  fA/«.  1.7J.  — 

Wiihii'huw,  S/>ft .  /.  c.  -  i'erHiMiii,  .S'v'i.  i.  Mil. — Tuiuuu',   /•'/.  Au' 

tiil.  iii.  14,  t.  ;t. 
i*rr!*m  ijriilisiiimn,  t'ntTitn'r  f.  f-'ru-t.  ii-.  ^2*J'2,  t.  '_"Jl    (1K()5). — 

/UU.   h'etf.  IV.  t.    I'StH.  —  Spn>n^rt.|,  /.  , .  —  ii.,t.  Mn,j.  Invii.  t. 

I5.S4).  —  (;riiH*li{uli,  /.  r.  -    Mi'z,  /.  .-.  n.j. 

'I'lii**  tri'i',  uf  wliii'li  scvfriil  varieticH  an*  n-mffnizvil  (we  Mex, 
l.r.),  wan  pmbalily  imli)ri'nuu<i  in  mmthcra  Mi'xiro  iiml  Contnil 
Aniprii-n  '  \.  dr  Caiulotlc,  Orujinr  tifn  I'lnrUn  f 'u/firfV.*, 'J^t'J),  ami 
|mi-vmIiI\  in  caNtrru  I*t*ru,  wIhtc  it  wiw  i-uninionly  fiiltivalt-il  wIkmi 
Uiu  tiiuntry  waa  ducu\iTt'<|  by  t\w  >|»anianU  (.VcuhU,  Hut  Xat 
Jun.  'J.")<i)  ;  it   ftppcarH  to  liave   Imm-m  carriiMl    to  tlic   WVnt  Imliui 


iNlaml-i  NtKin  afUT  thfir  si-ltb'im-nt  by  Kurupraiis  (ItrnwtM',  Sat. 
l/tAt.  Jam.  *,ll\.  -  Jai'ipiin,  Ithx  pt.  i.  ^IH),  and  tlinui^b  cultivation 
tu  buve  nprt'ad  gradually  nvi-r  all  the  tropical  n'^^iouH  uf  AuK'rii'at 
wlirrt'  now  it  oftrn  ^n>wit  HjHintanootiHly.  It  waa  introtlticrd  into 
India  alMHit  tbr  iiiiibib' of  the  ci^btrcnth  rciitiiry,  ard  itt  )^>nfrally 
cidtivati'd  lut  a  fruit-ln-i'  in  all  tlir  trtipjijit  purtrt  of  tbrOld  World. 
^niwin^  soinctirni'H  witbrnit  the  asKintam-t*  uf  man  (  lla».<ikarl.  /'/. 
Jai:  liar.'2\'A.  Miipul,  /■'/.  ItuL  Hat.  i.  pt.  i.  \>\\\.  ~  Bramlia,  Fnrrat 
/■'/  iirit.  hui.  M7H.        Hakir.  h'l.  Mnur.  and  Sryrh.  LMH)). 

Thi'  fullixatn)  fruit  \*  |Mar-.><lia|>4Ml,  applf-^hapi'd,  ur  idbpooidal, 
8(>Mii'tinii*H  four  i»r  lhi>  inilifM  in  Irnf^lh,  aiul  ytdlow  or  ^rt'ciiinli 
yrllowofirn  tiii^'i'tl  witb  purpli-  ;  it  conoiHta  of  a  tliirk  ratlu-r  toti^h 
Hkin  incloiiiii^  a  tbick  Hrni  yidlow  buttery  sulnttam'c  markiMl  by 
green  veinii,  and  a  largo  ubbing  need  cuvcred  wilb  a  bard  nMigb 
iHMit.  Tlu'  Hivtli,  wbii'b  ri'wnibli''*  nmrrou  in  ti>xttiri*  an<l  M<in)(*wliat 
in  Ibivor,  \*  nitliiT  insipid.  l'ri'|iiir(M)  with  wini>,  sugar,  and  li'inoif 
juii'i',  ttr  with  pt'pptT  aiitl  >alt,  it  \r*,  liowcvrr.  found  didiriouti  by 
ptMipli-  ubo  liavt'  bfi'onu'  atrustoint'd  to  itA  |M-t-iiliar  taitte.  IlinU 
and  otbt-r  donii-ttic  aninial<i  i-a^<-rly  devour  alligator  |»t'ar«  ;  and 
tbi'V  an'  often  usimI  for  faltfiiiiig  bog^  on  lu-c  innt  of  tbe  didieute 
Havor  tbey  impart  to  ibe  lleKli,  Tbe  leave!*  an-  eomtidered  Imlifaniiti 
and  {HM'loral  in  tbe  We^t  Iiidie.x,  and  an  infunion  of  the  biuU  baa 
b«>en  reeomniettded  in  tbe  tn>atiiteiit  of  ptyphdin  and  lut  a  cun>  for 
bruiiu's  (Harhaiu,  Hurt.  Atner.  lu.  -  I.unan,  Hort.  Jam.  i.  ;18).  Oil 
«inployr<l  for  ligbting  is  presMMl  fn)in  tlie  pulp  ;  and  from  tbe 
Het'dn,  wbii'h  etuitain  tannie  arid,  an  imbdible  blaek  iuk  UMed  fur 
marking  linen  is  nlitaineil  ('I'r-a.furff  »>/  /ti'tany,  i;.  H4i7). 

Of  tlif  |Hipiilar  nameH  i>f  thii  tree  und  of  itrt  fniil,  .Mligator  Tear 
baA  no  HeuM-  or  meatiin^  ;  .\viH>ado  or  .\v(m  i4t  i.t  l>elie\ed  to  In.'  a 
curruption  of  the  M)-tu-an  .\huaea  or  A^ua<uta. 

■  Few  of  the  Hpi'iU's  of  fiui^i  found  lUi  I'erwa  in  Nortb  Anieriea 
ari'  eonlined  to  that  Ki'nu<t,aiid  none  of  th.in  ranne  Htriou.'s  tlineafteti. 
litj/mjffiiiH  .Sfi^xajhiK,  Seliweiuit/,  and  Xummutana  muntftiatit,  C'lHikw, 
have  Immmi  reeorded  on  /Vmni  littrlHrnia,  tu  woU  an  on  Satwafitta,  but 
up|M>ar  tti  Ih'  leHH  ciimnHUi  <>::  the  former  thai>  un  the  latter.  'Jlie 
leaves  are  iioinetinieN  attai-ked  by  two  tpot  diseaitefc  eaniM'd  by  i*hyl- 
lottirta  muTofmnrtata,  Cooke,  and  Cevoaiutra  purpurfa^  Cuuke. 

"  A'ui.  /v.  Am.  OVfi.  4-1,  t.  'JO. 


■m 


LAUUACK.T*:. 

fonfiued  to  the 
.merit'ii  tlie  genuK 
species,  to  Brazil 
\\i)  tertiary  epoeh 
he  Siena  Nevada, 
lie  existing  North 
the  nuoeeiie  and 


LAuiucEJK.  SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN   ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

EurEKSEA.     Anthere  of  tho  four  exterior  ranks  of  stamens  fertile,  4-celle(!. 

Po.lunclea  short ;  leavi      .lilong  or  oMnng-lanceoIate,  obscurely  veined,  glabrous  ;  branehlets  pubenilous     1.  P.  BoiiBOXlA. 
Pedunrlea  elonj^ated         .vis  oval  or  lanceolate,  conspicuously  veined,  toinentose  on  the  lower  surface; 
branchlets  coated  with  tonientum 


2.    P.   M'HKSrKNfl, 


hiees  e<lihle  fruit 
colored  handsome 


vas  transferred  by 

'US. 


riipt'unH  (Mrnwin',  Xtit. 
uid  Ihniu^h  cultiviition 
L'lil  n'>;itiiiH  i»f  Auit'ricH, 

It  wna  iiitriMltu'cd  into 
■iitury,  aH  is  ffi'nerally 
piirtu  of  the  Old  \Vi»rld. 

uf  iiukii  ( lliutnkarl.  /'/. 
I.  *M',\.  —  hmiiilia.  Forrst 
Sri/rh.  li'.M)). 

It'-nhnpi'd,  or  i>lli|i<«uiiliil, 
and  v«'ll<»w  iir  (frffiiinh 
I  iif  u  ihirk  nithi-r  toii^h 
y  .HubHtanrc  iimrkrd  by 
-rt'<l  with  A  liitrd  mu^h 
I)  tt'xtiirr  and  stmirwliat 
wine,  Kii^nr,  and  li-muu- 
?\vr,  fuiind  tlt'liciutta  by 
i  [lei'iitiar  tiuite.  Bints 
ur  atti^nttnr  (H'ur^i  ;    and 

lU'i'viiiiil   of   tilt'  di'Iii'at** 

arv  (Mtiiffideri'd  ImUatiiio 
iiifiiMioii  »f  tUv  biidH  has 
\|)hiliM  and  lu  a  ourt>  fur 
1,  //-W,  Jam.  i.  ;i8).  Oil 
111'  pulp  ;  and  from  the 
Ublt>  lilat-k  ink  tutt'd  fur 
Mny.  ii.  H<i7). 
r  itH  fniit.  Alligator  IVar 
iK-at  in  bt'ht'vt'd  to  be  a 
UMta. 

IVraea  in  North  Anirrifa 
Ml  catini'  Nt-rimt.H  diNruAfH. 
nuiitna  wn»Tc»/*/(icri,  I'lMikw, 

well  aH  on  SuMNafi&M,  but 
Lhaii  on  tht*  latter.  'ITic 
L  dist'anei:  caiiM'd  by  /'Ay^ 
m  purpurea,  Cooke. 


SILVA    OF  NOltTlI  AMKRICA. 


LAL'UACK^ 


r 


PERSEA  BORBONIA. 
Red  Bay. 

Lr.Avrs  oIjIoiiu;  or  oljlonft-lanci'olatc,  obscurrly  \ciiu'd,  glabrous.      IJranclilots  pu- 
bcruliius. 

Persea  Borbonin.  S|ircii);i'l.  N.v-vV.  ii. -ilH  (IS2.">)-  —  CoiiIiit.  Laurus  CaroUnenaia,  a  glabra.  \'\irA\.  Fl.  Am.  Sr/it.  i. 

Contrlk  r.  S.  .V.-r.  n>rh.  ii.  .SS.i  {.Um.  I'l.   W.   Tfjra,).  'JTll  (l.HI  l|. 

Laurus  Borbonia,    I.iniiirii't.  .s'/"''.   •'!"'•  (17."i;!l.  —  Miller,  Laurua  Caroliuonsis.  y  obi  u.-ia,   I'lirKli.  /•'/.  Am.  Sfjit.i. 

i'l'.-f.    wl.   .S.    N,).    ."..  —  KiilTiiiii-.    /■:i'inir    llnrl.    Ihlm.  I'Tli  ( 1,S1  | ). 

;i,S'.'.  —  M;irNli:ill.   .\rhii.it.   Am.    1'.^.  —  Ciistif,'liiiiii.    l/.iy.  Peraea  Carolinensis.  C.  (!.  Ni'cs  iiti  Ksenlicck,  .^'v.'l^ /viKr. 

Willi    St, III    Viiiti.    ii.    'j;.:.  —  Walter,   l-'l.   (  <ir.    l.'l.'t.  —  l."i(l  (excl.  viir.  .1)    (  1K;«)).  —  .Spai-li.  //|■.•i^   (Vy.  x.  Hf-'. — 

Liinmri'k,    lint.    iii.    l."'ti. —  Willileiiciw,    .s'/.c-.    ii.    pi.    i.  Dii-trii'li,   Sijii.  ii.   Ki.'i'J.  —  Ciirlis,  liij>.  Gtnlo'i.  Sun.  S. 

■tS1.  —  .V '»/■<</«  Itiihnmil.ii.  li;t.  t.  ;i:i.  —  r.rs.iiiii,  .Vy/i.  C.n-.   l«i;o,  iii.  (>;!.  —  Clminiian.    Ft.  Il'.l.'i.  —  McisiiiT.   [>» 

i.  I  !'.•.  —  D.sf.intiiiiics  //'■■•■'.  .!'•''.  i.  t>."i.  C'in:l,illf   I'nulr.   xv.    pt.  i.  TiO.  —  Siirj,'i'nt,    Fi-ri:st    7V..» 

Laurua    Carolinenaia.     Mielmnx.     Fl.     l!'>r.-Aii>.    i.    '.'4."i  .V.    Am.    VU/i    riv(.s».<    I'.    ,S',    ix.    U.S. —  Mi-/,   .hihili. 

(lMi;i|.  —  IVisiMiii,    Sijn.    i.    -l-l'.t.  —  De^fcmljiiiK-K,    llhl.  K'^iii;/.    Il"t.    H.irt.   v.    17.">    { l.'tiinimr    Amrrifinn-    .)/.►. 

Art:   i.  K>. —  Mii-lmux  f.   Hi.^t.   Arh.   .tm.  iii.  lHi>  (ix.l.  nn,/.).  —  Walton  iV:  Ccniltcr,  flnn/'.t  .it'tn.  ,;i.  i\.  117. 

I.  :.'i.— Tursh.   ^7.   Am.  S^i.f.   i.   '.•7C..  —  Kllimt.    .S7..    i.  Tamnla  Borbonia.  Uali!ii*|iic.  .sy,-.i   /•.//((r.  lllli  ( lx:t8). 

4ril. —  .sprrn,'(l,  Si/st.  ii.  'Jll."!. -- Siliiii/li'iii.  Irmi.  I.  Inc.,  Poraoa   Carolim-nai-i.  a  ttlabnuacula.  .Mfi»iuT.  /V  din- 

f.  .'.-1'.'.  ■/..//.•   /V./r.   XV.  pi.  i.  ."il    (I.SIU).— Ml'/.  ./.1/.W1.  S'»,;,j. 

Laurus   Caroliniana,    ruin  1.    /,.//«.    /'/.v.   .Suppl.  iii.  li'J.l  lint.  Hurt.  y.  \'t\  (I.iiiiraer.i-  Amerlrtinrr  Munoy.). 

(lSi;l).  —  Willdiiiow,    Fiiinii.  Suppl.  -1'.  —  NutuUl,  (ic;i. 

i.  l'."'8. 

A  trco.  .sixty  to  seventy  tVet  ii>  Iieif^jlit,  with  11  trunk  two  and  .'i  half  to  tlire«>  feet  in  (liainctvr,  stout 
erect  IpiMiielies  wliieli  form  a  dense  shapely  liead,  and  tliiek  Hesliv  yellow  root.s  ;  or  usiialiv  iiiiieh  smaller. 
Tile  ii.'irk  of  the  trunk  is  one  half  to  three  ijiiarters  of  an  iiieh  tiiiek,  dark  reel,  deeply  furrowed,  and 
irrejiiilarly  divided  into  hroad  llat  ridjjes  wiiieh  .separate  on  the  surface  into  small  thick  appressed  scales. 
Tlie  liraiiches.  when  tliev  first  apjiear,  are  many  ani^ied,  lijjht  red-lnown,  and  j;lahrous  or  eoateil  witii 
pale  or  rufous  piiliesceiice,  and  in  their  .second  year  are  terete  and  dark  j^reeii.  Tiie  winter-hud.s, 
which  are  unprotected  hy  scales,  are  a  larter  of  an  inch  h>n^,  and  eoatud  with  thick  rufous  toinentuin. 
The  IcJivcs  aiT  revoliite  in  vernation,  olilonij  or  oldoiifjdaneeolate,  entire,  often  slij^htly  contracted  into 
ioiijj;  points  rounded  at  the  apex,  and  ;{radually  narrowed  at  the  hii.se  into  :..tout  ri^id  red-hrown  petioles 
one  half  to  two  tliirds  of  an  inch  in  lei.^th,  and  tiatteneil  and  .somewiiat  {grooved  on  tliu  upper  side  ; 
when  they  unfold  they  are  thin,  tinfjed  with  reil,  and  pilose  on  both  surfaces;  and  at  maturity  tliey  are 
thick  and  curiaceous,  liri<;ht  peeii  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  p;laucous  on  the  lower 
surface,  three  or  four  inches  lon^  and  three  ipiarters  uf  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  wi(h',  with 
thickened  sli)j;litly  revolute  margins,  narrow  oraiifjt^-eolored  niidriiis  rounded  on  the  upper  side,  renioto 
ohscure  primary  veins  arcuate  near  the  niaif^ins,  and  fine  closely  reticulated  veinlets ;  they  appear  eiirly 
in  tlie  sjuinj;.  and  remain  on  the  hranches  until  after  the  ap|)earaiu'e  of  the  new  jrrowth  of  the  followiiifj 
year,  when  they  j;radual!y  turn  yellow,  and,  falling  diirinjj  tlie  sprinjf  and  summer,  leave  small  circidar 
leaf-scars  in  which  appear  the  ends  of  sinjjie  fibro-vascuhir  bundles.  The  ilowers  unfold  in  April  and 
May  ill  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year  in  two  or  threi-llowered  cymes  feathered  into  short  panicles  which 
lire  home  on  slender  j^rjahrous  peduncles  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  len;.ftli  ;  they  are  raised  on  short 
Ktoiit  pedicels  furnished  near  the  middle  witli  two  niinuti>  caducous  hractlets,  those  of  the  lateral 
flowers  of  the  ultim;ite  divisions  of  the  inflorescence  being  produced  from  the  axils  of  small  lanceolate 
aeute  deciduous  bracts.     Tlie  calyx  is  jiale  yellow  or  creamy  white  and  about  an  "ightli  of  an  inch 


LAURACEiU 


LAURACEiB. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Inmchlets  pu- 


li,  /••/.  Am.  S,-/it.i. 

<li.  I''/.  Am.    fli'jit.  L 

t'liliiM'k.  Siinl.  Imxit. 
fiKt.  f'-;!.  X.  -lit'.'. — 
/).  (liiiloy.  Sun:  .V. 
i'.Ki.  —  Mvimifr.  De 
•^I'lit,  Fi'ri'.-it  Trtt.-i 
IH.  — M.'/..  ./'iliih. 
'f  .Imeririiiitr  ,!/(>- 
'HI.  0(1.  ti.  4-17. 
Whir.  i;iC.  (IHXS). 

,  .Ml'lKIUT.  /'<•  C./H- 
M,./.  ./.l/,;-A.  A-..,m;/. 
iH'(  Monug.). 


II  (liiimctfr,  stout 
llv  iiiiicli  sniiilli-r. 
Iv  furriiwi'd,  and 
apprt'sseil  sciilt's. 
s  or  coatcil  witli 
riic  wintcr-ltuds, 
ufoUH  toim-ntum. 
,'  I'oiitraftcd  into 
'd-lirown  jietioli-s 
the  iipiMT  hide  ; 
iiatiirity  they  are 
oils  oo  the  lower 

half  \vi(U>,  with 
iper  side,  romoto 
liey  appear  early 

of  the  iiillowing 
ive  small  cireulur 
old  in  April  and 
rt  panieles  which 
e  raised  on  short 
;e  of  the    lateral 

small  lanceolate 
trhth  of  an  ineli 


long,  with  thin  lobes  ciliate  on  the  margins ;  the  lobes  of  the  outer  series  are  broadly  ovate,  rounded 
and  minutely  apiculate  at  the  apex,  puherulous  on  both  surfaces,  and  about  half  as  long  as  those 
of  the  i.  ner  series,  which  are  oblong-lancet  late,  acute,  and  coated  on  the  inner  surface  with  long 
pale  hairs.  The  stitmens  are  about  as  lon,'(  as  the  inner  lobes  of  the  calyx,  with  flattened  hairy  fila- 
ments and  rather  shorter  yellow  anthers,  -.vhicli  are  all  four-celled  and  fertile  in  the  three  outer  serios, 
the  filaments  of  the  third  series  being  furnished  at  the  base  with  two  nearly  sessile  orange-colored 
glands  rounded  on  the  back  and  slightl  /  two-lobed  on  the  inner  face  ;  the  staminodia  to  which  the 
stamens  of  the  inner  series  are  reduced  are  raised  on  short  broad  stallcs,  and  are  incurved  and  two- 
lobed  on  the  inner  face  and  furnished  at  the  apex  with  tufts  of  pale  hairs.  The  ovary  is  ovate, 
glabrous,  and  abruptly  contracted  into  a  slender  glabrous  slightly  exserted  style  thickened  toward  the 
apex,  which  is  crowned  with  a  flat  obscurely  two-lobed  stigma.  The  fruit,  which  ripens  in  the  autumn, 
is  oblong-obovate  or  subglobose,  half  an  inch  long,  dark  blue  or  nearly  black,  and  very  lustrous  ;  it  is 
borne  on  the  somewhat  thickened  pedicel,  and  is  surrounded  at  the  base  Ijy  the  enlarged  and  spreading 
lolies  of  the  calyx,  from  which  it  separates  in  falling,  and  which  remains  on  the  branch  until  after  the 
beginning  of  winter  ;  the  flesh  is  thin  and  dry  and  does  not  separate  readily  from  the  large  ovate 
slightly  pointed  seed.  The  seed-coat  consists  of  two  layers  ;  the  outer  is  thin  and  cartilaginous, 
grayish  brown  on  the  outer  surface,  bright  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous  on  the  inner  surface,  which  is 
marked  by  broad  yellow  veins  radiating  from  the  minute  hilum,  and  is  separable  from  the  inner  coat ; 
this  is  membranaceous,  very  thin  and  light  gray  or  nearly  white,  and  closely  invests  and  often  adheres 
to  the  thick  dark  red-brown  cotyledons  which  inclose  at  the  apex  the  minute  plumule. 

PirsKi  liorhoiiiii  is  a  common  inhabitant  of  the  borders  of  streams  and  swamps, where,  in  company 
with  the  Live  Oak,  the  Water  Oak,  the  Spanish  Oak,  the  Cuban  Pine,  and  the  Hickories,  it  usually 
grows  in  rich  moist  soil ;  or  occasionally  it  is  found  in  dry  sandy  loam  in  the  shade  of  forests  o£  the 
Long-leaved  Pine.  The  Red  Bay  is  distributed  through  the  coast  regions  of  the  south  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  stiites  from  Virginia  to  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  and  Cape  Romano  in  Florida  and  to  the  valley 
of  the  Brazos  River  in  Texas,  and  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  extends  northward  through  Louisiana 
•  .southern  Arkansas.' 

The  wood  of  I'ernfd  Borhonia  is  heavy,  hard,  very  strong  although  rather  brittle,  close-orained, 
and  susceptible  of  receiving  a  beautiful  polish ;  it  contiiins  numerous  thin  met'ullary  rays  and  many 
evenly  distributed  open  ducts,  and  is  bright  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored  .sapwood  composed  of  four  or 
five  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  .specilic  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  ().(542it,  a  cubic  foot 
weighing  lO.OT  pounds.  It  is  occasionally  used  for  cabinet-making  and  in  the  interior  fluish  of 
houses,  for  which  its  strength,  hardness,  and  bright  color  make  it  valual)!c'..  Fornu'rly  it  was  employed 
in  ship  and  boat  building. 

The  Red  Bay  was  first  described  in  the  Xaliiritl  lUstori/  of  Ciiroliii'i  ■'  by  Mark  Catesby,'^  who 
probably  introduced  it  into  English  gardens,  as  it  was  cultivated  by  Philip  Miller '  as  early  as  17;{!»  in 
the  Physic  Garden  at  Chelsea  near  London.'" 

Although  it  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  valuable  of  the  evergreen  trees  of  the  North  American 
forests,  the  Red  Bay  has  been  neglected  iis  an  ornament  for  parks  and  garilens,  and  is  now  rarely  seen 
in  cultivation. 


'  Traci'8  of  fMunuf  Ilorlmnin  foiinil  in  the  iiaiiil.<ituiw  iif  suuthtTii 
New  .Ii'rsi'y  allow  tliiit  this  B|>c>'ii'ii  once  liveil  further  north  thun  it 
ilws  nt  present  (IIuIIikIc,  Hull.  Torrey  Hot.  Club,  xix.  33'J), 

■^  Laurus  Caroliuen.iui,  fiAii.<  iirumimtti:!,  lnu-c,.*  (■(fru/t'i.s',  yw/iVu/M 
loiiijuf  ntf'ris,  iuniitvutihti..!,  i.  (kI,  t.  (Jli. 

iuunw  /olii.1  lanceutalU,  tiervui  Iransversalibuji,  JhwlM   ciiliji-ibus 


l»i Hi",    I.innii'us,    Hon.    Clijf'.    VA.  —  Uoyen,    Fl.   Lii/il.    Protlr. 

*  See  vi.  1(!. 

*  .See  i.  m. 

'  Aitiiii,  llorl.   Kew.    ii.  3!»  (Lauras).  —  Loudon,  Arb.  lint.  iil. 
I'JUy,  f.  1108,  1109  (Laurus). 


^4 


EXPLANATION  OK  THE  PLATE. 

Pi.ATK  CCCL     Pkiiska   Hdkhonia. 

1.  A  ll<iwi>riii^  branch,  natural  size. 

2.  Diajjriiiii  i>f  a  llinviT. 
•S.  A  lluwir,  cnlarj;ccl. 

4.  Vertical  nection  of  n  (lower.  I'lilarReil. 

fi.  A  Btiiiiien  of  llie  outer  series,  front  view,  enlarged. 

().  A  Ntaininotliiun,  front  vievr.  cnlargetl. 

7.  A  stamen  of  the  tliinl  fterieH.  showing  hasal  glands, 

front  view,  cnlarjjeil. 

8.  An  ovule,  much  nm^jnilicd. 

9.  A  fniitinf;  branch,  natural  si/e. 

10.  Vertical  section  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 

11.  An  embryo,  eular(;«l. 


!);lv;;   ci'  North    AliKTica 


%m 


\^ 


■m" 


I 


■  W 


,M 


//i/'it/i/ 


PER  SEA    BORBONIA.   Sprc-nS 


■■9--. 


\  /i'i,:vf'U^f   t/tr 


l*flp   J  I'llfUHtf  !\tr . 


■I 


^-•^m. 


LAUIUCBJB. 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


PEBSEA  PUBESOENS. 

Swamp  Bay. 

Leaves  oval  or  lanceolate,  conspicuously  veined,  pubescent  or  tomentose  on  the 
lower  surface.     Bronchlets  coated  with  tomcntuni. 


Fwa«a  puDeaoeno. 

Laurus  CaroUnenals,  Micbaux  f.  Hitt.  Arb.  Am.  iii.  t.  2 

(not  Michauz)  (1813). 
Laurua  OaroUnensia,  /3  pubeacena,  Punh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept. 

i.  276  (1814; 
Peraea  Carolinenaia,  a,  C.  G.  Nees  ab  Eienbcek,  Sytt.  Laur. 

150  (1836). 


Tamala  paluatrla,  Rafinenque,  Fl.  TeUur.  137  (1838). 
Peraea  Carolinenaia,  /3  pubeaoena,  MeUner,  De  CandolU 

Prmlr.  xv.  pt.  i.  51  (1864). —Me»,  JaKrb.  Kiinig.  Bot. 

Gart.  V.  176  (Lauracem  Americanw  Monog,). 
Peraea  Carolinenaia,  var.  paluatrla.  Chapman,  Fl.  393 

(1865).  —  Sargent,  Forest  Trees   N.  Am.   Wth   Census 

U.  S.  ix.  119. 


A  slender  tree,  occasionally  thirty  or  forty  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  a  foot  in 
diameter ;  or  usually  a  shrub  sending  up  from  the  ground  numerous  stems  twelve  or  fifteen  feet  tall. 
The  bark  of  the  trunk  rarely  exceeds  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  is  dull  brown  and  irregu- 
larly divided  by  shallow  fissures,  the  surfiice  separating  into  thick  appressed  scales.  The  branches  are 
stout,  and  terete  or  slightly  angled  while  young,  and  when  they  first  appear  are  coated  with  rusty 
toiuentum,  whicli  is  reduced  in  their  second  season  to  a  fine  pubescence  and  does  not  entirely  disappear 
until  the  end  of  their  second  or  third  year.  The  leaves  are  oval  or  lanceolate,  and  entire ;  they  are 
often  contracted  toward  the  apex  into  long  points,  and  are  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base  into  stout 
petioles  grooved  <,n  the  upper  side,  coated  with  rusty  toraentum,  and  one  half  to  three  quarters  of  an 
inch  in  length ;  when  they  first  appear  they  are  dark  red,  thin,  and  tomentose  on  both  surfaces,  and 
at  maturity  they  are  thick  and  coriaceous,  |>ale  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  and  pubescent  below, 
except  on  the  midribs  and  primary  veins,  which  are  coated  with  rusty  tomentum,  four  to  six  inches  long, 
and  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  wide,  with  thick  conspicuous  veins  and  slightly 
revolute  margins  ;  they  remain  on  the  branches  until  after  the  beginning  of  their  second  year,  and  then 
turn  yellow  and  fall  gradually.  The  panicles  of  flowers  are  borne  on  stout  tomentose  peduncles 
produced  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year  and  two  or  three  inches  in  length.  The  flowers  are  often 
nearly  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  with  thick  and  firm  calyx-lobes  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  a 
dense  rusty  tomentum  which  likewi.se  clothes  the  peduncles,  the  pedicels,  and  the  minute  caducous 
bracts  and  bractlets ;  the  lobes  of  the  outer  series  are  broadly  ovate,  abruptly  pointed  at  the  apex, 
pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  and  about  half  as  long  as  those  of  the  inner  scries,  which  are  ovate- 
lanceolate,  slightly  thickened  at  the  apex,  and  hairy  on  the  inner  surface.  The  stamens,  which  are 
slightly  exserted,  have  flattened  hairy  filaments  longer  than  the  anthers ;  these  are  fertile  and  four-celled 
in  the  three  outer  series,  and  in  the  inner  series  are  reduced  to  sagittate  stalked  staminodia,  the  fila- 
ments of  the  third  series  being  furnished  near  the  base  with  two  nearly  sessile  glands  rounded  on  the 
back  and  slightly  two-lobed  on  the  inner  face.  The  ovary  is  ovate  and  glabrous,  and  is  abruptly  con- 
tracted into  a  glabrous  style  gradually  enlarged  at  the  apex  into  a  flat  slightly  two-lobed  stigma.  The 
fruit  <'ipens  in  the  autumn  and  is  oblong-ovate  to  subglnbose,  and  very  dark  blue  or  nearly  black ;  it  is 
three  quarters  of  an  inch  long,  and  in  falling  separates  from  the  slightly  thickened  calyx  and  pedicel, 
which  remain  on  the  branch  until  after  the  beginning  of  winter.' 


1  Tlio  Swamp  Bay  has  previoinly  been  considered  a  variety  of 
Persea  Borbonia  ;  but  chamcteristica  which  appear  couatant,  —  the 


low  wet  ground  always  selected  by  this  tree,  the  tomentum  that 
clothes  the  Lranohes  and  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves,  and  the 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


LAURACB4C. 


Peracu  ■.al'CiCena  in  confined  to  tlit  imint-iliato  conHt  rcjjion  of  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  stutcH, 
whcro  it  in  fviind  fn.in  Nortii  Carolina  to  Missishippi  growing  iu  the  thin  sour  noil  of  Tiue-barren 
swamps,  wl.K  h  it  ofti-a  covt-iH  almost  to  tho  oxcliision  of  other  plants.' 

Tl'c!  wood  of  Pmeu  puhtsffits  is  heavy,  soft,  strong,  and  chwe-grainod  ;  it  contains  numerous  thin 
medullary  rays  and  many  large  oju-n  1  ii  orange-colored  streaked  with  brown,  with  thick  light 

brown  or  gray  sapwood  lomposed  ol  ix  or  forty  layers  of  annual  growth.     The  specific  gravity 

of  tile  aiwoliitfly  dry  wood  is  (».(;:i!M),  a  cubic  f<iot  weighing  IJD.Hd  pounds. 

J'irsia  j>iiliiH<;iis  was  tirct  distinguished  by  Frederick  Pursh '  in  his  Flora  A);ieric(t  Scptentri- 
oiKills,  published  in  London  in  1814. 


nnliirc  of  tlif  liiirk  nnd  woikI,  —  indioiito  ii  ili»tinct  niM-rioi,  nltlimi);li, 
i'»ir|it  in  llif  Icnclli  iif  till'  |M-ilnrc.li'S,  tliorc  lire  no  pnnl  llciral 
I'liariuliTJ  liy  »liiiii  luir  two  IVrsin  iimy  Ix'  disliiiguUhcd,  uid 
tliiir  fruits  ntv  idtiitiial. 


■  Kllintt,  Si.  i.  46'i  (under  Laurui  Vanliiwuii). 

'  tScu  ii.  m 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 

Pl.ATK  CCCn.      PkrsKA   1'IHKi«  knh. 

1.  A  flowering  liranrli,  nutuntl  tizv. 

2.  A  tlower,  I'nlarBoI. 

3.  Verlii-al  »oction  of  u  flowiT,  enlarged. 

4.  A  {rtiitiiif;  braiirli.  natural  kI/p. 

6.   Vertical  iiection  of  n  fruit,  enlarged. 
6.   An  embryo,  e  ilargml. 


lURACKA 

ilf  HtatcH, 
iie-biirreii 

rouH  tliiu 
lick  light 
u  griivitjr 

kptentri' 


*':. 


/ 


f 


A 


\ 


'/^- 


% 


I 


.1    I  !  I  ■  'i  .iiin' 


ilva  of 


\ 


I.I 


^ 


.  £  F.,^ 


Kllva  ol   North  Aiiu-n. 


T.i« 


r.S -fijjf'i  .U 


//tri4ili4  j; 


PERSEA    PALUSTRIS,   .;,.:^ 


.•/.  /fit >l VifttJ-    i/t/iU-  ' 


Imp.  J.  luneur   P.tn. 


^ 


^^' 


LAUKACEiE. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


OCOTEA. 

Fi.owKKS  poly}j;imio-di(rcious  or  riirily  j)L'rfoct ;  calyx  (J-lobcd,  tlic  lobes  in  two  scries, 
iinhricatcd  in  a-stivation,  usually  deciduous;  corolla  0;  stamens  12,  in  four  series,  those 
of  the  inner  scries  sterile  ;  diskO;  ovary  superior,  I -celled  ;  ovule  solitary,  suspended. 
Fruit  baccate.     Leaves  alternate  or  rarely  subopposiie,  destitute  of  stipules,  persistent. 


Ocotea,  Aulilct.  VI.  (^lin'mi.  li.  "SO  (177.">i.  —  A.  I.,  do  .(iis- 

oiiMi,   dfu.  HO.  —  Knilliclici-,   (Irii.  :>2\. —  Mcisnei-,   (li'ii, 

liL'O. —  H;iilli)ii,  J/:.iL  I'l.  ii.  I7t).  —  Hentliiiui  <V   IIocikiT, 

Gen.  ill.  157.  —  I'nx,  l-'.njli-r  &■  I'niitll  J'i/'i7i.-:iiif'im.  iii. 

)>t.  ii.  110. 
Senneberia.  Xecki-r,  iCInn.  IM.  ii.  I'.'O  (17'.)(»). 
Gymnobolanua,  C.  Ci.  Noen  ah  KsriilM'ck.  Linmra.  viii.  ."iS 

llS;!:i).  —  Kn,lliilnT,  (li'ii.  .i'2'J.  —  Jlei.iner,  6V».  S'.'d. — 

Hailliiii.  I/lst.  I'l.  ii.  177. 
Oreodnphne.   C.  G.  Noch  nl)   Ksenlicck,  Linivid,  viii.  .'!'.) 

( !«;!;!).  —  KmlliihtT,  Gm.  .'i'.'l.  —  Muismr,  O-ii.  r.'.'li. 
Mespilodaphne.  C.  G.  Nii'n  al>  KsiMiln'ck,  Liniiiin,  viii.  45 

(|8,i:i).  — Kn.lliiliiT,  C'li.  ;il'.).  —  .Moi.siicr,  In'ii.  ;!'.'5. — 

lUilldii,  rilat.  PI.  ii.  170. 
Teleinndra,   f".   G.    Nws   al«   Ksrntn'ck,   Linncen,   viii.   40 

(1H:i:i).  —  Kmlliclier,  Gen.  H'.'O.  —  MoisiuT.  Gcii.  3L't!. 


Leptodaphne,  C.  (i.  Ners  nb  Kscnlnck.  J'l.  Lnur.   K.r/m.s. 

10    (IS33).  —  Kmllieher,    Gen.    320.  —  Jleisncr,     Gen. 

,'!20. 
Camphorotnoea,  C.  G.  Sees  al)  Escnlieck,  /'/.  Laiir.  Expos. 

10    (lS3;i). —  Kiulliolier,     Gen.    .'>L'l.  —  Jleisner,     Gen. 

.^26. 
Strychnodaphne.  ('.  (!.  Necs  ali  P^sfnliook.  I'l.  Lam:  Ji.r/io.i. 

17  (ls:!.i)._Hiiillim.  //Uf.  J'l.  ii.  470. 
Petolanthera,  C.  G.  Nees  nli  KHoiil)ei'k.  Si/.if.  Lmir.  340 

(1830).  —  Endliclicr,  Gen.  320.  —  Meisiier,  Gen.  320. 
Agathophyllum.   Hliiine,  Mii.i.  Bnt.  Lmjil.  Hut.  i.  33X  (in 

pait)  (not  A.  L.  dc  .Iiissicii)  (1851). 
?  Dendrodaphne.   Hi'iiilinjj.   K'lmjl.  .-^eensk'i   Al.'i'l.  lK,"i4, 

145  (/'c/m.  Fl.  Pnrtnh.)  (18,50). 
Nemodaphne,  Mei^ncr,  De  Ciini/olle  I'l-mh:  xv.  jit.  i.  I09 

(1804). 


Aromatic  trees  or  slirubs.  Leaves  scattered,  alternate  or  rarely  subopposito,  peniiiveined,  coria- 
ceous, rigid,  glabrous  or  more  or  less  covered  witli  pubescence.  Flowers  usually  small,  yeliowisli  white, 
glabrous  or  tomeiitose,  in  cymose  clusters  arranged  in  axillary  or  subterminal  pedunculate  panicles. 
Peilicels  slender,  developed  from  the  axils  of  lanceolate-aeutc  minute  bracts  and  furnisiied  with  two 
deciduous  bractlets.  Calyx-tube  campanulate  or  nearly  obsolete,  the  six  lobes  of  the  limb  nearly  equal, 
deciduous  or  rarely  persistent  under  the  fruit.  Stamens  twelve,  in  four  series,  those  of  the  inner  series 
reduced  to  stiminodia ;  tilaments  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  those  of  the  outer  series  opposite 
its  exterior  loltes,  flattened,  shorter  or  .sometimes  rutiier  longer  than  the  anthers,  glabrous  or  hirsute, 
furnished  in  the  third  series,  or,  in  one  species,  in  the  three  outer  series,  near  the  base,  with  two  con- 
spicuous sessile  or  stipitate  glands  ;  anthers  oblong,  flattened,  four-celled,  the  cells  superposed  in  pairs, 
opening  from  below  upward  by  persi.stent  lids,  introrse  in  the  two  outer  series,  extrorse,  subextrorse  or 
very  rarely  introrse  in  tiio  third  series  ;  in  the  pistillate  flower  rudimentary  and  sterile.  Ovary  one- 
celled,  ovoid,  obovoid,  or  subglobose,  glabrous  or  rarely  pilose,  more  or  less  immersed  in  the  tube  of  the 
calyx,  gradually  narrowed  into  an  erect  short  or  elongated  style  dilated  at  the  apex  into  a  capitate 
obscurely  lobed  stigma ;  in  the  staminate  flower  lineai-laneeolate,  effete,  or  minute,  or  sometimes 
wanting ;  ovule  s(ditary,  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  cell,  anatropous ;  raphe  ventral ;  niicropyle 
superior.  Fruit  baccate,  ellipsoidal  or  subglobose,  nearly  inclosed  wliile  young  in  the  thickened  tube  of 
tlie  calyx,  exserted  at  maturity  and  surrounded  at  the  base  only  by  the  cup-like  truncate  or  slightly 
lid)ed  calyx  or  rarely  by  its  persistent  limb;  pericarp  thin  and  fleshy.  Seed  ovate  or  subglobose, 
pendulous,  destitute  of  albumen  ;  testa  tliin,  membranaceous.  Embryo  erect,  filling  the  cavity  of  the 
seed  ;  cotyledons  tiiick  and  fleshy,  inclosing  tiie  minute  superior  radicle  turned  toward  the  hilum.' 

'  Ity  Mfz,  ./(lAWi.  A'.iiiiV/.  B<)(.  ff'iirt.  V. '_"J1  {Lttumceir  :\meri:im,r  IIk.mhicoika.     Flowcni  pcrfoot ;    flliuiiciits  of  tlu'  thrpo  outer 

Momiij.)  the  AmiTimui  Bpccii's  of  Oouti'a  aro  iirningfil  umler  tlio      si'rii's  of  stiiim.'tis  liij;l:ui(lular  at  tin-  hasi'. 
following  jubgenera  ;  —  Utsl>Koi>Ai'iiNK.     I'lowers  iwrtcct  ;  lilameiils  of  only  llif  third 


: 


10 


iilirA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


laukacea;. 


Nearly  two  hundred  species  '  of  Ocotea  are  now  distintriiishcd,  tlu!  largest  number  being  found  in 
the  tropical  ren^ons  of  the  New  World,  distributed  from  southern  Florida,  where  one  species  occurs,  to 
Brazil  and  Peru  ;  in  the  Old  World  a  sinjijle  species  is  indigenous  in  the  Canary  Islands,  one  inhabits 
South  Africa,  and  several  the  Mascarene  Islands.- 

Ocotea  produces  hard,  strong,  durable,  and  sometimes  beautifully  colored  wood  often  employed  in 
buil(lin<»'  and  cabinet-making.'  The  best  known  timber-trees  of  the  genus  are  Orolcit  K/>li'iiiiins*  of 
Guiana,  Orotcti  fattiii''^  of  the  Canary  Islands,  and  Ocotid  biil/ald''  of  South  Africa.  An  infusion 
of  the  leaves  of  Oiatut  (r'ltidiii  iisi.t'  is  usetl  in  its  native  country  in  the  treatment  of  abst'csscs ; ' 
and  in  Hrazil  a  volatile  limpid  oil  distilled  from  Ocotvu  (ip'ij\r(i^  has  been  employed  to  alleviate 
rheumatism.'" 

The  generic  name  is  derived  from  the  native  name  of  one  of  the  species  of  Guiana. 


8€rio.4  of  stanit'ii.i  gluiultiliir  ;  luitlicn  of  the  two  oiitrr  sprios  nearly 
scssili',  triaiif^ilar  or  ligiiliforiii,  uncontrnctcd  at  the  bate,  the  con- 
iifftivt'  pnHlurciI  ab<»ve  tlif  ct'lls,  papillose. 

MKsi-ii.t>i»ArHNF,     KlowiTH  pi-rfcct  ;  tUaiiu'iits  of  only  the  sta- 
ineiis  of  till*  tliinl  Hi'rifN  gliuidiiliir. 

(  htFdiiAi'MNK.    Klowfrs  tlm'einus  ;  tiliimeiitH  of  only  tlio  Btamcnif 
of  tile  tliinl  siTifs  glnuiluhir. 

'  llunilioMi,  Honpliiiiil  .V  Kuntli,  .Vdi'.  dm.  rl  S/iff.  ii.  100.— 
('.  (i.  X,'i'S  rilt  Ksi'iihcck.  Si/:it,  I.mir.  iWi  (Tfli'iaiMlni),  ICirt  (1,,-|h>- 
daplinr).  IISO  (On-tMlnplinc),  UJ"  (Cnniphoniinii'ii),  171  (Ocotea), 
•179  ((iyninobalanuB)  —  MrisntT,  /V  CtitutotU  Prtnir.  xv.  pt.  i.  96 
(MespiUKlaphiu'),  KK)  (Ncmotlaphnr),  111  (Oivo(lnpline),140(('fyni- 
nohalanus^,  1  t'J  (Stryi'liuudaplnii').  1  l.'t  (CatliphuninKi'.i)  ;  Martitui 
/■■;.  linifil.  V.  pi.  ii,  ISO  (Mi'>pilnclapliiic),  •.till  (OriMHlaplinr),  'JI'J 
((iyninottalaiiuM),  'Jt^t  (Stryi-hn(Mla{ilint'),  L'l4i  (Camphtiniiuifa).  — 
Meinali'V,  lUit.  liUtl.  Am.  Cm!,  hi.  72.  — .Mfz,  Jnhrh.  l\"nti/.  ll,tt. 
(iart.  V.  'J lit  {I.aurarftr  Amrncttn'r  .Stimotf.)  (I'xi-l.  ayn.  Saxsafriiliuin). 
'  Iti'rjtliani  \-  llookrr,  '/en.  iii.  I."i7. 

'  Tlio  wiMMis  of  Hrvt-nii  south  .\frifaii  trees  of  tin*  Laurel  family 
are  \aluetl   in  fininu-ree,  although  even  the   gi>nera  of  the   tree.i 
whu-h  pn>tliK'e  them  are  i^titl  unknown. 
'  liailloii,  llitt.  in.  ii.  4('.ti  (18711).  —  Mei, '.  c.  ;W2. 

Ortifttifthttf  ffttfuitmx,  Meisuer,  />  CatulolU    Prmir.  I.  c.   129 
(1S(H)  ;  .W(ir(iu.i  /■'/.  /Irutil.  V.  pt.  ii.  '.■•-■7. 
'  liuilh.n, /.  <■.  (187(1). 

/..itiriM  /.t/fn»,   .\it..n,  ll,>r!.  AVie.  ii.  39  (17S9).  -     Williienow, 
S/f,:  ii.  pt.  i.  ISO.  —  lluih,  /'Av'.  lirmkr.  Cmuir.  hit.  IJl),  t.  1. 
Adiiruji  .l/.i./iTi(r..<i,,,  Lanuink,  Dirt.  iii.  U9  (I7.S'.I) 
LilurxLi  Till,  Point,  Lam.  Dirt.  Suppl.  in.  :t24  (181;)). 
t\r^rti /jtfiii,  Sprenjfel.  Sifxt.  ii.  '^tlS  (18'J."i). 
('rri.liiiihfw/irlmi,  (".  (1,  Nees  ah  Ksenlx-ek,  /.  r,  119  (ISIlfi).  — 
Kudiieher,  Kurhirut.  'JOi'i. —  Webb  &  liertbelot,  l^hytitijr.  Vatuir. 


see.  iii.  'J'JO,  t.  'Jtt").  —  Mei«ncr,  De  Ciirulallr  Pnxh.  I.  r.  118.— 
Christ,  Hot.  Jahrh.  i«.  l.">7  (SpiciUgium  Canar.). 

•  Uaillon,  I.e.  4<iCi  (ln70). 

Lanniti  Imllatn,  liurehell,  7r.ief/.<,  i.  72  (1822). 
<hro.l,ii<h\r  ImUatn,  C  (i.  Nees  ab  Kwnlwek,  /.  c.  449  (IS-TO).  — 
Hot.  Miuj.  Iviii.  t.  ;19;U.  —  Meimer,  /.  .-. 

The  .Slink-hout,  as  (his  tree  is  ealled  in  .^outh  .Vfriea,  is  eom- 
mon  in  the  forest...  of  tlie  eolony.  Its  wood,  whieh  smelts  disaf^ree- 
able  when  ent,  resembles  walnut  in  eolor  and  is  hard  and  durable. 
'Hie  wimkI  of  no  other  south  African  tree  is  nion'  val-.UMl  by  tho 
cabinet-maker  or  the  gunsmith,  and  it  is  also  largely  us4>d  in  the 
eonstruetion  of  houses  and  in  wagon  and  boat  budding.  (.See 
Pappe,  Sylva  Capf'i.ii.t,  27.) 

'  Anblet,  /'/.  (itwin.  ii.  781,  t.  lUO  (177,-.).  —  C.  (,.  Nee.  ab 
KsenlxM  k,  /.  .-.  47ti.  —  Mi'Z,  /.  .-.  29«. 

<>,,:l,,i<rrirrii,  Ilumliohll,  Itonpland  &  Knnth, /.  r.  Hi2  (1817).— 
Kuiitli,  .s'r/ri.  VI,  ./i'/(iin.  i.   l."i*».    - 1".  (i.  Neca  ab  I-jieubcck, /.  c. 
478. 
I'rrtea  animlrn.  Sprengel.  /.  •:  2(19  (1(<28). 

Orftnln/ihiif  tiuitifiriuii.^,  ('.  (J.  Nees  ab   KsenlM>ek.  I.mmrn,  xli. 
2«J8,  ,".lli  (1848)    -    Meisner.  /.  .-.  112  ;  Murtiia  Ft.  Hnml.  v.  pt. 
ii.  20». 
Orroilnjihir  lenreil,  C.  <!.  Nees  ab  Kseiil»'ek,  /.  i-.  ."iK!  (IRIH). 

•  Anblet,  /.  .■   7S;l. 

•  Marlins,  liiiihnrr  lirprrt.  ISIIO,  179.  —  .Me«,  /.  r.  291. 
(h-riitta/'hiir  iipi/eni,  ('.  (J.  .Nees  ab   KsenlH'ck,  .S'v-''-   Laitr.  .'190 

(ISIHi).  -  MeiMler,  Dr  (VlwW.V  I'nKlr.  iv.  pi.  i    112. 
Mninliflofhnr  o/iiVmi,   Meisner,  (.  i .  .'.lO  (18tS4)  ;   .»/ar(ii«    fl. 

limnl.  V.  pt.  ii.  191,  t.  71. 

'"  .MartiiM,  .Si/,,(.  .W,i(.  Mril.  llmsiL  110;  /7  /.'r.i..i;.  v.  pt.  ii.  1118 
(.MespitiNlaphne).  —  iloaeuthal.  .Sy'i.  /'/.  Oiaphur.  2;Wi  (()ret>- 
daphue). 


A  tr( 

slender  sp 
al)oiit  an 
surface  \)\ 
first  appisi 
light  Inov 
and  third 
scars.     Tl 
rounded  a 
to  one  ha 
they  uiifol 
the  lower 
below,  till 
margin.s,  1 
Veins  aicii 
The  llowi 
re(l  pedi 
tho.se  of 
])ul>er(d() 
acro.ss;  tl 
lobes  wl 
pale  tdiiic 
tin  ISC  of 
with  iiiiin 
shorter  tl 
exfror.se 
anthers  ar 
the  iiiargi 
.short  glal 
autumn,  a 
surroiindi 
and  bri 


JiVKACF,M. 


LAUIlACEyE. 


iilLVA   OF  NORTH  AMEBIC  A. 


11 


found  in 

occurs,  to 

le  inhabits 

iiploycd  in 
ndinx*  of 
n  infusion 
ibsi'esscs ; ' 
io  iiUfviute 


ir.  I.  cll8.- 


449(1836).— 
Afril•a,  is  coiii- 
iiu'Uii  ilisftgrpe- 
1  anil  (liirulile. 
*  vaI-.iod  l>y  thn 
civ  iis4?(l  in  tlie 
liuildiug.     (See 

C.  (I.   Ni't-'s  ab 

r.  l(J•^(181").— 
l  I'^cnbeck,  /.  c. 


?k,  Ainrwfrt,  xxi. 

Ft.  Hrtuil.  V.   |it. 

,-.  .-.If.  (lrt4H). 

■.  'Jill. 

Sy»(.  Livir.  ;t90 

4)  ;  Martm)  Fl. 

t.*il.  V.  pt.  ii.  'MA 
lur.    ilo    (I  Iri'O- 


OCOTEA    OATESBYANA. 

Flowi-.ks  i)t>ifcct ;  filiumiits  of  the  slaiiiens  of  the  third  series  biglandular.     Leaves 
obloii}i;-laiue()late,  pale  on  the  h)wer  surlace. 

Ocotea  Cateabynna.  xv.  pt.  i.   Hi.",  (in  part)  (not  C.  G.  Xccs  nl>  Escnlir.k) 

LauruH    Cateabynna.    Mi.liuux.     /■•/.     /inr.-Am.    i.    'Jll  (I.SCI).  — Siir(,'cnt,   I'oi-est    Tm's    X.   Am.   \W/i   I'ni.iita 

(ISO.t).—  l',.iii.|.  Low.  Dirt.  .Supjil.  iii.  'MX.  —  I'm^li,  I'.  S.  i\.  ll!l. 

/•'/.  .Iw.  Sijit.  i.  '^,r^  (in  part).  —  Spicniji'l.  .S>^  ii.  -(r..  Persea  Catesbyana,  Chapman.  /■'/.  .'iO.'i  (ISf..".). 

LnuruH  Cntoabaji.  l't'i».M.n.  .S'//h.  i.  til)  (1SU5).  —  Xnttall,  Nectandrn  coriacea.  Mi'Z.  ./"/(/■/,.  A'„«;-/.  /;.,/.  (lurt.  v.  4,"ii) 

f,',.,i.  i.  'J,-.S.  (Lmimifiv  Aiiiiriraiiiv  Moiiwj.)  (in  p.irt)  (not  (jriseLacli) 

?GymnobaIanu8  Catesbyanus,  C.  G.  Xui's  ali  Kscnbcck,  (1SS9). 

.V'/s'.  /.'(I"-.  4.**^!  (IH.'iCi).  Neotandra    sanguinea.    Hiirlioock.    lii/i.    Mismniri    Hot. 

Nectandra  Willdenoviana.  XlrwrnT,  De  Caml'ilb'  I'mdr.  (ianl.  iv.  IL'.".  (not  Uottboill)  (ISlKi). 

A  tree,  twenty  i<»  tliii'tv  foct  in  licij^ht,  with  a  trunk  raroly  fxcci'diiio-  cio^ht  iiidios  in  diametor,  and 
(<U'ndt'r  s])n'adinjj  hranchi's  wiiich  form  a  narrow  round-topped  iiuad.  The  hark  of  the  trunk,  wiiich  is 
aliout  an  eio;hth  of  an  inch  tliick,  is  dark  re(hlisli  hrown,  and  is  rounlieiied  on  the  otlierwise  .sniootii 
surfaee  hy  nunu'roiis  small  lenticular  exeiesceiiees.  The  hranehes  are  thin,  terete,  olahroiis  when  they 
first  a])|)ear,  and  dark  reddi.sh  brown ;  they  soon  i)ccome  lio'hter  colored,  and  in  their  second  year  are 
iiofht  brown  or  j^ray  tiii<jed  with  red,  and  often  marked  by  minute  pale  lenticels,  and  in  their  second 
and  third  vears  by  small  seiiiiorl)icular  leaf-scars  in  which  ajtpear  single  central  fibro-vascular  bundle- 
scars.  The  le.ives  are  alli'rnate,  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  slightly  contracted  above  into  long  points 
rounded  at  the  apex,  and  graclua!'y  narrowed  l)elow  into  broad  flat  petioles,  which  vary  from  one  third 
to  one  half  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  are  grooved  on  the  ii])per  and  rounded  on  the  lower  side  ;  when 
they  unfold  they  are  thin,  niembranaceoiLs,  light  green  tinged  with  red,  and  .sometimes  piibenilous  on 
the  lower  surface ;  and  at  maturity  tiioy  are  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale 
below,  three  to  six  inches  long,  and  an  indi  to  two  inches  broad,  with  thickened  slightly  revolute 
margins,  broad  stou'  midribs  impressed  on  the  upper  side  toward  the  base,  anu  slender  rentote  prinuiry 
veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins  and  connected  liy  coarsely  reticidate<l  conspicuous  vi'inlets. 
The  flowers  appear  in  early  .sjtring,  and  are  produced  in  elongated  panicles  with  slender  glabrous  light 
red  peduncles  developed  singly  or  two  or  three  together  from  thi"  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  year  or  from 
those  of  the  jjievious  year,  and  three  or  four  inches  in  length  ;  they  ari'  borne  on  thin  glabrous  or 
pubcrulous  pedicels  bibracteoliito  near  the  middle,  and  when  expanded  are  neatly  a  tpiarter  of  an  iiu'h 
ai'ross ;  the  Dalyx  is  creamy  white,  with  a  campaiuilate  tube  much  shorter  than  the  six  ovate  deciduous 
lobes  which  are  rounded  at  the  apex,  nearly  of  e(inal  size,  iinbescent  oti  the  outer  surface,  coated  with 
pale  t<iinentum  on  the  inner  surface,  and  about  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens;  these  are  in  four  .series, 
those  of  the  inner  series  beitig  reduced  to  linear  stiuninodia  somewhat  etilarged  at  the  apex,  and  tipped 
with  miiinti'  abortive  anthers;  the  iilaments  of  the  two  outer  .series  are  slightly  hirsute  at  the  base  and 
shorter  than  the  introrse  anthers  ;  the  Iilaments  of  the  third  series  are  as  long  le;  lotiger  than  the 
extrorse  anthers,  and  are  furnished  at  the  ba.se  with  two  conspicuous  globe,  stalked  yellow  glands;  the 
anthers  are  llattene<l,  emarginate.  iiniate  and  four-celled,  the  lower  cells  bei.  ^;'  a  little  larger  and  nearer 
the  margins  than  the  upper  cells.  The  ovary  is  ovate  and  glabrous,  ani!  is  gradually  narrowed  into  a 
short  glabrous  style  which  is  about  as  long  as  the  stamens  of  the  outer  series.  The  fruit  ripens  in  the 
autumn,  and  is  ovate  or  stibglobo.se.  two  thirds  of  an  iiitdi  long,  lustrous,  dark  blue  or  nearly  black,  and 
suridiiniled  at  the  base  by  the  thickened  cnp-like  tnbe  of  the  calyx,  which  is  truncate  or  obscurely  lobed 
and  bright   red  like  the  thickened   pedicels;  the  llesh   is  thin  and   dry,  and   closely   invests  the  largo 


12 


SrLVA    OF  NOllTIl  AMIUilCA. 


LAUKACEiC. 


oblonjj  si'wl ;  this  is  lovennl  by  a  tliiii  biittlu  rctl-brown  coat,  the  inner  layer,  which  is  hardly  separable 
from  the  outer,  lieinj;  lijjht  eliestnut-brown,  lustrous  on  the  inner  surface,  and  marked  with  broad 
lighter  colored  veins  radiating;  from  the  small  hiluni.  The  embryo  is  a  third  of  an  inch  long  and 
bright  red-brown. 

Ovotid  Cdltnlii/iDiii  inhabits  the  shores  and  islands  of  Florida  south  of  Cape  Canaveral  on  the 
east  coast  and  of  Cape  Romano  on  the  west  coast  ;  comparatively  comiiioii  except  on  si)nie  of  the  western 
keys,  it  is  most  abundant  and  attains  its  largest  size  on  the  rich  wooded  hummocks  adjacent  to  Bay 
Biscavne,  where  it  grows  with  the  Wild  Fig,  the  Live  Oak,  the  (iinuho  liiinbo,  the  Mastic,  the  (/uban 
Pine,  and  the  Kugenias.      It  is  not  rare  on  the  Bahamas,  and  probalily  grows  on  some  of  tile  Antilles. 

The  wood  of  (hotm  C<il( nl)i/>iiKi  is  heavy,  hard,  close-graiiu'd,  containing  numerous  thin  medullary 
ravs  and  many  small  regularly  distributed  open  ducts  ;  it  is  rich  dark  brown  in  color,  with  thick  bright 
yellow  sainvood  compostMl  of  twenty  to  thirty  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  specific  gravity  of  the 
absolutely  dry  wood  is  O.TIlHIi.  a  cubic  foot  weighing  17.!t  I  pounds. 

Ocotid  C((/i.i'ii/'iiiii  a|ipears  to  have  been  fir.st  noticed  by  Mark  Catesby,'  who  found  this  tree  on 
the  Bahama  Islands,  and  published  the  earliest  account  of  it  in  his  Ndtnral  J/i.ttori/  of  ('(trolina  ;'  as 
a  Florida  plant  it  was  ilrst  described  by  Bernard  Romans''  in  the  A'uliinil  J/isturi/  of  East  ami  Wv<it 
I-'/oridit.' 

The  lustrous  foliage  of  this  small  tree,  the  abundant  clu.sters  of  white  flowers  wliiirh  cover  it  in 
early  .spring,  and  the  brilliant  fruit,  make  it  beautiful  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  and  well  worth 
cultivation  in  tropical  gardens. 

'  .See  vi.  16.  '  .Si'o  iv.  .I. 

^  Comiti,  foliis  Snlif'H  Laurnt  m-umimi/Lv ;  jiuribus  itlbis ;  /rvctu  *  l,auru.i  foliU  actiminaliHf  baccig  ctxruieit ;  pfdicetiis  Itmijin  rubrit 

Sa.isa/r(U,  ii.  US,  t.  'JS.  imulrntibun,  27. 


tv. 


EXPLANATION   OF  THE   PLATE. 

Pl.ATK    rCrin.      OkiTK.V    CaTKJ<11VANA. 

1.  A  tlowi'riiiH  liniiic'h.  natural  aiiv. 

2.  I )iui;rnni  uf  u  HoviT. 

.1.  Vertiral  Hectiun  of  a  flower,  enlarginl. 

4.  A  staini'ii  of  tlie  third  wrii'S  witli  (jlaiidH.  front  viow.  enlarged. 

6.  A  Btanicn  <if  tin-  outtT  si'ries,  front  view,  rnlurgtsl. 
(>.  A  («taniinoditnn.  cnlargt'd. 

7.  An  ovule,  mueli  nia|;nilied. 

8.  A  fruitiiiK  liraneli,  n«t:;ral  (li/c. 

9.  Vertical  section  of  a  fruit,  enlarged.. 

10.  A  seed,  enlarged. 

11.  An  embryo,  enlurginl. 


I J  jfiwairrfinmnni 


#«t  '^... 


.'■•!/>  J.T.ttU'lir  P.r 


^  t  ft  T%  m  4 


I  AHIMfK^V 


/ 


I  MIlMfK;*;. 


I 


■■V'f.' 


tloitl!     Alll.'l  11  .i 


A.,,,..,  ,/,./ 


^^'  m  ■' 


0  COTE A    CATESBYANA 


-I.  Un',  f  rtt.t    i/ifiii 


"'/•  . '.  :.itu  u-  i  -i' 


i 


LAUKACE^. 


SILVA   OF  NORTU  AMERICA. 


13 


SASSAFRAS. 

Flowers  diopcious  or  rarely  perfect ;  calyx  (J-Iobcd,  the  lobes  in  two  scries,  nearly 
c(iual,  imbricated  in  aDstivation,  deciduous:  corolla  0;  stamens  9,  in  three  series; 
disk  0 ;  ovary  superior,  l-celled ;  ovule  solitary,  suspended.  Fruit  baccate.  Leaves 
alternate,  destitute  of  stipules,  deciduous. 


Sassafras,  Neei  al>  KHcnIuM'k  &  KbermuiiT,  lltimlli,  Med.- 
Pharm.  H«t.  i.  418  (18.'i0).— Kndli.-lier,  Gen.  ;«'-'.— 
Meisner,  (Jen.  J27.  —  UiiiHoii,  lliit.  }'/.  ii.  479.  —  Uen- 


tham  &  Hooker,  Gfti.  iii.  160. —P»x,  Jimjler  A  J'rantl 
J'jtanzeiifam.  iii.  pt.  ii.  119. 


An  aromatic  tree,  with  tliick  deeply  furrowed  dark  red-brown  bark,  scaly  buds,  slender  light  green 
lustrouH  brittle  branches  containing  a  thick  white  niucilaginons  pith  and  marked  with  Kmall  semiori)icii- 
lar  elevated  leaf-scars  disi)Iaying  single  horizontal  rows  of  minute  libro-vaseular  bundle-scars,  and  stout 
■pongy  stoloniferous  roots  covered  with  thick  yellow  bark.  Flower-bearing  buds  terminal,  ovate,  acute, 
protected  by  nine  or  ten  imbricated  scales  increasing  in  size  from  without  inwards,  the  three  outer 
Males  ovate,  rounded  and  often  apiculate  at  the  ape.\,  keeled  and  thickened  on  the  back,  pale  yellow- 
green  below,  dull  yellow-brown  above  the  middle,  loosely  imbricated,  slightly  or  not  at  all  accrescent, 
deciduous  at  the  opening  of  the  bud,  much  smaller  than  the  scales  of  the  next  rows  ;  these  thin, 
accrescent  at  maturity,  light  yellow-green,  turning  dull  red  before  falling,  obovate,  rounded  at  the  ape,\, 
cuneato  below,  concave,  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  soft  silky  pubescence,  glabrous  and  lustrous 
on  the  inner  surface,  reilexed,  often  three  quarters  of  an  inch  long,  nearly  half  an  inch  broad,  tardily 
deci(bious ;  the  two  inner  scales  foliaceous,  lanceolate-acute,  light  green,  coated  on  the  outer  surface 
■with  ilclicate  pale  hairs,  glabrous  on  the  inner  surface,  infolding  the  leaves  'ind  falling  as  these  begin 
to  expand ;  sterile  and  axillary  buds  much  smaller.  Leaves  involute,  the  lower  inclosing  those  above 
it  in  the  bud,  ovate  or  obovate,  entire  or  often  one  to  three-lobed  at  the  apex,  the  lobes  broadly  ovate, 
•cute,  divided  by  deep  broad  sinuses,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base  into  elongated  slender  petioles 
flattened  or  slightly  grooved  on  the  upper  side  and  rouniled  on  the  lower,  feather-veined  with  alternate 
teins  arcuate  and  united,  the  lowest  ])arallel  with  the  margins,  and  when  the  leaves  are  lobed  running 
to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  conspicuously  reticulate-venulose,  mucilaginous,  deciduous ;  as  they  unfold 
light  green  and  somewhat  pilose  on  the  upper  surface  with  scattered  white  hairs,  ciliate  on  the  margins, 
dothed  on  the  lower  surface  with  a  loose  pubescence  of  long  white  lustrous  hairs ;  at  maturity 
I&nmbranaceous,  dark  dull  green  above,  pale  and  glabrous  or  pubescent  below.  Flowers  produced  in 
early  spring  with  the  first  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  the  males  and  females  usually  on  different  individuals 
in  lax  drooping  few-flowered  pilose  racemes  developed  from  the  axils  of  the  large  obovate  bud-scales, 
the  upper  flowers  of  the  lowest  raceme  opening  first.  Pedicels  slender,  rarely  forked  and  two-flowered, 
ebracteolate,  clothed  with  long  pale  hairs,  produced  from  the  axils  of  linear-acute  scarious  hairy 
deciduous  bracts ;  or  that  of  the  terminal  flower  often  ebracteate.  C.ilyx  pale  yellow-green,  divided 
nearly  to  the  base  into  six  narrow  obovate  concave  lobes,  roiuided  and  incurved  at  the  apex,  spreading 
or  reflexed  after  anthesis,  those  of  the  inner  series  a  little  larger  than  the  others.  Stamens  nine, 
inserted  in  three  series  on  the  somewhat  thickened  margin  of  the  shallow  concave  calyx-tube,  those  of 
the  outer  series  opposite  its  outer  lobes ;  filaments  flattened,  elongated,  slightly  enlarged  toward  the 
^)ex,  incurved,  light  yellow,  those  of  the  inner  series  furii'shed  near  the  base  with  two  conspicuous 
orange-colored  stipitate  glands  rounded  on  the  back  and  obscurely  lobed  on  the  inner  face ;  anthers 
innate,  oblong,  flattened,  truncate  or  slightly  emarginate  at  tho  apex,  rounded  or  wedge-shaped  at  the 


I 


' 


! 


14 


.s7/,ii  OF  yoirrii  A.yfh'incA. 


r,AlIBAtKi«. 


hasc.  oraii^jc-colorpd,  introrsc.  roui-ii'llfil.  tlic  ci'lls  Hinit'r|)(mpil  in  imirH.  tho  lower  larpor  than  tho  upptT, 
()|H'iiin^  from  Minx  uinviird  Ity  piTsiHtfut  lidn.  liiiUfi'  niiil  ncaicr  tlio  iiiiirfjin  in  tin-  aiitliprn  of  tlic  inner 
scries  (pf  stamens  tlian  ill  (lie  ollurs;  in  llie  female  llower  rediieed  to  flattened  ovate  pointed  sli^litiy 
two-liilied  dark  oraiii;i'-nilcired  sti|iitale  slamimidia.  or  oeeasionaliy  fertile  and  similar  to  or  only  a  little 
smaliiT  liiaii  those  of  the  slaiiiiiiate  flower.  Ovarv  ovate,  one-eeUed.  li^rht  jrr,.en,  ^rluliroim,  nearly 
wssile  ill  llie  short  luhe  of  the  ealvv.  contracted  into  a  slender  eloii<;ated  simple  style  jjradnally  enlarged 
ahove   into  a  capitate  oliiii|iie  ohscnrcly    lohcd  stigma;    ovule  suspended    from    the  apex   of   the   cell. 

analropoiis.     Kiiiit   an  ohlon}^  dark  blue  lustrous  lierry  surrounded  nt  the  hase  hy  ll nlarjjed  and 

thickened  oliscurelv  six-lolied  or  truncate  scarlet  limh  of  the  calyx  raised  on  a  iniich  clonjjated  scarlet 
stalk  thickened  alio\e  the  middle;  pericarp  thin  and  llesliy.  adhereiit  to  the  ohloii^  pointed  li^jlit  hrowii 
seed  dcsliliile  of  alliumcn  :  testa  thin,  memhraiiaceous,  liari'ly  separalile  into  two  coats,  the  inner  coat 
HUM  ll  thinner  than  tlii'  outer,  d  irk  chestiillt-hrown,  and  lustrous.  Kliiliryo  erect,  sulijflohose,  tilliii;j  tim 
cavity  of  the  seed  :  cotvledons  thick  and  tlcshy  ;  radicle  superior,  turned  toward  the  liiliiin,  included 
hetwceii  tiic  ((ilylcdons. 

The  wood  of  Sassafras  is  soft,  weak,  hriftle,  and  coarse-grained,  althouirh  very  durahle  when 
placeil  in  contact  with  the  soil  ;  it  contains  niimeroiis  thin  niedullaiy  rays  and  hands  of  three  or  four 
rows  of  lar^e  open  duets  which  clearly  mark  the  l.iyers  of  annual  ;;rowth  ;  it  is  aromatic  and  dull 
orani^e-hrowii.  witii  thin  li.icht  yellow  sapwood  coinposcil  of  seven  or  eiijht  layers  of  annual  jjrowth. 
Tiic'  s|ifcitic  ;;iavity  of  the  alisolutely  dry  wood  is  n..")()|'J.  a  cuhic  foot  weijjhinjj  lU.t'J  pounds.  It  is 
laii;iU   Used  for  feme-posts  anil  rails,  in  the  conslriiction  of  li^ht  Imals  and  ox-yokes,  and  in  cooperate. 

The  roots  of  Sassafras,  and  especially  their  hark,  nrv  a  mild  aromatic  stimulant;'  and  oil  of 
.sassafras,  used  to  peifiiiiie  soap  and  other  articles,  is  distilled  from  them.'  The  pith  of  the  youii;^ 
hranclus  infused  with  water  furnishes  a  niiicilajje  wliieh  has  hceii  um-cI  siicces.sfullv  as  an  emulsion  in 
felirile  and  iiillammatory  maladies.'  ami  in  ophthalmic  jiractice.  Ciuinho  lilet,  a  powder  prepared  from 
tile  le.i\es  liy  the  Choctaw  Indians  of  Louisiana,  ffives  flavor  and  consistency  to  ^uinho  soup.* 

Sassafras  is  now  eonlineil  to  teniperate  eastern  North  .\iiierica.  It  once  inhahited  the  .\retic 
Cirele.  and  lonjj  existed  in  Kiirope  with  many  forms;'  in  Ninth  .\iiieric.i  diiriii}^  the  cretaceous  period 
it  raiiifcd  f.ir  westward  of  its  |ireseiit  home  to  the  niid-eontinelital  [ilateail,  where  traces  of  what  are 
lielieved  to  111'  several  species  have  lieeli  detected.'' 

Ill  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century  the  French  in  Florida  learned  from  the  Indi.ins  the  medical 
value  of  the  .Sissifras,'  ami  in  I'lii'J  the  lirst  account  and   lij^ure  of  this  tree  were  ]iuhlislied   hy  tho 


'  Kiiliii.  Trart!>.  KiiRli^li  rd.  i.  111!,  .110.—  Wc-nlvllii-,  M„l.  IM. 
i.  '.II,  t.  :il  (I.mini'i).  —  IliKvl.iw.  W-./  lUil.  li  I  U',  t.  —  Xw»  nb 
F.MMilx'ik,  /'/.  M.d.  t  1:11-  II.  -  ."irtili,  Ft.  M,,l.  Aunll.  tii.  r.l, 
t.  4lH.  —  Mi-iiliinBim  A:  (ininliill,  .Mn/.  lUtl.  iii.  t.  IJIi.  —  llnyiii-, 
.Ir.-Fl.  III.  t.  HI.  —  Klidliilur.  Euchirul.  aM.  —  (Irinith,  .Wn/.  It-I. 
TuA.  —  SfliniitT,  Am.  Jour,  I'hnnii.  lsi;;l,  X\.  —  Pori-lii-r.  lirumn  fs 
1,1  S->HthrrJt  FtrUi.t  (»'!«/  /'((rf.olx.  .'I'lO.  —  I'nx-lnr,  /Vm-.  .-trn.  i'finnn. 
.I.«-K-.  IsCiti.'JlT.—  I'luc'ki(,'fr  ,V  llaiilinry,  l'liiinniiii,iiiiiiiliut,iM.  — 
\iit.  ;ii../»a<.  0(1.  '.',  fJTI.  — llinili'v  Ik  Triiniii,  .Mrl.  I'l.  in.  '.'•.'0. 
•  V'JO.  —  SliiulR,  A'fM"V''/<7«r'/(i|  «/'  Ihf  Inttwlriitl  .\rt.s,  .M(tnn/ili  liirr*, 
wilt  Itiltr  Ctmimfrcittl  I'nuliicts,  i.  H'JIJ ;  ii.  ICttl. 

''  Tlic  oil  uf  Aai«Knfr:iH  i.t  iimimfui-tiirtMl  principnily  in  IVniiitrlva- 
ikiii,  Virjjiiiiji,  niiit  NtirUi  Ciirolinii  I'y  Hiimll  o|>4-r:iti)ri  wlio  um*  llii* 
iii(*!,t  priiiiitivf  (iiiiiii'Htif  still.H,  fxtriM'tiiiff  tlio  nil  in  tlir  i-ruili-Kt 
]n;nilu-r  frnin  all  |>arU  (»f  tin'  trtH'  fxci-pt  tin*  Ii-hvc».  It  i.n  trsnicil 
liy  tlir  niiiinifaitun  rs  with  Km-hI  !,t«irfk»'<'|M'rH,  whn  cnllrct  iniil 
wnii  It  to  (li-!ilfrs  in  lar;;<-  ritit'S,  'I'lie  iiiiin'«try  i.n  a  ilrcliuin^'  nn,-, 
sviitlictii'al  niN  now  rcjilaciti^,'  SjiMsafms  oil  for  nrilinary  iisr?*  ;  ami 
,^uiisufra.i  nil  i^  rart'ly  fmnnl  part'  in  iMinninT"  r,  Iw-in^  U'«uatly  <litntt'tl 


with  nil  nf  cainplinr,  wlnrli  haA  tltp  wlor  ftilil  sjiccifli*  gravity  nf 
tSanHafra-H  nil,  ami  in  a  at'cnml  pnHlurt  nlitailicd  in  tin*  iIl^IiUiii^  nf 
Cainpli'ir  nil. 

•  .li.h n,  ititn.   Mnt.   lU.I.  .V.  .1.  'i'lil,  f    I,-,:.'    -  r.  .S.  />u;otu, 

<!«1.  ir>,  tins. 

♦  llnl.in,  r.i»n</'i.  '"•  'K51. 

*  .Sapnrta,  ilrnjiuf  l'>ii  ontnlotji'lue  ilfi  Arhrrn,  'J'J.'I  -  -  /.i(ti*I, 
/Ann/'.    I'iil,riml4,l„,/.  ii.  .111".. 

•  l.«--«<pn-r(Mix,  Iirf>.  t'.  S.  (IrUoij.  Sitn\  vi.  77  ((''nitnh.  /■'(«,«.  f'l. 
ItVlff-rn  'I'rrnlifTir.i,  i. ). 

'  "  lli-s  K>p:i);nnU  ill'  .Sui-.Malln'n  ,<t  ilr  Saint  .\ii);ii.4tin,  r'f»t  \ 
iliri'.  ill  la  lti\i(>n'  llatipliiiic  &  (1«>  lu  UiviiTiMli'  May,  iWalit  liri'mptu 
tnu!i  attiupiiN  lie  fliivrt'H  i-uuM<t'ti  |mr  la  niiinvai»t*  iiniirritiin',  ,V  Ics 
paiix  iTUfH  Hi  tntiililcit  ipii  iN  biivnii'iit,  iK'«  Krnnvni.i  li'iir  apprin-nt 
ik  iiHiT  ilu  SanHafrivH,  rnimni'  il.-*  ravniritt  vu  pratiipu'r  aux  ^iauva^t■M; 
ilH  i-n  cnnpnii'lit  la  rarilii'  vn  prtitn  innri'i-aiix,  ipi'iU  fai.-n>it>nt  ImmiiI- 
lir  (lati>.  I'l-ati,  iU  hrivnit.nl  ilo  i-i'ttr  ran  il  ji'Un  ,V  h  l"iirn  rc|iam,  tV 
ollt'  Ifrt  ^(ii^rit  i>art'ikitiut'ut."  (C'luirluvuix,  Hut.  ite  la  Moutrile 
Frau'  f,  i.  lij  ) 


LAlinACK* 

inn  tlio  upjiiT, 
■H  of  till?  inner 
lintfd  Hlijjhtly 
ir  only  "  littlo 
iliroiis.  ntsiily 
uiilly  cnliirfjcd 

X    of     tln'     I'l'll. 

(■nliUfjt'il  and 
in^alcil  M'lirlt't 
"d  lijjlit  brown 
till!  inner  coiit 
lose,  tillin;;  tlie 
liluni.  im'lnde<l 

dnraliie  wlien 
f  tliree  or  four 
niatic  and  dull 
annual  jjrowth. 

pounds.     It  w 
il  in  eooperajje. 
t ;'    nnd   oil   of 
Il  of  the  yoiiii^; 

an  einuUiou  in 
r  preparecl  from 
soup.* 

Iiited  the  Antie 
retaceoUH  perio<l 
ees  of  what  aro 

lians  the  medical 
mlilislied  liy  tho 

mil  »|»TiHi'  Ki^Tilr  o( 
.1  m  ll">  ilistilliii);  iif 

l.VJ     -  ''.  A'.  Ihiff^ui. 

Arhrrt,    •JrS.\  —  Zitti'l, 

77  (fimlrik.  /■'!»«.  /'/. 

Sjvint  Aiinii!*tin,  i-'»'i»t  \ 
•  tic  Mi»y.  iMaiit  |trf»4jiio 
iv:ii-.i'  imurriliiri',  \:  l>'« 
Kran.,"H  liiir  iiinirirciit 

niticiui'i-  iiH«  NiuviiKi'*; 

I,  nu'iln  fni.Hiiiellt  Iniiiil- 
.•uii  iV  Ji  l-iim  reimm,  .V 
I,  tlt-<t.  lU  la    SottrfUe 


LAUUACB^ 


SUVA   OF  NOUTll  AMHIUf'A. 


Spaiiinli  physieiiin  Nieoliis  Monardes.'      Kxa^K'Tatud  ideas  of  tim  curutivi'  properties  of  Sassafras  soon 

spread  thruiij(li  Kiirope;'  and  extraordinary  flVorts  were  made  to  secure  lar};;e  supplies  of  the  wood  and 

roots.^ 

Sassafras  is  little  injured  liy  insects,'  and  is  not  siihject  to  serious  fuiiffal  diseases.'' 

Sassafras  was  first  used  as  a  popular  ii.ime   liy  the  French   in    Florida;  and  when  the  jxenus.  which 

had  liecn  included  hy  earlier  hotanists  with  l.aurus,  was  distiuHui.shcd  liy  Nees  ab  Eseubuck  he  adopted 

Sassafras  as  its  name. 


*  Ihl  Arhol  ijuf  triini  lie  la  f'tnri'Iii,  llttmtvlii  Stut^tifrtt^^  llUf.  MftL 

(oi.  ni.t. 

Siif-itf'nii  iirlmr  M'tiumh,  l>iili'< liaiiipt,  lli^t.  fiti..  /V,  l7S(t,  f, — 
I'luLi'iul,  I'lifil.  I.  '.'•-•i;,  f.  I). 

Till-  .Sii>aiit'rin  or  AKm-Inc,  (icriinli',  llrrlnll,  IIIKI,  f.  —  I'lirkiii- 
■iili,  Thiitlr.  IlKNi,  f.    -  .liill  ili'  I.iiil,  Si'i:  Or'..  i;ll!,  t, 

Arliorix  I'liinilit  firitlmn  f'lttin,  C  Iliiitliiii.  Viimx,  VM. 

S'ii^ii/ra*,  -livf  l.ii/iinm  i'timnhiu,  .1,  H.uiliiti.  //('/.  /V.  i.  Isa,  t. 

/V  .S'lm.i/Wn,  .(iiinl /Vn</r.../n//./im,  'JIS,  t.  (i."i,  f, 

*'  'I'lif  SiiHHufriiH  i-*  II  Mi'ilii'iiiiil  Tree  wImim-  Ilitrk  \  l.cjivi-*  yii-M 
a  |ilciix;iiil  Siiii'll  :  it  |>riilit<  in  nil  Ilini.iHx  nf  tin'  Itloml,  miil  l.itir, 
parti(  iiliirly  in  uU  N'riirn-iil  iiml  Si-urlniiit-  lli-.ti>iii|H'rs."  (t'tinil-mt^ 
or  a  I tfurrifitiim  itf  Ihf  I'rmrnt  Slillr  uf  thftt  Cottiilri/t  |iiilj||sli<  il  hy 
A.  T.  (Ii'llt,  I Inn,  IIIS'J.) 

Sili-^it/ntit  I'iUK-kiiw,  /At''.  vi\,  y.iirUt  'Ull.  Il'riii;inn,  t^nt,  l/ort, 
Lwiil.  Itiil.  Ml.  —  U,n  ,  //l,(.  /'/.  ii.  l."ithS.  —  llhukwill,  Cull.  .SVir/.. 
Hi.  t  'JUT. 

Sn.ni/rii:i,  I'tinift,  //*»'.  ^»Wi.  />rn4i.  IKI. 

r'nrmw  iiiit.i  utlitnlttit  /'dIiii  trtliilii,  lii'lnliuf  fihmo,  Stlmlfni.t  ilu'lit, 
I'Inkiiiit,  Aim.  lUil.  l-'O.  ('iit<»liy,  An/.  //i<(.  Citr.  i.  >V>,  t.  .Vi.  — 
Mill.r,  lii't.  cil.  a.  Nn.  .-.. 

Sit^.^itim^  Arhnr  fnliii  l-'irnhifn,  Muntin^r,  I'hi/t.  Cur.  Tt,  t.  -O. 

/v  l.ttjHii  Siii.iii/rn*,  Zorn,  IU>tiit,n\nn.  .Miil.  *HI8. 

l.iiuriui  jltirr  ,V  J'nii  I't  rrmolti  tit  ritdfin  i>liiUUl,Jt>lit.*  inlrijri.^  \  trt- 
lolii.*,  KmlliiT,  Trnt.  lint.  Ml. 

l.tiunt.1  fiiliU  iittrijrt.t  ^'  trilit/iU,  I.iiiiui'm.  Hurt,  t^lifl'.  l.">l  ;  }fiit. 
Mr.l.  ti."i  -  Claytiiii,  Fl.  Virtiiit.  ('.■-'.  — Iti.\tn,  II.  I.ri/il.  Vr.«lr. 
Til  ('..lilcn,  .III.  Hurl.  f./w.  17i:i,  llll  (/'/.  .Vo.W.,ir.).  —  Ilii- 
baiiu'l,  '/'raid'  ilii  Arlirrf,  i.  XM,  t.  lll'i,  f.  7.  —  Trfw,  /'/.  hhrrt, 
Sai,  I  llil,  711;  y.it:  All.  /'»>/..  .1/,-/.  Attiil.  Ciu.  UuinM  fiiriJ.  ii. 
at-l  (lli-l.  A'li'.  Arl,.  .s<i.>.//rfi.). 

Siil*'tirii.i,  Ia'  I'li^ji'  1*11  I'riit/,  IlUliiirr  tie  In  Loiimutitf,  ii.  ;U'i,  t. 

J.itiini.t  ifit  ('tiritii.1  .Mn.i  i»l'<riitn,  fiiltii  trititio,  muriftitf  /i/dnc,  .S'u.*- 
lo/nii  i/i.M,  UoinniH,  A'lif.  Ili'l.  I'lnriilii,  'J(l. 

"  .\s  flirty  lit  l(i'j7  .luhaiin  N'riiiiilrr  iiiiMinlii-<l  in  Umiii'ii  ft  tiinli- 
ttX  tri'iiti*!'  ili'viiti'il  til  till'  virtni'  ii(  tin'  Siiaiiif niit-t rii'  iiml  iiititlcil 
SaiMfninoloijtii.  1  liavu  bt't'ii  tinabli*  tu  t'xiiininc  a  ('ii|iy  iif  tlii'  wurk, 
whirh,  HO  fur  OS  I  cull  ilisiHtvcr,  i.H  imt  in  any  .VineriL'uii  liliriiry. 

'  <  hi<>  nf  till'  iilijortH  iif  till'  Kii^linli  i'K|u'ilitiiin  whii'li.  in  liiCJ, 
mailc  till'  rarlii'Ht  titti'iiipt  tu  i-Htaliliali  a  Hi'ttli'iiit'iit  mi  the  I'liiLHt  uf 
New  F.iigluiitl  wiiM  tu  ubtaiii  a  »ii|i[ily  of  HanHiifnis  (sec  7'Aj  lieltt' 


lull  III  ■  'ii/iliiin  lluiiiulil''  \'uiiili/i-  III  llir  Siirlh  jitirl  uf  Virijiniil, 
liriji.n  '.hi-  nii-aitiUliernlirlh  of  Miirrh,  Anm  Vi  l^liziilmHir  Itfijimr, 
HHC.',  ami  ilrliirrrti  Iti/  (iiibriil  Arrhir,  «  geitllnmim  in  Iht  .tiiiil  tuiiHije 
[Cull.  .l/ii«s.  Ili»l.  Sm:  lor.  !1,  viii.  77J)i  anil  i'i({lit  years  later 
Kaisarrai  i«  iiientiiniril  aiiniiiK  llie  nrliilen  to  liv  »ent  limiie  in  llio 
iiiHlriHliiiiis  III'  till'  l-'.ii^'li-.li  );iivi'niiiiiiit  tii  tlie  iiilnny  uf  Virgil". t 
(Culiiiiiiil  /V;//.r<,  i.  Nu.  'j;i).  (Si'e,  aUii,  tliii  lli.'itirie  .;/'  Triiiiitle 
iutii  \'tri/iititi  tlrititititiii,  liy  William  Stnu'lii'V,  ril.  Miijiir,  Ilill.) 

llni'iii^  twu  I'l'iilnrii-i,  at   li'a.st,  the  \v I  anil   the  hark  uf  the 

runts  uf  the  SiiHsafra'*-tree  were  euli.'.iiUTi'il  vahiiihle  reiiieilifH  fur 
''\|iliili4,  rlii'iliiiatisni,  anil  ilru|iH\  ;  hut  tlii'ir  s)ii'ritle  liii'iliriiiiil  )ii'iii- 
1  |>l>'!4  ha\e  Ihtii  uni' iiftir  aiiulher  ili-'pruvi'il;  ami  altliuii^li  '.ii>sa- 
tr.1.4  ill  Mtill  Niinii'tinii'H  n.-.i'il  in  Kiirujie  in  I'uiiiliiiiatiun  with  Harsa|iii. 
rillaami  Kuaineiiiii,  in  tho  Ciiileil  .Statoii  it  in  now  valiieil  in  iiicilieinu 
uiily  lu  n  iiiilil  aruiiiiitie  htiiiiiilaiit. 

Till'  liiirk  uf  till'  riMit  niiitaiiiH  a  vulatile  nil,  I'liniphuruiei  matter, 
reiin,  wax,  ami  a  ilei'ulii|iusi-il  pruilmt  uf  laiinii'  iteiil  tu  uhiell  the 
iiaiiii'  uf  sa^^afriil  has  Ih'i'ii  given.  The  Milatile  nil  ami  taiiiiir  aiul 
reiiiler  it  stinii.lant  iiiiil  astringent  ;  iiseil  as  uii  ailjiuaiit  tu  iiiun* 
eftiiaeiiiiis  iiii'iliiim-H,  it  iiii|iruvi's  their  Itaviirs,  lint  exeessive  ilu.^es 
hale   |iriHliu'i-il    iiarrutic   |iuisiiiiiiig.     (Seo   / '.   .s".    Oi.*peu.i.  ej.   Iti, 

i;;:«i ) 

*  The  l.irge  hamlsiiine  larvie  uf  l*ii/iilio  Tnti'itf,  I.iniia'iis,  aro 
often  aliiimlant  on  the  .Sa.s.safra!i,  living  ini  the  leaveH,  wliieli  they 
partially  fulil  tugetlier  by  Milken  threails  to  protect  theiii.sclvefl. 
The  larvie  uf  .It/iieiw  Vruinellifii,  IIarri.4,  aluti  feeil  uii  the  leaves  of 
this  tree,  ami  in  winter  the  eiH'uuns  may  fretpieiitly  lie  fuiiiiil  liniig- 
ilig  friiiii  the  bi-iiiiehes.  A  Bliiall  iniitli,  ftnti-ilitriii  mumfnt.^i'lUt, 
Cliainbers,  in  its  larval  .stagen  is  believeil  to  iiiiiie  within  the  yuiiiig 
K-aves,  ami  later  to  roll  theiii  iluwiiwanlH.  A  tiiiiiiher  uf  other 
upei'it's  uf  insects  « Iiieli  fieil  npiiii  a  variety  uf  plants  have  iiceasiuii- 
ally  affccteil  ."Sassafras,  but  it  is  nut  attackcil  by  burcrs  in  the  living 
vriHKi, 

^  The  Siussafnu^  Ls  attacki-il  hy  milneruua  fungi  peculiar  tu  thin 
bust.  A  ili.seasc  of  frcipiciit  ucciirn'nce,  eaiising  ein'iiinscrilM'il 
brown  sputs  on  the  leaves,  is  line  to  l*hi/tl<i.ilit'tu  S't<,-"it'ni>,  CiMike, 
uf  wtiicli  the  mature  eonilitiun  ia  seliloiu  scpii ;  niiil  the  imperfectly 
known  lthiiti.imit  Sii.i.^tt/rti.t,  .Si'hweinitz,  covers  them  with  thickened 
black  spots.  T'lie  wuinly  parts  of  the  tree  are  iittaekeil  by  several 
species  uf  Pyrenuniycetcs  ;  these  are  most  prevalent  iu  the  soiitli- 
orn  part  uf  thu  euuiitry. 


I 


r« 


LAUUACEA, 


SJLVA    OF  NOliTII  AMKItlCA. 


17 


SASSAFRAS   SASSAFRAS. 


Saasafraa. 


SiuMifriui  Snusnfrfts,  Kiimlcn,  I'/mnn.-MiJ.  lint.  U\:> 
(IHU'.'i.  —  Siiil«"illi,  (iiirilni  iiml  t'nmil,  iv.  Kit!. 

LnuruH  Baoaiirriui,  l.iiiii«'ii«,  .S'/«v.  :171  (l".'i,'t). —  MilliT, 
Diet.  .il.  8,  Nil.  7.  —  Du  Iloi,  Ihirhk.  lUiiimx.  i.  Xi(i.  — 
WuiiKi'iilu'im,  Hi-m/irflli.  A'lirild iii.  lint:.  71  ;  Snnlnm. 
liilt.  KJ,  t.  '.'7,  f.  "iCi,  —  MarHlmll.  Arhiml.  tin.  7*.— 
CWinlioMi.  IV./y.  iif/ll  S/ati  I'liitl.  ii.  '.'7.1.  —  Wiillcr,  f'l. 
fur.  l;tl.  —  Willilinow,  Hrrl.  Ilniimx.  Hill;  .S'/,.,'.  ii.  |it. 
i.  XKi.  A'h  11  wi.  Illfl.  — Lamarck,  /)iV<.  iii.  ■».'>■».  — Alilxit, 
Itimvlt  iif  (iforrilii,  i.  t.  11.  —  .V«»i'i'iiM  Oiihiimr/,  ii. 
lir>.  t.  ;U.  —  llniUlinii«i-n,  //.iii./A.  tWatlmt.  ii.  ITdH.  — 
Miilinin.  /■'/.  Jl<ii:-.tiii.  i.  '-'It.—  I'itmkiii,  ,S';/».  i.  I."p".  - 
l)iif(iiilalni'!i,  //l.^^  .till.  i.  till. —  l)ii  .Mmil  ili'  Cuiirmt, 
/.^.^  full.  id.  '.'.  il.  |:l(i.  — 'nifonl,  H''rf.  H,<l.  .(<«. 
i;ill.  —  .Mi.lmiix,  f.  Ilht.  Arh.  Am.  ill.  17.'l,  t.  1.  —  I'lirHli, 
/•■/.  Am.  S<'i'f.  I.  '.^T.  —  lliKi'li.w.  /v.  /*.mM;i.  117.— 
Uiiliiii'»,|iii'.  A'/.  I.i(,l„fli\  '.'."i.  —  Niiltiili,  'f'.ii.  i.  'J.'lt; 
.syi'.i.  i.  «S.  Klliiilt,  .*i7.'.  I.  MU.  — .laiiiiH'  .St.  Ililaiif, 
Ti-iiil''  il-'  Arlirr.i.  i.  t.  It.").  —  Aiiiliil">ii,  //i' /■./<,  t.  III. 

Lnurim  vitnifolia.  SaliKlmry,  I'lmlr.  ;UI  (K'.Mi). 

LiiurUH    iliviTHifulia,   Stoki'»,    Hot.   Mat.    .)/c</.    ii.     I'.'li 

(I.SIJ). 

LnurUH  nlbida,  Nuttall.  Ilin.  i.  '.'.'i'.)  (I81H). 


Totrnnthorn  olbldo,  SpronRol.  Ni/nt.  Ii.  2(17  (18'.>r>). 

PurHud  BiUMafraa,  S|irenKi'l.  Si/tl.  ii.  L'7U  (IM'.T);.  —  Scliiilt- 
Inin,  AuH.  t.  Kit;,  C.  l."i-'.';i. 

Biuunifriui  otBdnnte,  Nvi'x  ali  KhiiiIiccU  ifc  Kiii'rinuii'i', 
//.//iiM.  .l/../..y'/(.//-;M.  /W.  i.  UH  (1«.'M))._('.  C.  New 
all  Ku'iilii'ik,  Si/Hf.  l.aur.  48H,  —  Diilricli,  Sun.  ii. 
l;t.-.7.  —  .S|iu.li.  //|•<.^  JV;/.  X.  r.(t;i.  —  T.,iri.y.  AV.  .V.  Y. 
ii.  LIS.  —  DarliiiKton,  AV.  fVn/r.  nl.  3,  'J.'i  1 .  —  Ciirlin, 
y^i'/).  Iliiitnij,  Surv.  N.  fur.  IMtll),  iii.  tlM.  —  Cliapnian,  I'l, 
.'MM.  —  JIuinniT,  />  CiiiiiliMif  I'rwlr.  xv.  |it.  i.  171.— 
Kuril,  Drtiilr.  ii.  .'MlTi.  —  Kiiifninn.  Tree»  Mm*,  od.  '.',  ii. 
.'l.V,l,  I.  —  Ili.lKway,  /'me.  I'.  S.  S^it.  MitK.  INH'.'.  70.— 
Laiirlic  lliiitirhi'  lleiiilr.  Xh,  f.  V.\H.  —  .SiiriJi'iil,  t'nreat 
Trrrn  .V.  Am.  Vitli  (■.■ii»ii»  V.  N.  ix.  ll'.l.  —  Mn,  Ja/irh. 
h^niij,  lint.  Hurt.  IRl  { l.nii riifeir  Aiiiiruiiniv  .Mimmj.).  — 
Walwiii  &  Cuiiltfr,  llriii/'t  .l/mi.  eel.  Ii.  117.  —  CimltiT, 
f.,„lr;i..  i:  .S".  .\.it.  Ihrh.  ii.  :IH;1  {.»/„».  /•/.   IC.   7'.j-.;.«). 

BiutHrifriiH  iilbiUum.  C.  (i.  Nii't  nli  Kmnlitck,  Si/at.  Liiiir. 
I'.Mi  (|M:;r,i. 

BiiHaitfriui  viiriirolluin,  Otio  liiml/i'.  Ilfi:  (l-n.  J'/,  ii. 
ri71  (IK'.H).  —  KcmIiih'.  Ihiilailu-  Ofmir.  17'.'.  —  Dipinl, 
ll.in.ll,.  /muI./wU..  iii.  '.I.-1. 


A  tree,  oiiM.sioiiiilly  i'if;lity  or  nini'ty  fi'i't  in  lii'ifjlit,  witli  a  trunk  sonii'tinifs  lu'arly  six  fiot  in 
(liamcttT,  anil  Hliiirt  stout  niiiri>  or  Ii'sh  contortfil  liraiu'lii's  wliicli  H|)r(>ail  almost  at  ri^lit  an^lt>s  from  tlii> 
trunk,  lorminji;  a  narrow  usually  llat-topiu'il  lirad  ;  l'ri'(|U('iitly  not  mori'  than  forty  or  lifty  fi'ft  in 
hi'ijjiit,  and  at  llic  iicirtii  j;i'ni'ially  smalli'r  anil  ofti-n  sliriiliiiy.  Tiii'  itark  of  llit-  trunk  is  sonu-tinu's  an 
incii  ami  a  hail'  in  thickiu'ss,  dark  rud-hrown,  and  iii'i>|>ly  and  irri-<rularly  dividcil  into  iiroad  flat  rid;r(iH 
Hi-paratin^  into  tiiick  approssed  sralvs  on  tlu'  surfare.  Tlu>  branilili'ts,  wlicn  tlu'V  first  ajipoar,  are  li^iit 
yi'llow-fjri'rn  and  roatrd  willi  pali'  pultcsi-i'iicc  ;  tlii'y  soon  lii'comi'  ({ialu'ouH,  lirifjiit  fjri'cii,  and  lustrous, 
iind  at  the  end  of  two  or  tl>ri'i>  years  gradually  turn  reddish  liriiwn,  and  lieirin  to  siiow  tiie  shallow 
fissures  which  divide  the  thin  hark  of  the  ohler  branches  and  yoiinjj  stems.  The  leaves  are  four  to  six 
iiu'hes  Ion;:;  and  two  to  four  inches  wide,  and  are  borne  iin  petioles  three  ipiarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch 
aiul  a  half  in  len<;'th  ;  in  the  autumn  they  turn  to  delicate  shades  of  yellow  or  of  oi'an<{e  more  or  less 
tiiifjed  with  red.  The  flowers  are  produced  in  racemes  about  two  inches  louf;  and  a  third  of  an  inch 
across  when  fully  expanded.  The  fruits  ripen  in  September  or  October,  and  are  a  third  of  an  inch 
loiifif  and  raised  on  stalks  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  in  lenjjth  ;  when  ripe  they  separate  from  the 
thick  calyx-lobes  which,  with  the  stidks  of  the  fruit-clusters,  remain  on  the  branches  until  the  bcfjiiininj^ 
of  winter.  Exceedingly  abundant  in  .some  years,  the  fruit  of  the  Sassafras  is  jjeiierally  produced  rather 
spariiifjly,  and  is  usually  devoured  by  birds  as  soon  as  it  bcfjins  to  assume  its  brilliant  colors. 

Sii.-tudfrii.s  ,SV(,s.s'(//v(.s  is  distributed  from  ea.stcrn  Massachusetts  through  southern  Vermont  to 
.southern  Oiitirio '  and  central  Michi}i;an,  southeastern  Iowa,  eastern  Kansas  and  the  Indian  Territory, 
and  southward  to  central  Florida  and  the  valley  of  the  Hrazos  Kivur  in  Texas. 

>  Ilruiiit,  Cil.  V:<j.  Liij.  Can.  4J.  —  Hell,  CV./...;  We/'.  Can.  1870-80,  W.  —  Maeuuii,  fal.  Cm.  I'l.  4ia 


18 


SILVA    OF  NOliTII  AMERICA. 


i.wkw.v.a:. 


Tlie  Sassafras  is  usually  loiiiid  in  licli  sjindy  wcll-draitu'd  loam,  and  in  tlip  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
states  its  stolonifenms  nidts  oltcn  take  posscssiiin  of  lidds  ahandoni'd  liv  the  ajjfricidtnrist. 

Till'  Sassafras  was  ]ir()lial)l\  one  of  tlic  lirst  Nortli  American  trees  introduced  into  European 
gardens,  as  the  tij^nre  of  llie  hranch,  |iulili.-lu'(l  in  W.V.\.  in  the  seeond  edition  of  Gerarde's  //(Hki/I,^ 
was  uiade  from  a  s|iecimi  ii  that  had  f^rowii  in  a  Mr.  Wihnole's  garden  near  Lonilon.  Few  inhahitaiitM 
of  the  forests  of  North  America  are  more  lieaiitifid  or  interestinj;-  at  all  seasons  of  the  vear;  in  winter, 
with  its  hrifjht  jjreen  shininij  liranehlets  ;  in  sprin^j,  with  the  charm  of  its  drooping  clusters  of  Howers 
surroiimleil  hy  the  ox|iaiidinjj  scales  of  the  huds;  in  summer,  with  the  healthy  }^reen  of  its  jjniceful 
variously  sha])ed  leaves;  and  in  autumn,  with  its  hrilliant  fruit  and  delicate  lines  of  fading  foliage 
tinsurpassed  in  loveliness  hy  the  deeper  ctdors  of  its  forest  eom|'anions. 

The  Sassafras  can  he  propa;4atecl  liy  seeds,  which  should  he  sown  as  soon  as  they  •<<■''  rip*',  when 
they  will  j;-erniinate  early  the  following;  spring',  or  hy  root-suikers.  which  are  often  produced  in  jfreal 
j)rofusion.  The  lari^i'  thick  tleshy  roots  wliich  |ienetrate  deep  inJo  the  <»n)und  make  the  Sassafras 
ditlicult  to  transplant,  and  small  plants  should  he  selected  for  this  purjiose, 

'  IJiTiUiii',  llrrlHii:,  f(t.  .Kihnsiiii,  1.7J1.  —  Aitcm,  Hurt.  Keu:  ii.  10.  —  l/uudon,  AH}.  Uril.  iii.  1301. 


KXI'LA.NA  1  ION   OK    IIIK    I'LATK.S. 


8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 


l'l.,4TK  Ct'CIV.     Sa.s.sakh.vs  Sas,«akr,».s. 
A  lluwirin;;  Imincli  of  tlu>  sliiniinati'  Irii',  niiliiral  »i?.>'. 
A  (liiwiTin^  liraiit-li  of  the  jii>*tilluti'  trt'c,  iiatiirat  Hi7.(>. 
I>ia),n'aiii  of  u  .st^iiiiinati'  llowi  r. 
Oia^rain  of  a  piHtiUiite  tiowiT. 
A  stainiiiatc  IIosvit.  cnlari;)'!!. 
Vi'ilit-al  8t'(-tiiiii  of  a  Ht.-iiniiiati*  tlowi-r,  eiilari,'t'(!. 
A  Ktaiiien  of  llir  inner  seiirH.  I'nlarjji'il. 
A  stuuicn  ))f  om-  of  tin-  ontor  scrii'M,  I'nlar^t-it. 
A  iiifttillatc  llowvr.  fulai-^i-il. 
\*ertinil  sci'tiun  of  a  jii'^tillatt'  liowcr.  fiilarj;t'd. 
An  ovuli',  inui'li  niagnitii'il. 


I'l.ATK   ('('('V.      .Sa.'W.VKHAH  Sassakkah. 

1.  A  fruiting;  Krancli,  natural  >«i/.r. 

2.  Vortical  Hi'ction  of  a  fruit,  cnlargoii. 

3.  A  need,  vnlurf^i-tl. 

4.  An  eniliryo,  enlarged. 

5.  SiH'lions  of  an  (inlnvo.  rnlarjii-.l. 
f).  A  winter  Itranphlet.  natural  >i/.t'. 


lauuacea:. 
.tlaiitif  uiid  Giili' 

St. 

into  European 

rardi-'s  llcrholl,^ 
Fi'w  iiiIial)itantM 
vcar ;  in  winter, 
istiTs  »)f  fldwers 
of  its  (rrafcl'ul 
fadinj;   I'uliagi' 

y  nre  ripo,  wlicii 
■otluct'il  in  jjrcat 
ll'  tl>e  Sassafras 


liv.^  of  North  AniKficd. 


%\^      ^ 


ii-    i; 


■ «     J 


.ulv.i 


^ 


\ 


;',ilv.i  of  Nurtli  AniBfioa 


f.<.,rn  M 


SASSAFRAS   SASSAFRAS     :•:.•. 


A  /iV.*.  t  ,'iut    t/if 


A»v  J  /"ant-r 


■  w 


\ . 


;     i 


M    1  ■ 


1 


Ul 


'  i! 


^' 


r^ilvi   nf  N.-vil,    Air 


r:  II 


^n 


Id  i^  1 


r 


^ 


I 

I 


/■:  I 


ilva  of  Nniili    Aliii'iUH 


-     y 


t 


/  I.,,,-,  ./,/ 


SASSAFRAS    SASSAFRAS,    K.u-st 


//,:■„■/„ 


I  iiiiuttti.1  tilt 


Itnf  .  ^  /ii/ii'U/    I'iii  .'■• 


I! 


4 
■J" 


LAITRACEiE. 


SILFA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


11) 


UMBELLULARIA. 

Flowehs  perfect ;  calyx  G-lobed,  the  lobes  in  two  series,  imbricated  in  icstivation, 
d«<eiduous;  corolla  0;  stamens  12,  in  four  series,  those  of  the  inner  series  sterile; 
diilv  0  ;  ovary  superior,  1-celled  ;  ovule  solitary,  suspended.  Fruit  baccate.  Leaves 
j'itcrnato,  destitute  of  stipules,  persistent. 

OmbeUularia,  Nuttall,  Sijlm,  i.  87  (1812).  —  llcntlmm  &     Oreodaphne,  Siibgcn.  UmbeUularia,  C.  G.  Nees  ab  Kaen- 
Hookcr,  Gen.  iii.   16'.'. —  Pax,  Kmjler  &  Frantl  Pjlan-  Imk,  .S>^  Lunr.  4t;'>'  (IS'JO).  —  Kiidliclier.  (Jen.  321. 

xenfani.  iii.  pt.  ii.  110.  Drimophyllum,  Nuttall,  Si/ti'a.  i.  85  (1842), 

.'in  aromatic  tree,  with  dark  brown  scaly  bark,  slender  terete  branches  marked  in  their  second  and 
third  years  by  small  semicircular  or  nearly  triangular  elevated  leaf-scars  displayinnf  a  horizontal  row  of 
mint  te  fibro-vasciilar  bundle-scars,  naked  buds,  :tnd  thick  fleshy  brown  roots.  Leaves  alternate,  involute 
in  vernation,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  narrow  apex,  cuneate  or  some- 
whi.t  rounded  at  the  ba.se,  entire,  with  thickened  sli>rhtly  revolute  margins,  petiolate,  the  broad  petioles 
gr,)oved  on  the  upper  side,  pungent ;  at  iir.st  c(>ated  on  the  lower  surface  with  j)ale  soft  pubescence  and 
|iuherulous  on  the  upper  surface,  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above, 
dull  and  paler  below,  with  slender  light  yellow  midribs  rounded  on  both  sides,  penniveined,  the  veins 
remote,  obscure,  arcuate  and  more  or  less  united  near  the  margins,  connected  by  conspicuous  reticulate 
\eiiilets.  Flowers  in  axillary  pedunculate  many-llowered  umbels  Miclo.sed  before  authesis  by  an  invo- 
lucre of  five  or  six  imbricated  broadly  ovate  or  obovato  pointed  concave  yellow  puberulous  caducous 
scales,  the  latest  umbels  suhsessile,  at  the  base  of  terminal  leaf-buds.  Pedicels  slender,  puberulous,  ebrac- 
teolate,  developed  from  the  axils  of  ohovate  membranaceous  puberulous  deciduous  bracts  decreasing  in 
size  from  the  outer  to  the  inner.  Perianth  tlivided  almost  to  the  ba.se  into  six  nearly  e(|ual  broadly 
ohovate  roumled  ])ale  yellow  lobes  spreading  and  reflexed  after  authesis.  ,'^tamens  in.serted  on  the  short 
slightly  thickened  tube  of  the  calyx  ;  filaments  flat,  glabrous,  pale  yeli.)w,  rather  shorter  than  the 
anthers,  those  of  the  thinl  series  furnished  near  the  ba.se  with  two  con.spicuous  stipitate  orange-colored 
orbicular  flattened  glands  ;  anthers  innate,  oblong,  flattened,  light  yellow,  four-celled,  those  of  the  first 
and  second  series  introrse,  those  of  the  third  series  extrorse,  the  cells  superposed  in  jtairs  opening  from 
below  upward  by  ])ersistent  lids ;  stamens  of  the  fourth  series  reduced  to  minute  ovate  acute  yellow 
staminodia.  Ovary  .sessile,  ovate,  often  more  or  less  gibbous,  glabrous,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  stout 
columnar  style  rather  shorter  than  the  lolies  of  the  calyx  and  crowned  with  a  simj)le  capitate  discoid 
stigma ;  ovule  solitary,  suspended  froai  the  apex  of  the  cell,  anatropous.  Fruit  ovate,  one-seeded, 
surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  enlarged  and  thickened  truncate  or  lobed  tube  of  the  calyx,  yellow-green, 
somctinu's  more  or  less  tinged  with  didl  red  ;  pericarp  thin  and  fleshy.  Seed  ovate,  exalbuniinous,  light 
brown  ;  testa  separable  into  two  coats,  the  outer  thick,  hard,  and  woody,  the  inner  thin  and  papery, 
closely  investing  the  emhryo,  chestnut-brown,  very  lustrous  on  the  inner  surface.  Embryo  erect,  filling 
the  cavity  of  the  seed  ;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  inclosing  the  minute  superior  thick  and  fleshy 
C(.'nical  radicle  turiu-d  toward  the  hilum. 

The  wood  (if  rmbellularia  is  heavy,  hard,  strong,  closc-gmined,  and  susceptible  of  receiving  a 
beautiful  polish  ;  it  contains  numerous  small  regularly  distributed  open  ducts  and  many  thin  medullary 
rays,  and  is  light  rich  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood  compo.sed  of  thirty  to  forty  layers  of 
annual  growth.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  O.lJ.llT,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  -lO.Gl 
pounds.     The  most  valuable  wood  produced  in  the  forests  of  Pucihc  North  America  for  the  interior 


>     K 


I:     h 


2(t 


>S/Ll'A    OF  NOirni   AMh'h'lCA. 


I-AUUACK^K. 


lauuacea;. 


fiiiisli  of  houses  and  furniture,  it  is  iar-^cly  cuiployi'il  for  tlicnc  purposes;  and  on  the  Ort'jjon  coast  it  is 
usi'il  in  sliip  and  lioat  i(uii(liii<,'  for  jaws,  hits,  ch-ats,  cross-trt'cs,  cli'. 

Tlic  Ivavi's  yii'ld  l>y  distillation  '  a  |iun<rt>nt  volatile  oil ;  and  from  tiiu  fruit  a  fat  cont^tining 
uniLi'llulif  acid  lias  bt'cii  olitaincd.-' 

Unibi'llularia  is  not  seriously  injuri'd  l>y  iiisfets  '  or  fun)jal  diseases/ 

The  (Teueric  name,  a  diminutive  of  umbilld,  relates  to  the  ciiaraetor  of  the  inllorcsccnce.  The 
genus  consists  of  a  sin^rle  H|iecie8. 


'  All  iiiirl>  of  I'lnl.rlliiliiria  cuMliiin  vnliitili'  nil.  allluin(;li  it  in 
must  iilMiuiliiiil  ill  till'  li'iivis  •  it  i»  liiM|iiil  iind  Blniw-ciiliir,  with  a 
piili);i'iil  .'ii'oiiiiitii'  inliir  ri'»flnlilni>,'  that  nf  a  niixtiirv  nf  liiitliii');  ami 
carilalnoiii.anil  a  cainiiliordin  lasli'.  Wlnu  iiihali'il.  tlii'  nil  uf  I'lii- 
lirlltilaria  jinxtuci's  ili/ziii<>HM  and  liradai'lii-,  ami  iH  HtiiipoNt'tl  tn 
liavf  marki'tt  actioti  nn  tla-  iicrvtiuM  sxsii-in.  It  is  rcciiniiiu-mli'd 
for  na.sal  oalarrli  ami  nervous  licadai'lie  ;  ami  itM  use  ill  tlu<  trfat* 
imMit  of  cH'rt'bro-H|iiiuil  liRMUiigititi  is  snu\  to  have  heeli  followed  l»y 
favtiralile  residts.  It  is  helieved  to  poHseM  eiirative  properties  in 
chronie  diarrlal>n  and  eolie,  ami  to  rtdieve  rheiinnitie  pains  if  applied 
eiternally  (Ileaniy,  .1m.  Jour.  I'harm.  xlvii.  lOtJ.  —  .Vrw  /V();*<Th>.«, 
iii.  'J'-'lt.  'JSH.  —  I'arke,  llavis  &  I'o.,  AV«'  lUmrdin,  No.  10,  l;tO.  — 
U.  S.  l>i.<i„w.  eil.  Hi,  UH7). 

'  Stillluan  \  O'Neill,  Am.  Chfm.  J<mr.  iv.  'J(W. —  .Wm'  Unnniirl, 
xii.  .TO. 

*  Few  insects  are  reeorded  as  feeding;  upon  l*nd>ellularia.  A 
beetle,  Siuori/hm  ttet'lme,  I.e  ("tuite,  is  said  to  Iwire  into  the  wimmI 
(Itmrrt  Li/r,  iv.  *JGO)  ;  and  lUilinux  /wi»«/i.<,  l.e  t'onte,  and  Mt''rticU 
hirtellii,  Le  Conte,  have  la-en  found  Uirin^  in  dead  twij^s,  although 
they  probably  do  not  alTeet  jjreen  ti.s9ue  ( 7Vci»w.  Am.  Kutoinitlmj. 
Sin-,  viii.  p.  xxiii.).  The  hirvas  of  a  small  moth,  LithtictiJlfta  Vm- 
hiltuU.,iit,  Walsin^hani.  form  lar(;e  bli^ter-like  mines  on  the  upinr 
snrfaee  of  the  leaves  (/n.^fet  LiJ'r^  ii,  78). 


A  seale  inseet.  .l^t/iiilioliin  rafmr,  Conistoek,  is  ofied  ftbundnnt  on 
the  bark  (lt>p.  U.  S.  Ihpl.  .l.;riV.  tSHO,  :l<)7)  anil  the  Fluted  .Sealii 
(Irrr'tti  1'ttrfkii.ii,  .Maskell)  onee  infested  I'ndiellnlaria  in  some  parts 
of  California.  'I'tiis  ilestrm-tive  inseet  was  tlrst  imported  into 
Culifornia  on  plants  from  .Vnstralia,  and  in  time  threatened  the 
ruin  of  the  Oraiif^i'-orehunls  of  California  and  many  ornamentji! 
plants  and  forest  trees.  For  several  years  the  artilb-ial  nunedies 
trietl  were  iinsiieeessful  in  keepinf{  the  |M'st  in  e4)ntrol.  Studies, 
however,  of  its  habits  ami  enemies  made  by  the  entonmlof^sts  of 
the  Cnited  States  Departnu'nt  of  Af^rieultun*  in  its  tiri^inal  Innne 
led  to  the  importation  of  the  Australian  Ladybinl  IWetle  (  VfiUiliti 
mntitiiili.1,  Mulsant),n  predaeeous  inseet  whieh  in  a  short  time  nod- 
tiplied  enormously  in  California  and  soon  praeiieally  eleared  the 
seali  from  the  orrhai'ils  and  t;ardens  of  the  state,  {.^ee  ttuU.  'Jl, 
lUnmu-i  nf  Hnlonufiixfi/,  t'.  S.  Orft,  .lyric. —  Thini  tiifrininl  Ittp. 
Slair  liimril,  llorl.  Cut.  'J  1(1,  t.  4.  —  Aiinunl  Itrp.  Stale  limird  llnrl. 
Cal.  IKS'.I,  ^17,  t.  I.) 

*  More  than  thirty  s|M'eies  of  fun^i  are  reeonled  n.»  f^rowin^  on 
VmhfUutariti  CitU/ifrtticit,  altlioui^h  they  are  mostly  speeies  whieh 
are  found  also  on  other  plants;  hut  .-Iri/AiMtcrmi  OrfiMliiphnfii, 
CiMike  ^  llarkness,  Sertria  t 'mMlttlaritrt  Plowriiflit  \  llurkness, 
and  Sfihirrfttii  /'»i'*'//i(Ajriif.  C.sike  \  llarkness,  an*,  however,  |m*- 
euliar  to  this  tri-e  although  they  do  not  prisliiee  serious  diseiises 


A 


Umbellulari 
Itrewer  & 
Trpe.i  A'. 
Konig-  li 
noij.).  —1 
Greene, 
.S-,  Xul.  II 

Tetranthern 
JJirchey, 
pt.  i,  192, 

ThoC 

diameter,  st 
items,  and 
tions  above 
•hrub.     Th 
tinned  with 
apiiear,  are 
green,  and 
inches  loiij^ 
quarter  to  ii 
to  appear  aj 
turn  to  u  I 
remain  on 
curled.     Tl 
length,  arc 
before  the 
the  previoii 
as  tliu  leave 
antl  thus  t 
fruit  is  abo 
vrhich  mini 
goon  after  < 
young  plan 
I'inbi 
the  Califor 
slopes  of  t 
It  usually 
rock  pcrmi 
it  can  obtii 
est  size  in 
it  sometinii 


1  UmlrlUiUli 
Laurel,  Cajep 


i-AunACE;*:. 
rcfjon  coast  it  in 


LAUIlACKiU. 


fut  cuiiUtiniiig 


oresconce.     Tho 


i»  (ifti'li  nliilliilillit  uii 

mill  lln"  KliitPil  Scalo 

■llulnriii  ill  miiiii'  piirU 

llrnt    iiM|iiirti'il    iiitii 

tiiiin  thrrali'iii'il  thi> 
nil  iiniiiy  orniiiiii>ntal 
[lie  urtihi'ial  rciiii-ilirH 

ill  I'lilitrul.     .Sliiilirn, 

tho  <>iit()iiinIn^iHtii  of 
I'  ill  itH  iiriKiiliil  liiiiMi' 

liinl  IWll..  (  l>,/,i/„! 
I  ill  11  nliiirt  tiiim  iiiiil- 
mplirallv  ileari'd  Ihv 
uluti'.     (Sfe  Hull.  L'l, 

Thinl  litfunitil  lifp. 
!fji.  Slair  lUnml  Hurt. 

•iirili'd  n.i  )jriiwin>f  mi 

im.Htly  H|H'Cll'H  whii'li 
\oitonul     ihrtiildphnrf, 

i»ri(,'lil  Ai  llurlmiM, 
!•«,  iiri',  liowrvi-r,  in*- 
r  m>riuuri  ttisciuei. 


SUVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


UMBELLULARIA   OALIFORNIOA. 

California  Laurel.     Spice  Tree. 


21 


Umbellularia  Californioa.  NuttoU,  Sijln,  i.  87  (1812).— 
lliiiwer  &  WuUon,  Uut.  Viil.  ii.  01.  —  Sargent,  Forest 
Trie.i  S.  Am.  lOth  Ceiinim  (.'.  S.  ix.  V20. —  JIc/.,  JahrJ. 
K'inly,  Hot.  Ourf.  v.  48^  (Lauraceiv  Amerieantr  Mo- 
noij.).  —  DI|i|H'l,  Ilamlb.  ti.iibhoUk.  iii.  90.  f.  40. — 
Greene,  ^fan.  Hay  Heijlnn  Hot.  8.  — Coville,  Contrib.  U. 
S.  A'.(^  Iffrb.  iv.  19'.'  (^rhf.  Death  VuUi-ij  Kxped.). 

Tetranthera?     Californinn,  Hooker  &  Arnott,  JM.  Voy. 

lleeckey,  U>\)  (ISiW) MeiMncr,  De  Oindol/e  J'rotlr.  xv. 

pt.  i.  I'Jii.  —  Torrey,  Hot.  Wilkes  Mxplor.  £rj>e<l.  451. 


Oreodaphne  Californioa,  C.  O.  Nnes  nb  Eaenlieck,  Sy»t. 

/,uj/r.  4ti;<  (1830).  — Ucnlhnm,  J'l.  Ilartiveg.  334;  Hot. 

I'oy.  Sidjihtir.  49.  —  Diulricli.  Syii.  ii.  13.")C.  —  Hooker  & 

Ariiutt,  But.  I'oy.  Ueechey,  .'!89. — Torrey,  Parijie  It.  H. 

Ueii.  iv.  133;  V.  304;  Hot.  iUx.   Ihmml.  Siirr.  184.— 

Newberry,   Pacljle  Ji.  Ii.  Hep.  vi.  L'4,  f.  .'i,  88.  —  Hot. 

Mii'j.  Ixxxviii.  t.  5320. 
Drimopbyllum  pauoiflorum,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  i.  86,  t.  22 

(1842). 


Tho  California  Laurel  i.s  a  trco  oifjlity  to  ninety  feet  in  lieij^ht,  with  a  trunk  four  or  five  feet  in 
diamt'ter,  Hoiiietimea  tall  and  Htraijjiit  hut  usually  dividiuff  near  the  fjround  into  Heveral  large  diverging 
■teniH,  and  stout  spreiiding  hranehes  which  t'orni  a  broad  round-topped  compact  hea<l ;  or  at  high  eleva- 
tions above  the  level  of  the  sea  and  in  southern  California  much  smaller  and  often  reduced  to  a  low 
shrub.  Tho  bark  of  the  trunk  is  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  dark  brown 
tinged  with  red,  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  appressed  scales.  Tho  branches,  when  they  first 
appear,  are  light  green  and  coated  with  soft  pale  pubescence ;  they  soon  become  glabrous  and  yellow- 
green,  and  in  their  second  and  third  seasons  are  light  brown  tinged  with  red.  The  leaves  are  two  to  five 
inches  long  and  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  wide,  and  are  borne  on  petioles  which  vary  from  a 
quarter  to  a  half  of  an  inch  in  length ;  they  first  unfold  in  the  winter  or  early  in  the  spring,  continuing 
to  appear  as  the  branches  lengthen  until  late  in  the  autumn,  and,  beginning  to  fade  during  the  summer, 
turn  to  a  beautiful  yellow  or  orange-color  and  fall  one  by  one  during  their  second  season,  or  often 
remain  on  the  branches  until  the  sixth  year,  or  gradually  become  rusty  brown,  dry,  and  more  or  less 
curled.  The  flowers,  which  are  produced  in  many-llowered  umbels  on  pedicels  sometimes  an  inch  in 
length,  are  a  third  of  an  inch  across  when  fully  expanded  ;  they  first  appear  in  January  or  February 
before  the  unfolding  of  the  young  leaves,  in  the  axils  of  those  of  the  previous  year,  from  buds  formed 
the  previous  summer,  and  at  this  season  often  (piite  cover  the  tree  with  their  stiir-like  clusters.  Later, 
as  tho  leaves  of  the  year  develop  on  tho  young  branches,  occasional  Hower-clustei-s  appear  in  their  iixils, 
and  thus  the  trees  are  fre(|uently  in  blossom  during  several  months  of  the  spring  and  summer.  The 
fruit  is  about  an  inch  long,  and  hangs  in  clusters  of  two  or  three  on  its  elongated  thickened  stjilks 
which  remain  on  tho  branch  after  the  fruit  ripens  and  falls  late  in  tho  autumn.  The  seeds  germinate 
soon  after  they  reach  the  ground,  the  fruit  remaining  below  the  surface  of  the  soil  and  attiiched  to  the 
young  plants  until  midsummer,  when  they  are  often  six  or  eight  inches  tall. 

i'liibillularia  Call/ornica  '  is  distributed  from  the  valley  of  the  Uogue  River  in  Oregon  through 
the  California  coast  ranges  md  along  the  high  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  southern 
slojies  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  which  it  ascends  to  an  elevation  of  twenty-five  hundred  feet." 
It  usually  grows  near  the  banks  of  watercourses,  and  sometimes  on  low  hills  when  vertical  strata  of 
rock  permit  it  to  send  down  its  roots  to  drink  at  deep  subterranean  springs.  A  common  tree  wherever 
it  can  obtain  an  abundant  supply  of  water,  the  California  Laurel  is  nM)st  abundant  and  attiiins  its  great- 
est size  in  the  rich  valleys  of  southwestern  Oregon,  in  which,  accompanied  by  the  broad-leaved  Maple, 
it  sometimes  forms  a  considerable  part  of  the  forest  growth. 


1 


1  Umbellularia   Cali/omica   ia  also   flometiines  called   Mouutain 
Liiun^l,  Caji'put,  Califunuu  Olive,  and  liiiy-tree. 


3  S.  B.  Parish.  Zoi!,  iv.  344. 


•^'Wt. 


OQ 


SUA' A    OF  NO II Til  AMHIilCA. 


i.aiiuacea;. 


Unihilhilarid  Ciilifunilrn  whh  imulo  known  to  KuropranH  liy  Archilxild  MunziuH,'  tho  pliyHician 
nnil  naturalist  who  sailed  witii  VancoiiviT  on  liis  voyajjo  of  disi'ovory,  lu-infj  prolmltly  tirnt  Hi'i-n  \ty  liini 
in  Novt'inbur,  17i''J,  on  tlic  sliort's  of  the  Hay  of  San  FranciHco.  In  On-jjon  it  was  diwovvrud '^  in  182(1 
liy  Daviil  Doujjlas,''  wlio  introduced  it  into  tiw  (jfardens  of  Knrope,  wlicre  it  ix  oceaHionally  eultivated. 

The  California  Laurel  is  one  of  the  statelieat  and  uumt  huautiful  inluihitants  of  tlie  North  American 
forests,  nnd  no  evergreen  tree  of  teuiperiito  regions  8urpa8Hen  it  in  tiie  heauty  of  its  dark  dense  crown 
of  lustrous  foliage  and  in  the  niassiveness  of  liahit  wliicii  make  it  one  of  the  inu8t  striking  features  of 
tile  California  landscape  and  tit  it  to  stand  in  any  park  or  garden. 


>  Si'i)  ii.  UO, 


'  lluukcr,  rimi/Kiii.  /Jor.  Afag.  ii.  l'J7  (Lauriu  ngia). 


'  Hm  ii.  04. 


KXI'I-ANATION   OK  TIIK   PLATK. 

Plate  CCCVI.    IJmhkllulahia  C'ALiruBNiuA. 

1.  A  ilowerinK  branch,  niturkl  iii». 

«.  I>iiik,'r>>ni  "f  n  tluwiT. 

•'I.  All  iiiiiIh'I  iif  lliiH'i'ni  witli  t'X|>anilin|{  involucre,  enlarged. 

•1.  A  lliiwiT,  nilarKtvl. 

r>.  ViTtirttl  u-rtiuii  iif  a  tlowi-r.  i'iiliirj;«l. 

6.  A  Btainvn  uf  tlia  llmt  iir  mronil  in'rion,  front  view,  enlarged. 

7.  A  Klniiiin  iif  till'  tliinl  m'rii'K.  front  vit'W,  rnlarirpil. 

8.  A  Htaiiiiiioiliiiiii.  I'liliirijctI, 

9.  A  |iintil.  I'lilarKi'il. 

10.  An  iiviilt',  iiiurli  innKnitiiMl. 

11.  A  fruiting  l>runi'li,  natural  iiiie. 

1'-.  ViTtiial  miliciii  iif  II  fruit,  nlightlj  enlarged. 

lli.  All  t'Oibrjru,  natural  titv. 


laiiuacea;. 

lioH,'  thu  phyHiciaii 
lirHt  Hi'i'ii   \ty  liini 

iiM'ovt'rml  '•'  in  182(i 

iilly  I'liltivatud. 

1'  North  Anu'riciin 
iliirk  (leiiHe  urowii 

rikiiig  ft'iiturvH  of 


•  8m  ii.  04. 


^^ll**' 


V 


T*b    CCCVl 


t- 


% 


i 


i| 


J 


^i 


MB 

i 

i:l 

1  J 

tfl 

s'll 

I..V1  ItAfKX 

I'liysician 
«^u  by  him 


•  Mian 
•  crown 
M(r«8  of 


Silva  of  North   America 


Tab    CCCVI 


8  i  I .' 


H 


1   V 


i    ,  i 


I'  £  f.l.r.-n   ,M 


fflfne/u  -f^ 


UMBELLULARIA    CALIFORNICA    Nutt 


E  ;i! 


A  /itiUttyttC  Mr, 


/nip  ./  Tuneur,  Pa'^ts 


KUPUOIUJIACE^. 


SILVA   OF  NORTU  AMERICA. 


23 


DRYPETES. 

Flowers  dioncious ;  calyx  4  to  6-parted,  the  divisions  imbricated  in  icsti^■ation ; 
corolla  0 ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  divisions  of  the  calyx,  or  about  twice  as  many  ;  disk 
hypogynous,  pulvinate ;  ovary  1  or  rarely  2-celled ;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  suspended. 
Fruit  drupaceous.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  or  obscurely  sinuate-toothed,  stipulate, 
persistent. 

Drypetes,  Vahl,  Ecloij.  iii.  49  (180T).  —  Endlicher.   Gen.      Liparena.  Poitcaii,  Dirt.  Sci.  Nat.  xxvii.  6  (1823). 

11'.'4. —  Moisncr,    Gen.    'HA. —  Kiiillon,    Etitde    Gen.      Freireodendron,  Mueller  Arfj., />e  Can</oWe  Prorfr.  xv.  pt. 
Euphorb.  C06i    llUt.   PI.  v.  248  (exel.  Jfemiei/rlla  and  ii.  244  (1802).  —  Buillon,  HUt.  PI.  v.  248. 

Ci/cloateinon).  —  Uentliani   &   Hooker,  Gen,    iii.  278.  — 
I'ax,  Enijler  X-  Prantl  Pjianzenfam.  iii.  pt  v.  25. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  thick  milky  juice  an'l  terete  branehlets.  Leaves  involute  in  vernation, 
alternate,  petiolate,  penniveined,  coriaceous,  persistent ;  stipules  minute,  caducous.  Flowers  axillary, 
sessile  or  pedicellate,  the  males  in  inany-flowercd  clust(.'rs,  tlio  females  solitiiry  or  in  few-flowered  clusters. 
Pedicels  di!velo[)ed  from  the  a.\ils  of  minute  di'ciduous  bracts,  ebractcolulate.  Cidyx  divided  nearly  to 
the  base  into  four  to  six  lobes  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  deciduous  or  persistent  under  the  fruit. 
Stamens  inserted  under  the  mar<jin  of  a  flat  or  concave  sliifhtly  lobed  disk  ;  Klameuts  filiform ;  anthers 
ovate,  emarginate,  attached  on  the  back  near  tiie  base,  extrorse  or  introrse,  two-celled,  the  cells  affixed 
to  a  broad  oi)long  connective,  opening  longitudinally,  wanting  in  the  pistillate  flower.  Ovary  sessile 
on  a  thick  lobed  disk,  ovoid,  one  or  rarely  two-celleil,  crowned  by  one  or  two  sessile  or  subsessile 
peltate  or  rcniform  stigmas ;  rudimentary  or  wanting  in  the  sterile  flower ;  ovules  two  in  each  cell, 
collateral,  descending,  attached  to  the  central  angle  of  the  cell,  operculate  with  a  hood-like  body 
developed  from  the  placenta,  anatropous ;  raphe  ventral ;  micropylo  extrorse,  superior.  Fruit  drupa- 
ceous, ovoiil,  or  subgloliose,  tipped  with  the  withered  remnants  of  the  stigmas,  one-celled  and  one-seeded, 
or  rarely  two-celled  and  two-seeded ;  exocarp  thick  and  corky  or  thin  and  crustaceous ;  endocarp 
thick  or  thin,  osseous  or  crusticeous.  Seed  filling  the  cavity  of  the  nutlet,  estrophiolate  ;  testa  crusta- 
ceous or  membranaceous.  Embryo  erect  in  thin  fleshy  albumen ;  cotyledons  broad  and  flat,  much 
longer  than  the  superior  radicle. 

Drypetes  is  confined  to  the  tropical  regions  of  the  New  Worlil,  where  it  is  distributed  from 
southern  Florida  through  the  West  Indies  to  eastern  Brazil.  Eleven  species '  are  now  distinguished,  of 
which  two  inhabit  Florida. 

Drypetes  produces  hard  durable  wood,  but  is  not  known  to  possess  other  useful  properties. 

The  generic  name,  from  hfvnna,  relates  to  the  character  of  the  fruit. 

»  Mueller  Arg.,  De  CandoUe  Protlr.  it.  pt.  ii.  453  j  Marlius  Fl.  linuil.  xi.  pt.  ii.  79,  t.  IL'.  —  Urban,  Bol.  Jakrh.  xt.  351. 


'  .ii' 


\t' 


I 


24 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMKIiWA. 


eui'Uoudlvcea;. 


CONSl'KCTUS  OF   TlIK   NOKTIl  AMKKICAN    Sl'KClKS. 

CiUyx  5-liibc(l;    stallions  8;    ovary   l-<'fll('il;    fruit  olilimg ;   cxoeor))  tliiok  and  moaly ;    nutlet  tliick- 

Willlcd 1.  D.  Kk^T!N.si«. 

Calyx  4-lcibe(l;  stamens  4  :  ovary '.'-ci'IUhI  ;  fruit  subgloljosc;  cxucarp  thin,  crustocuous;  nutlet  thin- 

wallcd • 2.  D.  i.ATKitiKi.oitA. 


Cai/ 
niciily ; 


£UrBORBIACEA, 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ar. 


I 


I 


DRYPETES   KEYENSIS. 

White  Wood. 

Calyx  S-lobcd ;  stamens  8  ;  ovary  l-ccUcd.  Fruit  oblong  ;  cxocarp  thick  and 
mealy ;  nutlet  thiok-wulled. 

Drypetes  Keyensis.  I'rhnn,  Hot.  Jahrb.  xv.  3r»4  (1893).         Drypetes  orooea,  var.  latifolia.  SarRrnt.  Fonst  Trees  N. 
Drypetes    glauoa,    Niittall.    Sylfa,    ii.    (W     (not    Valil)  Am.    lOM    Cetiaus    U.  S.  ix.   I'.'l    (not   Mueller  Arg.) 

(1849).  — Cliaimian,  /'/.  41(1.  (1884). 

A  tree,  ociasionally  thirty  forty  feet  in  heiglit,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  and 
stout  usually  erect  braiiehes  wiiicli  form  an  oblonfj  round-topped  head.  The  hark  of  the  trunk  is  half 
an  inch  thick,  .smooth,  milky  white,  and  often  marked  with  large  irregular  gray  or  pale  brown  blotches. 
The  branchlots,  when  they  first  appear,  are  light  green  tinged  with  red,  and  covered  with  pale  scattered 
caducous  hairs,  and  in  their  first  winter  are  stout,  ashy  gray,  and  roughened  with  numerous  elevated 
circular  pale  lenticcls,  and  later  with  large  prominent  orbicular  leaf-scars  in  which  appear  three  con.spic- 
uous  fibro-vascuhir  bundle-scars.  The  buds  are  minute,  obtu.se,  partly  immersed  in  the  bark,  and 
coated  with  brown  resin.  The  leaves  are  entire,  oval,  or  ;)bh)ng,  often  more  or  less  falcate,  acute, 
acinuinate,  rounded  or  rarely  eniarginate  at  the  ape.x,  and  rounded  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  which 
is  sometimes  rounded  on  one  side  and  gradually  narrowed  on  the  other;  when  they  unfold  they  are 
thin  and  membranaceous,  light  green  or  green  tinged  with  red,  and  pilose  with  scattered  pale  hairs;  and 
at  maturity  they  are  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous,  rather  paler  on  the  lower  than  on 
the  upper  siu'facc,  three  to  live  inches  long,  anil  one  to  two  inches  wide,  with  broad  thick  pale  midribs 
raised  and  rounded  on  the  upper  side,  and  ob.scure  primary  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  thick 
revoluto  cartilaginous  margins  and  connected  by  conspicuous  coarsely  reticulated  veinlets ;  they  are 
borne  on  stout  yellow  midribs  rounilcd  beli.w,  grooved  above,  an<l  half  an  inch  in  length,  and  in  Florida 
ajtpear  in  early  .s]iring  and  fall  during  their  second  year.  The  stipules  are  nearly  triangular,  and  rather 
le.ss  than  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  long,  and  di.siippear  before  the  leaves  arc  half  grown.  The  flowers  open 
in  early  spring  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year,  the  males  in  many-flowered  clusters,  the 
females  usually  solitary  or  occar.ionally  in  two  or  three-flowered  clusters,  on  pedicels  rather  shorter  than 
the  petioles.  The  calyx  is  yeUow-green,  hirsute  on  the  outer  surface,  and  about  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch 
long,  and  is  divided  nearly  to  the  bast'  into  five  ovate  acute  boat-shaped  lobes  deciduous  from  the  fruit. 
In  the  male  flower,  which  shows  no  trace  of  a  pistil,  there  are  about  eight  stamens  inserted  on  the 
borders  of  the  slightly  lobcd  toinentose  pulvinate  concave  disk  ;  the  filauu'Ut.t  ai<'  uneipial  in  length  and 
rather  longer  than  the  lobe .  of  the  calyx  and  a  little  longer  than  the  broadly  ovate  eniarginate  anthers, 
which  are  nearly  jls  bro.id  as  they  are  long,  pilose  and  introrse,  with  liroail  ovate  acute  connectives. 
The  ovary  of  the  female  flower,  which  is  sessile  on  a  broad  slightly  lobed  disk,  is  hirsute,  one-celled, 
and  crowned  with  the  broad  sessile  or  slightly  stalked  obliijue  pulvinate  stigmu.  Tin-  fruit  ripens  in 
the  autiniui,  ami  is  ovoid,  an  inch  long,  and  iviny  white,  with  thick  dry  mealy  flesh  eit.:'elv  investing  the 
light  brown  nutlet, which  is  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  long  point,  ;>ud  has  bony  walls  an  eighth  of  an 
inch  in  thickness  and  peiu'trated  lor.gitndi'iaily  li\  large  fibro-vasci'.lar  bundle  channels ;  it  is  borne 
on  a  stout  erect,  stalk,  much  enlarged  at  tli.>  apex,  and  a  third  of  an  inch  in  leng  n,  from  which  it 
separates  in  f  dling.  The  .seed  is  oblong,  roiuhKl  at  both  ends,  nearly  iialf  an  inch  lonjr,  and  covered 
with  a  tliiu  meinbrttuaceous  light  brown  coat  marked  with  conspicuous  veins  radiating  from  the  small 
hilum. 


1 

!  1 


!l 


<l 


\ 
'! 


i  ul 


26 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMKIilCA. 


KUrUOKUIACKiK. 


The  wood  of  J)r;/prtcs  Kei/insin  is  heavy,  hard,  not  stronjj,  hiittk-,  and  ch)se-jjiained  ;  it  eonbiins 
niinuToiis  ohsi'iiie  ine(hdliiry  rayit,  and  is  brown,  streaked  witli  l)ri<fht  yellow,  with  thick  dull  brown 
sapwood.  The  speeitic  jjravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.1(^4(5,  a  cubic  foot  woijjhitig  r>H.2A 
pounds. 

Jh\i/j)ctcs  Ki'i/ciiifis  inhabits  Key  West,  rmbrella  and  Elliott's  Keys  on  the  coast  of  southern 
Florida,  jjrowinjj  in  dry  sandy  soil  with  the  shrubity  Kujjenias,  tlie  Gumbo  Liiubo,  the  Pisonias,  the 
Florida  Coccolobis,  the  l'i>jeon  I'luin,  the  I'rincewood,  and  the  Marlberry,  which  form  a  larjje  part  of 
the  shrubby  jrrowth  that  now  repl  ices  the  orijjinal  forest-coverinjr  of  many  of  the  Florida  keys.  One 
of  the  rarest  of  the  tropical  trei's  in  Florida,  JJri/jjiIrs  Ki  i/ciikIk,  is  consriicuous  for  its  milk-whito  bark, 
dark  and  lustrous  folia^je,  and  larjje  white  ejrjr-like  fruits. 

It  was  discovered  on  Key  West,  from  which  it  has  now  almost  completely  disappeared,  by  Dr.  J.  L. 
Blod{,a'tt.' 

'  See  i.  33. 


■■:\V. 


EXPLANATION  OK  THK   I'LATE. 

I'l.ATK    CCCVII.       ORYrKTF.H    KkYKNSIH. 

1.  A  lluwcriiit;  liraiii'li  uf  tliu  KtaiiiinuU.'  tri'c,  natural  site. 

2.  A  Huworin^  liriiiirh  •>(  tlio  |)ii>tllluU!  tri'o,  natural  she. 
l^.  Dia^min  of  n  f(taiiiin:itt>  tinwcr. 

4.  Diagram  of  a  piHtillatf  tluwcr. 

/>.  A  Htaininat*.'  tlowt>r,  t'nlar^t'tl. 

(>.  An  anther,  frt>nt  and  rear  virWH,  cnlar^wl. 

T.  Vertical  section  uf  a  Htjtininatu  lluwer.  unlarj^ed. 

8.  A  jUNtiltat'.'  ilower.  ertlarj^eil. 

*J.  Vcrti(';il  Nectiitti  of  a  piiitillate  tluwcr,  enlargeil. 

10.  Tranriveme  nection  of  a  pii^til,  enlarf^nt. 

11.  An  ovule,  much  ni.i),'nitieil. 

12.  A  fruiting'  liraneli.  natural  ni/.e. 

13.  Cruf4H  neetiuii  of  a  fruit,  natural  Mie. 
11.  N'ertiral  xectioi)  of  a  fruit,  naluuil  Hito. 
i!>.  A  Held,  tlionin^  raphi'.  natural  ni/.e. 
Ki.  An  embryo.  enlar);e.l. 

17.  A  yuung  leaf  with  stipule,  enlarged. 


'^™!f 


I 


1 


V 


■4 


1  ;i; 


;i 


>^- 


.„j«^ 


i:i  riimti'i 


-i(rai>H'il ;  it  coiiU; 

iiii'U   lilll]    I  I 


il  Ellliot  i  Miuthii 

•  ■      '  ''■  ■<   i'>ionb.s,  till 

.'1  lirjfo  part  <>f 

■.  H  (.uu->piouijus  lur  iLi  mi;K-wlut'   ' 


now  a^ntiwt  i-tmip'stolj-  (luiA|>pCHri-'l,  Uy  Dr. .), 


1*11    ••1- 


■It  .lii!I  U. 


Pisonias,  thi 
I  Wjfe  piii-t  i)> 
ii  keys.     Dm. 

!k-wlllt.i-  liui 

I,  i>y  l;r.  J.  I 


■"'■*/ 


1 

'ft-'' 

■& 


SiWd   111'  NoHh  AmciiLa, 


Tab.   CCCVll 


rSFuu;"!  ,U 


DRYPETES    KEYENSIS 


A .  Hti  u  ■ftnta-  <X-Arti-  •' 


/"y  >.i^  ruft<nu.Pitr:,i. 


U 


I 


il 


i 


1- 
■v.\ 


I    '  ; 


1. 


KUl'UOKUl 


Drypetes 
Bohiofferiri 

Koelera  la| 

(iH(»r.). 

Beaaera  8)|_ 
Drypotea 


f 


EUl'UUKllIACliA:. 


;SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


27 


DRYPETES   LATERIFLORA. 

Guiana   Plum. 

Calyx  4-lobcd ;  stiimcns  4  ;  ovary  2-cellcd.     Fruit  subglobose  ;  cxocarp  thin,  crus- 
tat'cous  ;  nutlet  thin-wallod. 


Drypetea  lateriflora,  Uil)aii,  Hut.  Jahrh.  xv.  ;i57  (18911). 
Sohttifferin  lateriflora,  .Swartz,  Fruilr/M)  (1788);  Fl.  Jntl. 

Kcelera  laurifolia,  Willilcnow,  .Syycc  iv.  pt.  i.  7">l)  (in  purt) 

(ISO.-.). 
Bessera  spinosa,  S|>reii|;cl,  I'ikjUI.  ii.  '.)t  (1815). 
Dryputea  crocea,  I'oittau.  Mem.  Mut.  i.  Ifiit,  t.  8  (I81,'>). 

—  Niittall,   Si/lrii,    ii.   (iti,    t.   (>.'!.  —  Clmpiimn,    Fl.    41(». 

—  (iiiHrlmc'li.  Fl.  lint.  »:  1,1,1.  MU  ;  Cut.  Fl.  Cull.  IT..— 
.MuilliT  Ai^'..  De  Citiiiliillr  Fnxtr.  xv.  |it.  ii.  4.j.">.  —  Sur- 
Hi'iit,  Fiire.il  Tm:i  y,  .Ini.  MV/:  ('riiiiii.i  I'.  ,S.  i\.  I'.Mt. 

Liniacla  laurifolia,  K.  (i.  Dictiieli,  /.exit:  Gartii.  u.  Hot. 

Snehlr.  iv.  ;t:U  (1818). 
Boumua  coriacea.  Stuuilol,  Xom.  But.  ihI.  i,  ii.  475  (uut 

I'oiU'uu)  (1841). 


Drypetea  aeaaUifloru,  Huillun,  ^tude  Gin.  Euphorb.  Atlu, 

45,  t.  W,  f.  at-aO,  38,  40  (1858). 
Drypetea  glauoa,  A.  Uiclianl,  /'/.  Cub.  iii.  218  Cnot  Vahl) 

(18,M).  —  Uilnebiii'li,   .Mr  III.   Am.  Acid.  n.  ser.  viii.    157 

(/'/.     n'rl'jht.}  ;    Niirhr.   K'jl.  dendl.    Gutt.  18C.">.    1(15; 

Cat.  Fl.  I  III:  15. 
Drypotes  alba,  var.  latifolin,  Grineliach,  Nurhr.  Kyi.  Oe- 

»,ll.  (iutt.  18G,-),  105;   Cut.  Fl.  Ciih.  15. 
Drypetea  crooea,  ft  longipea.  MuflU'r  Aig..  J)f  Caiiilolle 

Fniilr.  XV.  pt.  ii.  45(1  (18(it)). 
Drypetea  crooea,  y  latifolia.  Sliielli'r  Arj;.,  De  Candulle 

I'iikIi:  XV.  ]it.  ii.  .156  (18(10). 
Drypetea  latifolia,  SauTalli-,  Fl.  Ciih.  rj7  ( 187;(). 
Xyloama  nitidum.  iloultur  f.  lilc  Juckitun,  Ind.  Keii:  ii.  802 

(nut  Lirisebacli)  (18<J3). 


A  tri'O,  twenty  to  thirty  feet  in  lii'ijjlit,  witli  ;i  short  trunk  five  or  six  inehes  in  diameter,  and 
sK'niicr  erect  hranches.  The  harit  of  the  ti'uni<  is  a  sixteenth  of  an  iiieh  tiiiciv,  and  li<rht  brown  tinned 
witli  red,  thi-  <ri>nerally  siuonth  surt'aee  .separating  into  small  irregular  scales.  The  hranehlets  are  terete 
and  slender,  and  when  they  lirst  a]i[iear  are  li^ht  ^reen  tinned  with  red  ;  in  their  tir.st  winter  they  are 
asiiy  gray  and  are  marked  with  scattered  pale  leiitieels,  and  at  the  end  of  their  second  year  with  the 
small  elevated  oval  leaf-scars  which  display  the  ends  of  three  fihro-va.scidar  handles.  The  hnds  are 
minute,  acute  or  ohtuse,  chestnnt-hrown,  and  coated  with  pale  hairs.  The  leaves  are  oldonjr,  acute  or 
acinninate  at  the  apex,  ^radiuilly  narrowed  at  the  hase,  luid  entire  ;  when  they  unfold  they  are  thin  and 
covered  with  scattered  pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity  are  thick  and  suhcoriaceous,  dark  j^een  and  lu.strous, 
tliri-e  to  four  inches  in  len<rth,  and  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  breadth,  with  conspicuous 
li;fht-colored  midribs  ruund(!d  al)ove  and  below,  and  ob.seure  primary  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the 
slifjhtly  thickened  revolute  margins  and  connected  !)y  slender  reticulated  veinlets  ;  they  are  borne  on 
slender  jrroovcd  petioles  a  (juarter  of  an  itieh  lonjf,  and  appear  in  Florida  in  the  early  sprinjj,  falling 
duriuf^  their  sccontl  year.  The  Howers  open  late  in  the  autumn  (u-  early  in  the  winter,  on  hranches  one 
or  two  years  old,  in  the  axils  of  leaves  or  from  leafiest*  nodes,  in  many  or  few-tlowereil  clusters  on 
pedicels  shorter  than  the  petioles.  The  calyx  is  p;reenish  white,  hirsute  on  the  outer  surface,  divided 
to  the  base  into  four  ovate  rounded  lobes,  and  persistent  under  the  fruit ;  in  the  male  flower,  in  which 
there  is  no  trace  of  an  ovary,  there  are  four  stamens  inserted  under  the  margin  and  between  the  lobes 
of  the  Hat  tomento.se  disk,  with  slender  ex.sertcd  filaments  and  introrse  emar<i;inate  pilose  anthers.  In 
the  female  flower  the  ovate  tomentose  two-celled  ovary  sits  on  a  broad  slifrhtly  lobed  disk,  and  is 
surmounted  by  two  nearly  sessile  obliijue  spreadiujj  cushion-like  stijjmas.  The  fruit,  which  ripens 
durinji;  the  sprinj^  and  early  summer,  is  subjriobose,  a  third  of  an  inch  in  cliameter,  tipped  with  the 
conspicuous  blackened  reiiniants  of  the  sti<;;mas,  dark  brown  and  coated  with  soft  pubescence  ;  it  is 
solitary  or  produced  in  clusters  of  two  or  three,  and  is  borne  on  stout  si  ilks  enlarjjed  .at  the  apex  and 
a  (piarter  of  an  inch  in  length,  from  which  it  separates  in  falling ;  the  flesh  is  thin  and  erustiieeous, 


jj 


i         H 


1  I 


1/ 


•  l 


Ml' 


i>f 


1. 


88 


SI/ J' A  OF  xoirni  AMi:i{i('A. 


KUl-HOnniACK* 


iinil  cloM'ly  invi'Mts  the  tliin-wiillod  iTUHtiu'i'oiiH  iiiitU't.  The  wed  Ik  olmvntp,  f;il)boiiR,  nil  eiglith  of  iiii 
iiicli  loiijf,  roiiiKlfd  hclow,  niirrowi-d  iind  imiiki'd  at  tlu-  iipox  with  tho  clevutod  piiln  liihim,  from  whicli 
iiiiiiii>ri>iiH  liroMil  veins  railiatc,  and  on  tlu>  inner  Hurfaee  with  the  liroiid  coiiHpieiiouH  raphe. 

The  wood  of  />n//i<li.t  /uti  rijlurn  in  iieavy,  hard,  liritth',  mid  ehme-^rained  ;  it  eontaiim  numerous 
thill  medullary  rays,  and  is  ricli  dark  hrowri  in  color,  with  thiek  yellow  wipwood.  Thu  Kpeeilie  gravity 
of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  (MfJOU,  a  euiiie  foot  weiu;hinj,'  ^tl.'.W  pounds. 

J)ri//iili!<  liitiril!(ir(i  inhahits  in  Florida  the  shoreH  of  Hay  lliseayne  ami  many  of  tho  Hoiitherti 
keys;  it  is  also  eonimon  on  the  liahania  Islands  ami  on  Cuha,  San  Dominjro,  .lam.iiea,  and  I'orto  Uico. 

Driiiiilin  lutifilhirii  was  discovered  toward  the  emi  of  the  liutt  eontury  liy  the  Swedish  hotanist 
Swart/.'  on  the  island  of  San  Uiimin^o.  In  the  L'liitcd  SUites  it  wan  first  uuticed  on  Key  West  by 
Dr.  .1.  L.  Uloil^jctt. 

•  Sin  V.  U. 


■\ 


KXI'LANATION   OK  TIIK   I'LAIK. 


I'l.VTK    ('('('VIII.       I)HVl'tTKS    t.«TKHIKr.llK\. 

1.  \  tlitwtM'in^  l'r:ti)<*Ii  (if  a  Ntaiiiinatc  tree,  nattirat  ni/o. 

'J.  A  tliiwi-i'in)(  liraiirh  <>(  a  iiiaiillatu  trei'.  imturiil  >i/.u. 

S.  A  '•laiiiliiali'  tlowiT.  i'iilari,'i'il. 

4.  \'rrthMl  .<(S'ti<>tt  iif  a  ^.taniiimte  HuwtT,  onUr^t'U. 
.'">.  .\  iii..lillali'  lliiniT.  iiilar:,'i'il. 

(5.  A  pi'.tillali'  (|..«ir.  tlin  ralyx  ri'iiKivisl,  I'tiluryfd. 

7.  Vortiriil  ncrticni  nf  a  |li^lil.  i'iiliir(;''il- 

5.  CfiwH  •■■i-liiiii  iif  nn  i>vary.  riil.ir^tsl. 
9.  A  fruilin^  liranrh.  natural  <.i/-i*. 

10.  ('rn.44  Hrt'tion  of  a  fruit,  luilari^ril. 

11.  Vcrtiral  ni'ctiiiii  iif  u  fruit,  i.-iilur)(i'<l. 

12.  A  MN-il,  enUri;<sl. 

I.'l,  Vcrliral  ncctinii  "f  n  "I'ctl,  uiilargiNl. 

M.  All  i3iiiliryii,  i'iilur);i'tl. 


4. 


' 


* 
-* 


\ 


•■i. 


0 


'}y 


60 


i«<f 


Kl'I'H()nBIA(  I 


obovat«»,  '"ifsViiK,  ail  fifrlii.li   of 
•  x  with  the  cU'vai.  .  .Imn,  from  ni 

ill  the  bn     ' 


:iU    ' 

'lU  |>l,lli:'l 

^  niHciw., 

ilH'    .•'(;mii 

!  'iiniiiiirn,  , 

'  I'urto  lii, 
iish  botafi 

•  11  «  IS   tirsi 

Ul 

jUad  !i; 

1   !•.    ■    ■<■■. 

KVf  I   \Ni  IT. 


Silva  of  North  Anieiica  . 


Tio.  CCCViii 


c:l'f\ui,m  ilfl 


H*tpii 


DRYPETES    LATERIFLORA  ,  Uib. 


A   iiuxttnui    ihrtst'  ' 


ififi   ./  I'utwitr .  Pu 


\    \ 


t  1  I 


i!f 


!■ 


%i 


1     * 


W'T  ■ ' 

Ktrj'lIOUIIIACEiK. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


2!) 


GYMNANTHES. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  rarely  dioecious;  calyx  rudimentary  or  0;  corolla  0; 
stameas  2  or  rarely  3 ;  disk  0 ;  ovary  3-celled ;  ovule  solitary  in  each  cell,  suspended. 
Fruit  a  3-lobed  capsule  splitting  into  tlii-ee  2-valved  cocci.  Leaves  alternate,  stipulate, 
persistent. 


Oymnanthea.  Swart/..  Prodr.  95  (1788).  —  Endlirher,  Gen. 
Siipi)!.   ii.  X7 ;    iv.   |it.   iii.   87    (tiymiiaiitliiis).  —  Haillon, 


iii.  337.  —  Pax,  Eni/ler  &  Prantl  Pflatixenfam.  iii.  j)t.  v. 
101. 


^tiule  Gin.  Eiijilwrh.  530.  —  Bcntliani  &  Hooker,  Gen.     Excoecaria,  IJaillon.  Ili^t.  PI.  v.  227  (in  part)  (1874). 

Ghibrous  trees  or  shrubs,  with  milky  juices  and  slender  terete  branehlets.  Leaves  alternate, 
petiolate,  entire  or  crenulate-serrate,  coriaceous,  jienniveined,  persistent ;  stipules  meudiranaeeous, 
minute,  caducous.  InHorescence-buds  covered  with  closely  imbricated  chestnut-brown  scales,  length- 
eniiifjf  in  anthesis,  bearinjif  in  the  upper  axils  numerous  thiei-branched  clusters  of  staminatc  flowers, 
tiu'ir  branches  furnished  with  minute  ovate  bracts,  and  from  the  lower  axils  two  or  three  lonjj-stalked 
pistillate  flowers.  Perianth  of  the  staminatc  flower  minute  or  wantinj^.  Stamens  two  or  rarely  three  ; 
Klaments  filiform,  declinate  in  anthesis,  inserted  on  the  slipjlitly  enlar<red  torus,  free  or  .sljirlitly  connate 
at  the  base ;  anthers  atbu'hed  on  the  back  below  the  middle,  erect,  ovoid,  two-celled,  the  cells  parallel, 
o|>eniii{;  lotiiritudinally.  Perianth  of  the  ])istillate  flower  reduced  to  three  bract-like  scales.  Ovary 
ovate,  three-celled,  narrowed  into  three  recurved  styles  free  or  slightly  united  at  the  base,  stiginatic  on 
their  inner  face ;  ovule  solitary  in  each  cell,  suspended  from  its  inner  anirle,  anatropous ;  raphe  ventral ; 
niicropyle  extrorse,  superior ;  the  obdurator  or  enlarged  cup-like  growth  from  the  funicle  only  ulightly 
developed.  Capsule  thrce-lobed,  separating  from  the  persistent  axis  into  three  two-valved  cocci,  debi.scent 
on  the  dorsal  and  partly  on  the  ventral  suture.  Seed  ovoid  or  subglobose.  strophiolate,  or  rarely 
naked ;  testa  membranaceous  or  crustiiceous.  Embryo  erect  in  thick  fleshy  albumen  ;  cotyledons  folia- 
ceuu:i,  broad  and  flat,  nutch  longer  than  the  su])erior  radicle. 

About  ten  species '  of  (iyunianthes  are  distributed  from  southern  Florida,  where  one  species  occurs, 
through  the  West  Indies  to  Mexico"  and  Hrazil.' 

Gymnanthes  produces  hard,  durable,  and  sometimes  handsome  wood,  but  is  not  known  to  possess 
other  useful  properties. 

The  generic  name,  from  yv^vd^  and  di'0o$,  relates  to  the  structure  of  the  naked  flowers. 


'  HiMitliuin  &  IIiMikiT,  <»Vri.  iii.  X\T. 
'  llciiiiiluy,  Hot.  Biol,  Am.  fml.  iii.  136, 


•  Mueller  .Vrg.,  Mariiiu  I'l.  bnuil.  xi.  pt.  ii.  M6  (Sebaatiauia), 


\i 


■'  1 


i     I 


1    i      f 


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fl' 


!!: 


i  r 


!      I 


30 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERIVA. 


EUrUOUDUCK-K 


QYMNANTHES    LUOIDA. 
Grab  Wood. 

Pkuianth  of  the  staininato  flower  0 ;  stamens  'J  or  3  ;  ovary  long-stalked.  Leaves 
obloiig-obovate  to  ovate-laaeeolate. 

QymnantLoB  luoidn.  Swart/-.  yV'"//-. '.M">  (178S>.  —  ll,iilli)n,  61. —  DietriiOi.    Sijn.    v.    '.W). —  Kidmril.    Fl.    Cub.    Hi. 

I'idilc    (it'll.    J-.'ii/./icHi.     't'.W. —  MiiilliT    Arj;..    Liiinnd.  I'.t'.t.  —  C'lia|iiimii.    Fl.    4(»,">. — Grisi'luifli.   Fl.    Urit.    IT. 

xxxii.    lUO.  —  Ilitchniek.    Heit.    .MUsniiri   h'l.    (hirl.    iv.  /«'/.  ."'(>;    ( ^/^    /'/.   Citli.  'JO.  —  K^'kitm.    \'iili'n»k.  Metil. 

1L".|.  //.(  mit.  Fur.  KJ'ihrii/i.  1.S7G,  14.'>  {Fl.  St.  Cmir). 
Excioocariii  lucidn.  S«arl7..  Fl.  Iml.  Occ.  ii.  11'.".'  (18(Xi). —     Sebostiania  lucida,  MuuIIit  Arj;.,  /V  CimlnUe  I'nnh.  xv. 

Willili'iuiw,    S/m:    iv.    Sti."i.  —  rirsodii,    .S'y//.    ii.   (>i!l.  —  pi.  il.  1181   (ISllli).  —  Ki;);i'r!<,  /("//.  T.  ,S'.  .V'l'.  .)/"«.  N>i. 

I'liiii't.    Lttm.     Dirt.     Sn\\\>\.     i.     l.Vi.  —  A.     lU-    .Iii»»ii'ii.  lii.  '.•'.'    (Fl.    St.   Croijr  ninl  tin-   t  in/in    Jsliinils).  —  .Sai- 

Fiiiilinrli.    Ti'iii.  I.   1(1.   f.  ,"1,").  —  NiituUI.  Si)lni,  ii.  (lO.  t.  k'""'-  /'"■'■■<'  TnrK  .V.  Am.  ]l>tli  (>«,««»  /'.  .S'.  ix.  ll'l. 

A  trt't>,  iK'casioiially  twci.  to  thirty  fi'et  in  height,  with  »  trunk  six  or  eij^ht  inches  in  (lianiettT 
ami  often  irreffularly  ridj^eil,  the  rininded  ridjjes  spreailinfj;  near  tlie  surface  of  the  ground  into  bntad 
l)uttresses,  and  witli  slender  erect  hranclies  whieli  form  a  narrow  loose  olilon^  head.  The  i>ark  of  t!ie 
trunk  is  dark  red-hrown  and  a  sixteenth  of  an  iiirh  thick,  and  separates  into  larjje  thin  scales,  wliicli,  in 
fallinif.  dis]ilay  the  lif^ht  brown  inner  bark.  The  branchlets  are  terete  and  slender,  and,  when  they  first 
ajiiPi'.ir,  are  liljht  p'l'cn  and  more  or  less  dce|ily  shaded  with  red  ;  in  their  first  winter  they  are  li).(ht 
j;rav-i)ro\vn  faintlv  tin^etl  with  red  and  roii>;hened  hy  numerous  oltloni;  pale  lentieels;  ultimately  they 
become  ashy  fjny,  and  are  marked  at  the  end  of  their  second  year  with  semiorbicidar  elevated  leaf- 
scars  in  which  appear  four  tibr(>-va.scular  buntUe-scars  superposed  in  pairs.  The  leaf-buds  are  ovate, 
obtuse,  covered  with  chestnut-brown  .scales,  and  alxmt  one  .sixteenth  of  an  inch  in  length.  The  leaves 
are  comluplicate  in  vernation,  oblonfj-(d)ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  and  obscuridy  and  remot«ly  crenulate- 
serrate  or  often  entire;  wiien  they  unfold  they  are  thin  and  mcmbraimceous,  deeply  tin^red  with  red,  und 
furinshed  on  the  teeth  with  minute  caducous  (hirk  inlands,  and  at  maturity  they  are  thick  and  coriaceous, 
dark  ^jreeii  and  lustrous  on  the  upper,  and  p.ile  and  dull  on  the  lower  surface,  two  to  three  inches  lonj;, 
ami  two  thirds  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  wide,  with  broad  pale  midribs  raised  and  rounded  on 
the  upper  side,  obscure  primary  veins  arcuate  und  united  near  the  margins,  a.ul  connected  by  prominent 
coarsely  reticulate  veinlets,  and  broad  slightly  grooved  petioles  about  a  i|uarter  of  an  iiudi  in  length;  in 
Fl<iri<la  they  ajipear  in  early  spring,  and,  remaining  on  the  braiu'hes  through  their  si  ond  sunnuer,  fall 
g'aduali, .  The  stipules,  wl>i,.li  disappear  as  8oo>'.  as  the  leaves  unfold,  are  ovate,  acute,  membranaceous, 
light  brown,  clothed  on  the  margins  with  long  pale  hairs,  and  nearly  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  in  length. 
The  ii)*lorescence-buds  appear  in  Florida  late  in  the  autumn  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year,  and 
iluring  tile  winter  are  an  righth  of  an  inch  long,  and  covered  with  chmely  ind>ricated  scales ;  in  the  earlv 
spring  they  begin  to  leiigthen,  and  when  fully  grown  the  inflorescence  is  an  inch  and  11  half  to  two 
indies  long,  and  consists  of  a  slender  glabrous  angled  rachis,  which,  in  lengthening,  has  se]>arat«<]  the 
scales.  From  two  or  three  of  the  lower  scales  the  long-stalki'<l  solitary  female  flowers  are  produced,  and 
from  between  the  remainder  the  stamens  of  the  usually  triandroiis  male  Howers  protrude.  The  scales 
are  broadly  ovate,  pointed,  concave,  rounded  and  thickened  at  the  apex,  puberulous  and  eiliate  on  the 
margins  ;  those  wiiich  iiiclo.se  the  male  flowers  are  connate  with  their  peduncles,  and  as  these  lengthen  are 
carried  upward,  and  thits  remain  immediately  under  the  pedicels  of  the  fully  cxpande<l  flowers,  while 
those  subten<ling  the  female  flowers  at  the  basc^  of  the  inflorescence  are  not  raised  on  their  peduncles. 
The  male  inflorescence  consists  of  u  peduncle  teriuiuating  in  three  divisions,  each  of  these  divisions  or 


pedicels  bt 
lengthens, 
enlarged 
green  |)edi 
acute  lUKM 
Florida  is 
obovate,  d 
flesh,  and 
separates, 
ami  bony, 
coat,  and 
The 
i)eautiful 
yellow,  w 
cubic  foot 
furnishes  ' 
Gi/tti 
southern 
Bahama  b 
(I'l/iii 
the  Unitei 


EU1'U0UBULK,H 


KUl'ItOUBIACEiE. 


SIL  VA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


31 


I   I 


0(1.     Leaves 


(i.    Fl.    Citti.   iii. 

1,   /'/.    Uri/.   li: 

y^iiemk.  Moll. 
'■  Ci-oir). 

.'"//'•  I'nnh.  XV. 
>'.  .\'(t.  Mi,».  N„. 

hiniiln).  —  Siir- 
'■-  .V-  ix.  ll'l. 

's  ill  <lianiet»T 
1(1   into  hroail 
'  l)aik  of  t!i(' 
It's,  which,  ill 
hi'ii  they  first 
lev  are   lijrht 
tiiiiiifoly  thcv 
fh'vati'd  h'al- 
"1h  aro  ovate, 
Tlio  leaves 
L'ly  crenulatt- 
with  red,  and 
(I  coriaceous, 
iiicheti  loiifr, 
rounded  on 
>y  prominent 
n  leiifrth ;  in 
stiniiiier,  fall 
iiliranaceoiis, 
•h  ill  leiifrtli. 
le  year,  mid 
in  the  earlv 
half  to  two 
paratwj  the 
oducud,  am! 
The  scales 
liate  on  the 
I'lijrtheii  are 
iwers,  while 
Jied  uncles. 
liviHioiis  or 


pedicels  heiug  furnished  at  the  base  before  anthesis  with  a  minute  ovate  bract,  which,  as  the  pedicel 
len>;thens,  is  carried  up,  so  that  when  the  flower  is  fully  expanded,  it  stands  just  under  the  s'.ightly 
enliiij^ed  torus  upon  which  the  stamens  are  inserted.  The  female  flower  is  borne  on  a  slender  dark 
frrceii  peduncle  tinged  with  red,  half  an  inch  long,  and  furnished  at  its  apex  with  three  minute  ovate 
acute  uneijiial  jiiibescent  bracts,  from  which  rises  the  sfoiit  stipe  of  the  ovary.  The  fruit,  which  in 
Florida  is  produced  sparingly,  and  is  often  injured  by  insects,  ripens  in  the  autumn  ;  it  is  slightly 
obovate,  dark  reddish  brown  or  nearly  black,  a  third  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  covered  with  thin  dry 
flesh,  and  hangs  on  a  slencK'r  stem  an  inch  or  more  in  length  ;  tho  three-valved  nutlets  into  which  it 
separates,  leaving  the  white  corky  axis  remaining  on  the  peduncle^  are  thick-walled,  light  brown,  hard 
and  bony,  and  lustrous  on  the  inner  surface.  The  seed  is  ovoid,  and  covered  l.y  a  thin  chestnut-brown 
coat,  and  is  marked  with  a  conspicuous  circular  elevated  strophiole  and  with  a  broad  ventral  raphe. 

The  wood  of  Gi/miKinlln s  liic'idit  is  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  and  susceptible  of  receiving  a 
beautiful  polish ;  it  contains  numerous  obscure  medullary  rays,  and  is  rich  dark  brown  streaked  with 
yellow,  with  thick  bright  yellow  sapwood.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  1.0905,  a 
cubic  foot  weighing  (>7.J)G  pounds.  In  Florida  it  is  no  "  oeciisionally  manufactured  into  canes,  and 
furnishes  valuable  fuel. 

Gi/miinnthcs  ha-idn  is  a  freipient  inhabitant  of  the  low  woods  which  cover  the  coral  formations  of 
Hoiitliern  Florida  from  the  shores  of  ISay  Biscayne  to  the  Manpiesas  keys.  It  is  common  on  the 
Ualiama  Islands,  and  inhabits  many  of  the  Antilles. 

(I'l/iniKinlhcs  lucidit  wjis  discovered  by  the  Swedish  botanist  Swartz,  ou  the  island  of  Jamaica.  In 
the  United  Stiites  it  was  first  noticed  ou  Key  West  Ly  Dr.  J.  L.  Blodgett. 


I      ■  ; 


r         n 


EXPLANATION   OK  THK   IM.ATE. 


«. 

",t. 
M. 
11. 
12. 

13. 

14. 
1.-). 
16. 


I'l.ATK    L'CCIX.       fJVMNANTIIKS    I.UIIKA. 

A  lliiwi'ring  bniiii-li,  iiutiinil  siii'. 

I)iii>,Tiuii  of  a  clustrr  of  iii.ili'  tliiwen. 

Diagram  iif  ii  ft'inalr  tltiwcr. 

A  (liistiT  of  male  How.ts  with  Ihrir  irule.  anterior  view, 

I'lilarKeil. 
A  Htanien,  enlarj^etl. 

A  fiiiiale  tliiwer  with  its  peilunrle.  eiilargol. 
Vertical  rtectiuii  of  a  female  flower,  enlarged. 
Croiix  Keetiiin  nf  a  female  flower,  enlari^inl. 
vVii  ovule,  niiirh  ma^nitieil. 
A  fruiting;  Kranrh,  iiatiirul  ni/.e. 
Vertieal  section  of  a  fruit,  enlartjeil. 
A  ciH'cu*  partly  Hplit  o|>en,  iliKplayiii);  tlie  Tentr.%1  fade  of 

a  Reeil,  enlarj^e*!. 
A  neetl.  enlarftett. 
Cnmii  neitiuii  of  a  need,  enlargitl. 
An  euihryo.  eular^ed. 
A  Htipule,  enlarged. 


\l 


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ey^ 


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It 


iH 


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CE 


Tab    CCCIX 


f 


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o°6i 


/.  /."  /'u.r>>'i  .iW 


I 


GYMNANTHES    LUCIDATw 

■i /fn'i/rn-t    iiir^.f  *  Imp  .^  Tnn^ur   Parur 


\\ 


I 


\ 


■j  \ 


I  ill 


^'. 


i;Ul'Ut»HHlAt' 


coroUii  0 
9-celled ; 
tardily  tU 


Hippomane, 

Oeii.  :'.'.» 
337 


llu 


A  Klal 
I'irciilar  mi.- 
of  <)l)scurc 
fallinjj  of  t 
brown  sciilt' 
points  tcrni 
with  niiniit 
hairs,  soon 
ahovo,  paU'i 
veins  slcnili 
roiirst'ly  rt't 
slunth^r,  rij; 
orhii'iilar  d 
htciniate    ni 
spicatc.  u\i[ 
rai'liis  oftt'i 
till-  two  or 
lancoohitt'  1 
staminate  t 
in  the  axil 
extending 
middle  int 
U>ss  c'onnat 
Hj;ht  yello' 
niiddh-,  en 
volhtw-gri'i 
Ovary  six 
ejhndrieal 
on  the  inn 
raphe  veni 
a  tlucken( 
lent,  adht 
cuduuurp 


i 


KUl'UOUIIlACEi*;. 


SILVA   OF  NOUTU  AMEIUVA. 


33 


HIPPOMANE. 

Flowkrh  monoecious ;  calyx  u.sually  JMobcd,  the  lobes  imbricrtted  in  oestivation ; 
corolla  0  ;  stamens  2  to  .'i,  their  filaments  (jonnate ;  disk  0 ;  ovary  superior,  G  to 
9-celled ;  ovule  solitary  in  each  cell.  Fruit  drupaceous.  Leaves  alternate,  stipulate, 
tardily  deciduous. 

Hlppomane.  LinnBiiH,  Oen.  368  (1737).  —  A.  L.  de  Juuieu,  228.  —  Bentham  &  Hooker,  Qtn.  iii.  333.  —  Paz,  En^ 

(Jen.   ;;',tl. —  Kiiillichcr,    Gen.    1110. —  MeMiiiT,    (len,  ler  A- I'ntntl  I'jlanxeiifam,  iii.  yit.  v.  ^iS. 

337.  —  UuiUon,  jitude  Uen.  Hujthurb.  53U )  J/iat.  J'l.  v.      Manoanilla,  AiUiihoii,  Fam.  PI.  ii.  3.54  (17U3). 

MancineUa,  Tuiuac,  FL  AntUl.  iu.  21  (1824). 

A  nIiihrouH  tree,  with  tliick  milky  acrid  juice,  scaly  bark,  and  stout  pithy  brunchiets  marked  with 
circular  raised  leiiticels  and  i>l>lon^  or  Heiniorbicular  horizoutal  elevated  leaf-scars  in  which  appear  a  row 
of  obscure  tibro-vasciilar  bmullc-sciirs,  and  nearly  encircled  at  the  nodes  by  riufj-like  scars  left  by  the 
fiilliufj  of  the  stipules.  Buds  ovate,  acute,  covered  by  many  loo.^ely  imbricated  lonfjf-pointed  chestnut- 
brown  scales.  Leaves  involute  in  vernation,  broadly  ovate,  abruptly  rounded  at  the  apex  into  broad 
points  tcrniinatin;r  in  slender  niucros,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  ba.se,  remotely  crennlate-serrate 
with  minute  jjland-tippcd  teeth,  penniveined,  lonjj-petiolate,  [lilose  at  first  with  occasional  lonjj  pale 
hairs,  soon  bi'comin<r  glabrous,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  yellow-^reen  and  lustrous 
above,  paler  and  dull  below;  midribs  stout,  li<i^ht  yellow,  raised  and  rounded  on  the  upper  side;  primary 
veins  slender,  remote,  arcuate  and  united  at  .some  distance  from  the  niaijrin,  connected  by  conspicuous 
coarsely  reticulated  vcinlets  more  prominent  on  the  upper  than  on  the  lower  side  ;  petioles  elongated, 
slender,  rijjid,  lijjht  yellow,  rounded  below,  obscurely  }jrooved  above,  marked  at  the  very  apex  with  lar<i[e 
orbicular  dark  red  frlands ;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  abruptly  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  slifjbtly 
laciniate  near  the  apex,  mendiranaceous,  li^lit  chestnut-brown,  caducous.  Intlorescence  terminal, 
spicate,  appeariufj  in  early  H|)rin^  usually  before  the  unfolding  of  leaves  of  the  year,  the  stout  fleshy 
racliis  often  furnished  at  the  base  with  acute  sterile  dciiduous  bracts  or  with  one  or  two  small  leaves, 
the  two  or  three  minute  ])istillate  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  these  leaves  and  in  those  of  ovate  acute 
lanceolate  bracts,  furnished  with  two  lateral  glandular  bractlets,  raised  on  thickened  lobes  of  the  rachis ; 
st^uninate  flowers  minute,  articulate  on  .slender  pedicels,  clustered  in  tijjbt  to  fifteen-flowered  fascicles 
in  the  axils  of  similar  bracts  higher  on  the  rachis  than  those  subtending  the  pi.stillate  flowers  and 
extending  to  its  apex.  Calyx  of  the  staminate  Hower  yellow-green,  mend)ranaceous,  divided  below  the 
middle  into  three  or  sometimes  into  two  acute  lobes.  Stamens  two  or  often  three,  exserted,  more  or 
less  connate  by  their  filaments  into  a  stout  column,  free  and  spreading  from  the  apex  ;  anthers  ovoid, 
light  yellow,  surmounted  by  the  short  prolongation  of  the  connective,  attached  on  the  back  below  the 
midtUe,  erect,  extrorse,  two-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally.  Calvx  of  the  pistillate  flower  ov.ite, 
yellow-green,  divided  nearly  to  the  ba.se  into  three  ovate  acute  concave  divisions  rounded  on  the  back. 
Ovary  six  to  eight-celled,  narrowed  at  the  base  and  gradually  contracted  above  into  a  short  simple 
cylindrical  style  separating  into  six  to  eight  long  ra<liating  flattened  abruptly  reflexed  styles  stigmatic 
on  the  inner  face.  Ovule  solitiiry  in  each  cell,  suspended  from  its  iiuier  angle,  descending,  anatropous ; 
raphe  ventral ;  micropyle  extrorse,  superior.  Fruit  ])ome-shaped,  obscurely  six  to  eight-lobed,  raised  on 
a  thickened  woody  stem  ;  epicarj)  thin,  light  yellow-green  or  yellow  and  red  ;  mesocarp  thick,  lactes- 
cent, adherent  to  the  thick-walled  riigo.se  deeply  and  irreguLirly  winged  six  to  eight-celled  siihglobose 
cndocarp    flattened    at   tlu-    two   ends,  the   cells   separated    throughout   by   thin   dark   radial    ])lates. 


i 


M 


siLVA  OF  ynirrif  amkiuca. 


KUniOHBIACK.V 


tiltiiiiatt*lv  N(>|uiral>K>.  pi'iirtriitcil  near  the  sinniiut  Kv  oi»li(|iir  ninulH  HIIimI  hy  the  fniiicli'H  of  tin*  Hcnln. 
iSird  ohlon^dvatiN  tiiarktMl  witli  a  iiiiiiutc  Nli^litly  rIcvatiMl  liiliiin,  ami  nii  tlic  v(*iitral  face  willi  an 
(»l»s('iiri»  raphe  ;  trnta  iiu'inhranarcous,  ^r|»arahh'  into  two  (Miatn,  thr  outer  ihirk.  the  iniu'r  thiniirr,  li<;lit 
Im'owii.  Kiuhrvo  KurroiiiHlt'il  hv  tliick  tirshy  alixniii-n  ;  rotxlnhtiih  tiat,  I'ohaccoiiH,  miu'li  Utnger  than 
the  sliort  I'l-n-t  lutliclr  tiirin-il  toward  ttir  hihiin. 

'I'hr  woimI  oI'  lli|t|Mii)iaih',  when  ;;rowii  in  Florida,  Ih  ti^ht  and  Hofl  although  4*loH<*-^ra!ntMl,  aixl 
contains  nnnnnnm  cvmly  di>tiihutiM|  small  open  ducts  and  many  ohM-nrc  medullary  rays.  It  is  dark 
lirowii.  with  thick  li^ht  Inown  or  \cllo\v  sapwood.  The  Hpecitic  gravity  ol'  the  ahsolutely  dry  wnod  i^ 
()..")272.  a  cid»ic  loot  wcin'liin^,^  \\'k\>1  jtounds.' 

All  parts  of  llippoinane  alxiund  in  exceedingly  jioisonous  caustic  Nap  which  pntduci's  cutaneous 
ernptioiiH.  and  taken  internally  destroys  the  inucouH  ineinhraue.'  Kain  water  falling  on  the  leaves 
hccnnies  |M)isonons.  and  the  snmke  of  thr  hurnin;;  wood  injures  or  (leHtntyn  the  eyes.  In  the  Aiitillt-s 
and  on  tli>-  adj.u-ent  shores  nf  South  Anicrica  tlie  Tarihs  employed  the  Hjip  t>i  poisoii  their  arrows.' 

The  generic  name,  from  tii'i;  and  //uj  rrjt.  used  hy  the  (ireeks  to  diHtiii^^iiish  sonie  plant  with 
properties  ixcitaut  to  horses,'  was  ad(»pted  for  thin  tropical  Auu*rican  tree  l»y  LiiiUietiH,  who  discardeil 
the  older  Manvariilla  of  Plnmier.'' 

The  ^enns  is  represented  hy  a  single  spi'cics. 


'  Hy  nMii\  iiiitl)<)rs  tin-  wimh)  nf  lli|<)>nii)iuti>  i-*  iti-«rnlM<il  iirt  Ihmivv 
iiml  \\i\T\\,  iinil  as  Viilmd  iirul  iiiinli  ritminil  irt  riiliiiii-t-iii;ikiii^  ;  in 
Klxhilii   till'   Uvv*   TATfU    priHiiii'i-   lii'iirtHiNHl,  iiiiil   IIh"  kii|>h<>4mI    i-* 

I'rrtllilllv  tiKi  li^lll  mil)  Hnft  to  )h'  iif  itlU  Mlliir  ill    till-    urt«.       Of    till- 

nulliors  wliu  Invi-  ilfscrtlH-*!  tliiit  tn'f,  Tiihaju-  { /•'/,  AutilL  ni.  'S,\)  wy- 
pfiifH  tu  In>  tlir  Pill)  oiif  who  liiut  iiMtii-rtl  the  miftiirMS  nf  tlti>  h<mm) 
»ii<l  itN  iiifi'riitr  qiialit^r. 

'  I'l'VHAotirl,  litr,  P-ruMi.  li'Ofm.  th  M*tl.,  ifr  Chir.  ft  fh  t'harm. 
tu.  Ml. —  llii'np(l-MjuliJtiiim,  iif  hm  he$  rt  KrfHnmfft  $ur  In  I'm- 
•Mil..  ./M;n.>.7.i/.  t.  ;i.;  .Y.  )'.  V"/  *  PSv'.  Jour.  iii.  .'««>,  l:il».  - 
OrfiLi  \  nii^i.T,  Arrk.  U,n.  tie  .\f,ii.  \.  'X>H.  —  .VhnMlrr.  firurrni. 
'I'lj'ifrhr.  /.rtuui'if.  ^irnvfuh.    i.  'Jiit>  —  Ktwiillijil,  >'v'i    /V.  thitfihur. 

H'JO.  —  JiK-kAon,  Mf'l.  I*rt*»  .V  1'%rT.  ii.  wr.  ilti.  MA.  (iiiil»tinrl. 
iiift.    liroif.   i-il     7,  li.  ;H,"i.  ■—■  Ktfp'pi.    Tul^xir.  pop.    f'rrmtt.    .Witur, 

1H7H,  I ILV  -    lUill Tnnt:  Jiitt.  Mi.  l»|t*t.        (*..rii.*viii.  /V-  l*Utntr» 

Vituutunff,  |S«J.  (Sfc,  ii1m<,  NiroUuii,  A'<»«ii  nur  I'fttMtinrr  \iiturrlU 
ilr  St.  /*f«rni»if/>i^, 'Jl'Hl.  —  |l«»yfr  I'fvrclruii,  Lm  .\fttuif$  Fnitufntri, 
cd.'J.  i,  71   ) 

■  "  ArUil  n  itiiiii(;juiilln,  rniuMivii  friirtu  lini  iiulioA  cnrit**"  lU't-hi-nw 
h.i4,cn  la  liifr\»  <M>ti  i|tir  liraii  ^  \tv\vnu,  In  ipial  |M>r  la  ni.anr  jMirtP 
©«  iiiri-miMltaMr."     (OxiiMJu.  Huil.  Mat.  ft'ru.  IwL  lili.  U,  nip.  I'J.) 


"  'Hii-ir  |iny«<ih  i<i  nf  «iii-h  n  fi>n'f*,  thnt  n  iimii  liriii|;  ^trirtii*!!  tlifn-- 
Willi  iht'lli  wttliiii  fi)iin>  and  t'vrtilif  lin»i-rH,  u-t  ttn'  SpMniarils  «!.> 
iinirnif,  \  .n  my  jinl^ini-nt  it  '\%  liki>  (lien'  tan  W  ini  iitrniijjtr 
|NtMon  UK  they  iiiaki*  it,  iisiii^  llicmiiilo  apiilrt  wlin-li  An*  vrry  fain' 
iiikI  rv'd  of  I'nioiir.  Imt  an*  ft  ^trtm^  |M>yM)ii."  (  lliiwkiiiN,  Viitf<}- 
to  fhf  liMixt  nf  (iuttuit  nuti  thr  huitfn  of  Smni  Ht^/Miuui  [llakliiU, 
yntt'igr*,  im|.  Kviiiiii,  iii.  UOL'].) 

"Thi*  fruit  i^  liki'  an  appli'  J»hn,  Rml  't  i«  iiaiil  to  tm  nnu  nf  :lio<ii> 
|MiisniiH,  wlM-rcwitli  the  Imliaii  Canilialli  invrnoini'  thfir  ArniW!>'' 
( l.i^iin,  .1  triir  ami  t  rtli't  H\.*litrif  of  thr  l%Uvu{  nf'  ftnrfMiilM,  CtH.) 

"  Nns  CannUxt  **•  nrrvriit  ilii  lait  ilf>  i-*'!  »rhrv  |Miiir  f  iii|Hii«niin>  r 
Iciini  tli-flii's  ;  lU  font  |M>iir  cda  tini'  ft'iiir  ttaint  I'i^itim*,  fi  y  iiM-t- 
tt-nl  If  Uait  (It-t  lli-fhi'K  ipii  ft'itnlaU'iit  ilr  la  Inpn-tir  <pii  I'li  xnrl  i|iit 
I'st  lilaii(-l)i'  (-tiinint-  ilii  Iml,  inais  pliiH  i^paistr  \  plus  ^limitti-  \\* 
luisfiriit  si-4')ii-r  !«■<«  ticrlics  uin->i  iiiilttW*"!,  \  liirsi|ii'i-llt'K  fmit  tin*' 
playr  cllfH  ffiiipotioiiiirnt  t'li  im'-iiH'  tnns."  (  I^ImI,  A'tmr^du  l'"V'i'/ 
uur  hlr»  fir  l'.\m*ruptr,  i.  t77  ) 

*  \Vittiil*'iii,  EtitmU.-llU.  Hnuiltfvrttrh.  44i. 

•  Soi\  in.  .Im.  OVn.  Il». 


KUl'IIOHBIACK.K 

It'H  of  the  Hccils. 

Ill   face   witli  „|| 

r  tliiniii'i-,  Ijnlit 

nil   loiixiT  lluii 

•sc-jrriiiiH'il,  ainl 

i'.VH.         It    is  ,|;„|, 

c'lv  ilrv  woihI  i, 

lures  I'litan i^ 

nil    till'    li'.iM., 

Ill  till'  Antillc, 
r  arrriwN.' 
mil'   pliint  with 
,  wlio  iliwitrdid 


H-ing  .Irii  ItiMi  IIh  r. . 

IK  llii'  S|miii,iriN  ,|„ 

an    U<    iii>  Rtriirii;!  r 

' 

uliiili  arc  vi-rv  fain' 

I'' 

(  ilnwiiilii,  I'm^.i 

//i.</«iiii<i  llliikliiu. 

1  1"  lie  lino  i.f    Ihk,. 

'iiH-  thfir  ArniwH.'' 

Ilnrhiiilm,  (W.) 

■<•  (""ir |<M«iinii,r 

p»  IVi-nri'*',  K  y  ilH't- 

t'lir  i|iii  fii  Kurl  i|iii 

|tliiH  K'<"^'>t<'-     lt« 

rniiu'illi'j  flint   unf 

Hli  A'tniivuu  Vii^nit- 

Kt'l'lliiKDIACKiK. 


HJLVA    OF  NOHTll  AMEliWA. 


86 


HIPPOMANE   MANOINELLA. 


Manohlneel. 


Hippomane  Manolnella,  Linnnui,  Spie,\\9\  (1753). — 
MilliT,  hii'l.  till.  N,  Nil.  1.  —  .lai'i|uin,  Kiiiim.  I'l.  Curih. 
31;  IIUI.  atirii.  Am.  'J50,  t.  ITiKi  tlitl.  Sflrrt.  Stir/i. 
Am.  121.  t.  23«.  —  AiiMi)t,  /'/.  Oiiian.  li.  HH3.  — /com. 
Am.  Ilnhlfh.  iii.  (M,  t.  'iK\.  —  Limittrfk.  IHrl.  iii.  «',I4  ;  Itl. 
iii.  .'174,  t.  TK.'t.  f.  1.  —  KalillnTi;,  .{rail.  .Hlm-klt.  iii/a  llamll. 
xi.  'i'i\,  I.  Kt.  —Swart/,  Oht.  MW.  —  Willilcniiw,  .S'/<C(.  iv. 
pt.  i.  r>7!. —  IVmcHin,  Sijn.  ii.  "iH'.l.  — Titfcinl,  llnrt.  Hot. 
Am.  Suppl,  It,  t.  12,  f.  B.  —  Dii  M(mt  de  ("oiirnct.  /'"r 
^ll/^  eil.  2.  vi.  .'I2r>.  —  I.unan,  Uort.  Jam.  i.  4HJ.  —  lliim- 
bolclt,  lli>ii|iluiiil  iV  Kiintli,  -Vki'.  >ren.  el  S/in:  ii.  r)24.  — 
Kuiitli,  Si/n.  I't.  .K'liiiii.  i.  ;W4.  —  I'uir.'t.  D'lil.  -Sri.  .\,il. 
xxix.  2,  t.  27it,  —  A.  ill'  .lumiii'ii.  ICiiiihurh.  Ti-iif.  !M),  I.  Hi, 
f.  M.  —  Link,  h'niim.  ii.  407.  —  SpreiiKol,  SijtI.  iii.  HO,"i.  — 
Deai'iiiirtilz,  Fl.  .Mi'il.  Atililt.  iii.  12,  t.  in,'!.  —  MayiiH'k, 
Fl.  Ihirh.  3(18.  —  .Spach,  lli»l.  JV^.  ii.  524.  —  Niillull, 
.syr<i,  ii.,>l,  t  6(».  —  liontluin.  Itnt.  Wiij.  Siil/iltiir,  Kill.  — 


Dii'lrirh.  S;/n.  v.  224.  —  Rirharil,  Fl.  Ciili.  iii.  200.  — 
Haillcm.  t(tii(lf  (Uii.  Kii/ihorh.  WO,  Alias,  t.  «.  f.  12- 
20.  —  riiopiiMii,  Fl.  404.— (!rii«l)tti'li,  Fl.  Jlrit.  »'.  /;»/. 
BOi  Cut.  /'».  Cub.  n>.  —  Ki'KbI,  tliirtenrlora,  %v.  IC't,  t. 
BIO.  —  5Iiii<lli'r  Arif.,  Do  Ciimlulle  I'rodr.  iv.  pt.  ii. 
1200.  — Si'liiii/.li.iii,  Iron.  t.  24.1,  f.  3.  —  Le  Maout  A  De- 
OttiiinK,  Truili'  (It'll.  Hut  Kii){li»li  "il.  ''93,  f. —  Exgem, 
yiihink.  Mnlil.  J'ni  nut.  For.  Kj'ilienh.  187ti,  145  (^7. 
.SV.  Croix):  Hull.  U.  S.  .\„l.  Mob.  No.  13,02  (Fl.  St. 
CrnU  mill  llir  I'injin  lilniiih).  —  Heiiialpy,  Hot.  li'iol. 
Am.  Cent.  iii.  134.  —  ,Sar|{ent.  Formt  Trem  .V.  Am.  \i)th 
Cenmiii  I'.  S.  ix.  121.  —  I'nx.  Fni/ler  A-  Fniotl  I'jlunxen- 
film.  iii.  pt.  V.  (.  lit. — llili'liruck,  Hrji.  .Minnouri  Hot. 
(liinl.  iv  r.'O,  Ki'J. 
ManclntlUa  venenata,  I'uhmc,  Fl.  Antitl.  iii.  21,  t.  5 
(1«24). 


A  tri'o,  in  Florida  riiroly  t'xepeiliiijj  twelve  or  flfleen  feet  in  liei^lit,  with  u  Hhort  trunk  five  or  six 
inclips  in  iliaineter,  Init  in  the  West  Indies  often  tifty  to  sixty  feet  tall,  witii  a  trunk  occasionally  three 
feet  in  diameter,  and  loii}r  Npreadin^  |iendulous  liraiiches  which  form  a  handHome  r(mnd-to|ipcd  iicad,  or 
sometimeH  with  Htoiit  erect  liniiiches.  The  hark  of  the  trunk  varies  from  u  '|uarter  tu  a  half  of  an 
inch  in  thickness,  aiul  in  dark  brown  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  small  thick  apiires.sed  irregularly 
shaped  scales;  or  in  the  West  Indies  it  is  sometimes  smooth  and  li^jht  j^ray  or  nearly  white.  The  leaves 
are  three  or  four  iuches  loii^  and  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  hroad,  and  are  raised  on  petioles  two 
and  a  half  to  four  inches  in  length ;  unfolding  in  early  spring,  they  remain  on  the  brandies  in  Florida 
until  the  spring  of  the  followin)r  year,  or  until  the  appearance  of  the  new  )rrowth.  The  Howers  open 
in  .March  before  the  leaves  of  the  year,  and  before  or  after  those  of  the  preeediii^r  year  have  fallen. 
The  rnchis  uf  the  iiillore.sceiice  is  four  to  six  inches  lon^,  dark  purple,  and  uuire  or  less  covered  with  a 
glaucous  bloom.  The  fruit,  which  ripens  in  tlie  autumn  or  early  winter,  and  often  remains  on  the 
branuhea  until  after  the  Howers  of  the  siiuceeding  year  appear,  is  un  iiicii  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in 
diameter,  and  li^ht  yellow  or  yelluw-gruou  with  a  bright  red  che«k. 

JJijijtumane  Muncineltu  is  a  common  inhabitant  of  sandy  beaches  and  dry  knolls  in  the  immediate 
neighlwrhood  of  the  ocean,  fnmi  the  keys  which  stretch  along  the  southern  coast  of  Florida,  and  the 
Hahama  Islands,  through  the  Antilles  to  the  northern  countries  of  South  America,  and  the  eastern 
and  western  coasts  of  Central  America  and  southern  Mexico. 

The  Manchineel,  v;hich  resembles  a  Pear-tree  in  habit  and  in  the  form  and  color  of  its  leaves, 
growing  in  abundance  chise  to  the  shores  and  covered  wiih  toinpting  fruit,  raised  in  the  breasts  of  early 
Kuropean  travelers  in  the  New  World  hopes  of  pleasantness  and  jdeiity  which  were  soon  to  give  way  to 
disjippointment  and  di.smay ;  and  many  of  the  narratives  of  their  journeys,  beginning  with  that  of  the 
second  voyage  of  Colundms,'  who  found  the  Manchineel  on  the  island  of  Marie  Galante,  allude  to  the 

>  "AlU  habia  frutun  salvapniLi  ili-  ilifiTi'Mti's  nmni'ins,  ilo  lua  Knimli' iirilnr  y  iliilor  qim  |iar.'i'i«ninii<  liabaii,  Ion  cuales  se  rrnie- 
quiilfH  alBiiuoH  no  niiiy  «abio»  probalian,  y  ili'l  Riiato  solanii'iitf  to-  diubaii  I'oii  I'uiuu  friiui."  {Htlerl  Leite  Culumbua,  cil.  Major,  23.) 
I'anilolea  cod  las  Irngiiaa  ae  lea  hiiichabau  las  cams,  y  les  veuia  tan  ••  Toman  los  Veiiados,  c ni|)oni;oB      /      us  Balsam  iloiide   Ubcn, 


l« 


h 


;l 


36 


>s7/.r.l    OF  NOHTH  AMERICA. 


KUrnOHBIvVCEil'.. 


attractive  appearance  and  dangerous  properties  of  this  plant,  wliich  contains  a  more  violent  poison  than 
any  other  tree  of  the  North  American  forests. 

The  fruit  of  JJij/j/om(nic  Munvinvlhi  was  descrihed  by  Clusius*  in  IGOf*,  and  the  earliest  authentic 
botanical  description  of  the  tree  appeared  in  Ray's  Jlistoria  Plantarumi'  published  in  London  itt 
1G88,  althoun-b  references  to  what  was  perhaps  the  Manchineel  are  found  in  Dalechamps*  IJistorin 
Giinralis  PUtnt<(rum^^  published  in  Leyilen  in  158G,  and  in  C.  Baubin's  I'inux  Theatri  IJotanici,' 
published  '•»  Bale  in  1023. 

lllppomanv  Maiirimila  was  cultivated  in  1739*  by  Philip  Miller  in  the  Physic  Garden  at  Chekea 
near  London,  but  probably  long  ago  disappeared  from  gardens. 


con  fiortajt  Mnin.finilli*'*."  (Knuuisi'n  I.<)|»pz  do  (lonmra,  lli$t.  fie 
las  Iriiiias,  vH\t.  U*.)     S»m\  also,  ihuL  tap.  71. 

•'  llaiio  vciitiio,  &  qsti),  fc  iV una  Horto  tV arlM>ri  dolia  f^radezza  di 
jKniiari  &  iioii  bisopim  »»■  nun  coglii-n'  il  fnitto,  H  ungerc  ta  frfzta 
nm  C.SS41,  &  sr  nun  Iia  frntti  nf  ruin|Mino  nn  ranio,  Sc  con  crrtn  latti* 
clii  ba.  fanrio  il  int'di-sinin."  (Alvam  Ninn>/,  !ielati(»if  [lUmimio, 
yavti/afttmi  f  VifUi'ji,  iii.J.) 

"  ArlMiri's  in  hao  pn>vini'ia  nostri  n*|HTtTo  diilciinii  |toniurum  fr- 
rai'fs,  mmI  iimxinii'  nnxionini  ;  in  vcnni's  nanqiit>  coim'tui  nmvcrtni.- 
t*'r."      (IVltT  Martvr.  Ihmtits,  ii.  lil>.  i.) 

"  Tht'  niani'iiirl-applt'  is  uf  n  niiwt  plratant  Hwrft  smelt,  of  the 
bi);n«>ss  nf  a  orali,  but  rank  ihumoii,  vrt  the  swim*  aid  liinU  have 
learnt  to  shun  it."  (Smith,  Travris,  Aiivmturef  arul  Ot>.irrraliou.t. 
cap.  xx\i.) 

**  At  onr  firit  landinf;  on  this  Inland  (Santa  Cniz)  itome  of  our 
women  and  nii'ii,  by  eating  a  sinail  fruit  like  gn-ene  Applen,  were 
frarfully  tntuMcd  with  a  sudden  burning  in  (heir  luuutheH,  and 
swelling  of  tht'ir  tongue-*  so  bii;gt',  that  sohh'  of  them  .'ould  not 
sjH'ake.  Al.so  a  <-hild  h\  '^ut-kiiig  one  of  thoHc  unnienH  lirts-uttH,  had 
at  that  in>itant  hit  mouth  net  on  itneli  a  tnirning,  that  it  wart  stnuigo 
to  hee  how  tin-  infant  wa.*t  (ornn-ntcd  for  lhi>  linn'  :  but  after  'J4 
hours  it  ware  away  of  itsflf."  (llakbiyt.  Vou'iW^*'  •''  ("'vans,  lii.  ^1 
[Fiiurth   \'<iifaijr  tii   Virqiuin,  anno  LV"].) 

**  Fruticeta  item  juxta  littora  naaeuntiir,  ipiip  {**'"' '^  (piirdnm 
ferunt  piviibus  cxitiowi  si  in  a4|uam  dendant  ;  qutn  &  umbra  illius 
fnitictri  aduimlum  nocet  hominibus,  si  sub  illo  ubdonniveriot,  Man- 
canillo  viH'iuit."'     (.Ian  ib-  La^'t.  Snv.  Ch-h.  2.) 

"*■  I)e  nociru  arburibus.  Sunt  dulcium  pomonim  ffrmces,  itrd 
maximt''  noxiorum."     (Nipn'mlwrg.  //«(,  SiU.  lib.  liv.  3.'U.) 

l.e  M.iiit'fnilitr,  Kmdiefort.  llistoire  \nturrUf  ft  MamU  det  hln 
AntiUfn,  KM. 

*•  II -M' troiiur  dans  toutes  ces  iitles  tine  seule  norte  de  |H>mme, 
qui  a  du  rap|Hirt  av<  e  eeUen  de  rKurt)|H'.  Cos  |NMnnies  Rort  tiMites 
Hi'iiibtablcn  aux  (H'tites  |M)mnifs  de  Paradiit  ;  ipiuv  qu'en  effet  eo 
soient  du  vrayi'"  pomniett  di-  IVi.fer  &  de  nH>rt,  autnnt  dangiTPUsoH 
au  corps  de  o-m  (pii  en  mangent.  que  la  ]K>mme  d'.Vdain  le  fut  k 
wm  aroe."  (I>u  Tertr«,  Hut.  <irr%.  4t$  hies  tie  Saint  ChrutopAt, 
2r4  ;  flint,  den.  Antill.  ii.  101  1 


"Kt  uoinim^ment  snr  le  rivage  de  la  iner  il  y  a  foree  arbrimeaux 
qui  |Hirtent  1i*h  lenrs  ressemblanH  presques  k  nos  {mires  yiir(M>s,  inais 
tn''«  dangereux  k  manger."  (1)«  Lery,  Hiit.  tVun  Voyage  faU  en  la 
Tntf  flu  lirestl, 'JKl) 

*'  \m  |>omnie  de  Mancenille,  cm  do  Maconilier  est  tout-k-fmt 
srinblable  k  la  {Himme  Dapis  pour  la  eouleur.  la  grosseur  &  rodenr. 
Pour  le  goiit  je  n'en  dinu  rien,  ma  euriiMitt'  n'a  pan  ^ti^  juMpi'lt  I'ti 
fftire  rexin'rience."*  ( I«abat,  A'outvau  Votfage  aux  Isles  tie  VAmtrt'fUf. 
i.  171.  t) 

*  (hhimlarvi  perrgriuw  fhirtus  nert'is  rfiJh'nrfta,  Exot.  lib.  ii.  cap. 
X.  ;«).  —  , I.  Bauhin,  Hi.H.  den.  u  lib.  iii.  .'127. 

*  Arbiir  tvfwnatn  Manr-infllo  tUrtn,  ii.  1(U4J. 

Arf»>r  vrnr-tutta,  ywimi/rrrt,  I.tmouur  f'ttUit  Amerii^naf  Mancinflln 
'/iWn,  (,\mimelin,  (Mt.  llort.  Arrut.  ICV. 

Arhttr  Amerii^na  .Xfam-inello  tlirta,/nt»'tu  pomi  penenatn,  Pluki-- 
net.  /'ht/t.  t.  U'J,  f.  4  ;  Aim.  iiot.  44. 

Jughiwli  tylfinis  art^r  juit/rrti,  lactefreru,  t^enrtitita,  pffri/olia  Man- 
raniilo  Ht-iftfitui  tlirUt,  SliMiie,  f'n/.  IH.  Jam.  120;  \nt.  f list.  Jam 
ii.  3.  t.  l.W. 

Afaliu  Amrruiimi,  LauriH-eraxi  t'o'in,  veiienata.  Manrtnelto  tirh»r 
seu  .yfasfimlia  (/i  la,  Conimelin,  //<>rr.  AmAl.  VM,  t.  (W. 

.\fanfiinilla  yyri  tacif,  IMuniier,  Sav.  IH.  Am.  rVm.  r»0.  ^  CaltH- 
by,  Sni    Ilijf.  <"ar.  ii.  tr>.  t.  {V\. 

HipfMtmanr  fulii*  otHitia  serrfttist  lannieui,  Hort.  Cliff ■  4H4.  —  Ki)yt'n, 
Ft.  Leyfl.  Profir.  KVt. 

Hipptmiane.  .irt>orettm  /.irfMirtu,  ntmulit  trmatts,  petioiis  ifinn- 
iluia  luittitix  :  jiorihtts  fpirati*  mirtin,  Bn»wne,  A'<i/.  Hist.  Jam.  WA. 

/V  nrfnmhH$  rm^matis,  iv.  Maru-unillo,  .lonston,  //w/.  \al.  Arh. 
(.Ml.  Ki-kibrerht),  ii.  2r.7. 

Sec.  also,  .KmsloD,  DervlrograpSint  40,  "  Fmctus  lirasiliensis  Mr- 
spilo  simiiis.*^ 

'  "  Item  alia  fhufum  ferens  pUfx  magnitiuHne  t*wu  xperiosum,  Sfl 
venenatum"  ii.  1H,'VI. 

*  MeHftilo  ttmilia  /twfiu  venenatus,  4A4.  Arbor  /ructu  piUa  magni' 
tiuline,  Tily. 

*  AiUin,  Hart.  Kew.  iii.  378. 


KUl'HORBIACE^,. 

'lit  poison  than 

rliest  autlientic 

111  London  in 

limps'  IJin/oria 

■atri  Jiolunicl,- 

den  at  Chelsea 


«  fcin'e  nrlirinncnni 

IMiirpn  rurii'ii,  luuli 

'im  Voiiagtfail  m  la 

iliiT   eat    toiit-k-fnit 
irriwwiir  &  I'oilpnr. 

|1H«    6i6    jlllU|iril    ,'M 

1 1  limit  rAmeni/M, 


u,  Kiol.  lib.  ij. 


..p. 


rrirana,   Mnna>uU„ 

iti  rtnmalo,  I'lukf- 

inta,  /lyri/olia  Mun- 
lt> ;  \fll.  Hut.  Jam 

Maiutnelto  arh„r 
t.  (W. 
•  Om.  no,  —  Cai, ,. 

lijr.  4*1.  _  I{.,v,.„, 

na'i',  ptiiolu  i/lim- 
I.  Ilitl.  Jam.  :m. 
in,  //«(.  \ai.  Arl: 

u  Unuitirfitii  Mr- 

rw«  nptciogitm,  tfil 

fructu  pila  maf/ni- 


I    M 


4 
f 

i 


1^ 


I 


\h 


EXPLANATION   OK   TIIK    PLATK. 


Pl.ATK    t'CC'X.       lllri'KMANK    MaMINKI.I.A. 

1.  A  Hiiwri'rln^'  am)  friiitiii);  hrant'li,  naturiil  hizc. 

2.  I)in);ram  of  a  slniiiirmU'  Hiiwcr. 

3.  Diagram  uf  a  |>i»till»to  llowi-r. 

4.  A  rlu.itor  of  Htaiiiinate  Howcrs  inrlosml  by  their  bract,  enlargvid. 
r>.  A  utaiiiinate  fluwer,  vnlarj^. 

6.  A  Ntaiiiiriat^  tlowcr.  tlie  anthers  Hliglitly  diver^ng,  enlarged. 

7.  A  |ii»tiUate  tluwer,  oiilartfi'd. 

8.  Vertical  iiection  iif  a  pistillate  tlower,  viilar);u<l. 
y.  CroM  Hi*eti<>n  of  an  ovar\'.  enlargtMl. 

10.  An  ovule,  niiirli  uiagnilied. 

11.  Vertical  section  of  ii  fruit,  natural  Hir.o. 

12.  Cruai  section  of  a  fruit,  natural  site, 
llf.  A  nutlet,  natural  si/.e. 

14.  A  iiee4!.  enlarged. 

1."'.   An  embryo,  enlargetl. 

10.  Portiun  of  a  young  liraiiclilet  with  stipuU,  enlarged. 


Silva  of  North   Ameru  ;i  . 


Pj^- 


J/ 


>¥ 


Tab.  crr.x 


iii 


i  1 

I  •  :  1 


!t  * 


t 

I 


II;, 


,i: 


h 


-w 


f'ii. 

ft.' 


!!: 


tr  ? 


!  S  4  i 


Sil 


Silva  of  North    Ampir- a 


i    i: 


t  I 


,t 


ii 


1    ! 


P.     ■ 


^1 


(1 


]!? 


ii 


r 


>     < 


f 


J     t  , 


HIFPOMANE     MANCINELLA, 


/  .V/(**rHi.«'  i/oir ' 


/"^     /  f.irfJtf  r^in,*- 


H 


1 


n 


ULMAC£^ 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


39 


ULMUS. 

Flowkrs  perfect  or  rarely  polygamous ;  calyx  4  to  9-lobcd,  the  lobes  imbricated 
in  icstivatioM  ;  corolla  0  ;  stamens  4  to  0,  erect  before  anthesis  ;  disk  0  ;  ovary  sui)erior, 
1  or  rarely  2-cclled  ;  ovule  solitary,  suspended.  Fruit  a  compressed  samara,  peripter- 
ous.     Leaves  alternate.  2-ranked,  deciduous  or  sub-persistent,  furnished  with  stipules. 


Ulmus,    l.innifUM,    r,V,/.  08    (17:!T).  —  Acliinwm.    Fum.   I'l.  Mioroptelea.  Simcli,  yl«H.  .Sdi'.  JV«r  R(!r.  2.  xv.  358  (1841).— 
ii.  ;i77.  _  A.    L.    d«   .lussicu,     den.    408.  —  Kiidliilier,  Kiidlicliur.  Oen.  Siippl.  ii.  29.  —  Meimier,  Oen.  ii.  370. 

(len.  271).  —  Mcisner,  ^'ih.  ;i.">l.  —  Hiiillim.  Ilift.   VI.  vi.  ChBBtoptelea.    Lii'lpinann,    VUlemk.    Medd.  fra    nat.   for, 
184.  —  Iluntliain  &  Hunker.  Gen.  iii.  3.M.  —  Tax,  Emjler  Kjiibeiih.  18,'>0,  76. 

&  I'rantl  I'Jtanxfnfam.  iii.  pt.  i.  02. 

Trufs  or  rurely  sliruhs,  with  watery  juice,  deeply  furrowed  bark,  slender  terete  unarmed  slightly 
■i\^/.ii^  braiichle's  often  furnisheil  with  corky  winj^s,  and  lihrous  roots.  Leaf-buds '  formed  early  in  the 
season  in  the  a:;ils  of  leaves  of  tile  year,  covered  with  numerous  ovate  rounded  chestnut-brown  <i;labrous 
piilterulous  or  \  irsute  scales  closely  imbricated  in  two  ranks,  increasing  in  size  from  without  inward  ; 
scales  of  the  outer  rows  sterile ;  those  of  the  inner  rows  accrescent,  replacing  the  stipules  of  the  first 
leaves,  <lc(idiu)iis,  marking  the  base  of  the  branchlet  in  falling  with  persistent  ring-like  scars.  Leaves 
couduplicate  in  vernation,  alternate,  two-ranked,  petiolate,  simply  or  doubly  serrate,  penniveined,  decid- 
uous or  rarely  subpersistent ;  stipules  lateral,  linear-lanceolate  to  obovate,  entire,  free  or  connate  at 
the  base,  scarious,  inclosing  the  leaf  in  the  bud,  caducous.  Inflorescence-buds'-  axillary  near  the  ends 
of  the  branches,  similar  to  but  rather  larger  than  the  leaf-buds,  the  outer  scales  sterile,  the  inner 
hearing  flowers  and  rarely  leaves.  Flowers,  perfect  in  the  American  species,  minute,  articulate  on 
slender  bibracteolate  j)cdicels  produced  from  the  axils  of  linear  acute  scarious  bracts  in  pedunculate 
or  sidisessile  fascicles  or  cymes,  a|>pearing  in  early  spring  before  the  leaves  in  the  axils  of  those  of  the 
previous  year  or  autumnal  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year.  Calyx  campanulate,  tour  to  nine,  usually 
tivo-lobed,  mend)ranaceous,  niarceseent.  Stamens  ua  many  as  and  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  ealvx, 
hypogynous  ;  tihunents  tiliform  or  slightly  flattened,  erect  in  the  bud,  exserted  after  anthesis  ;  anthers 
oblong,  eniarginate,  subcordate  at  the  base,  attiU'hed  on  the  back  below  fiie  middle,  extrorse,  two-celled, 
tlic  cells  opening  longitudinally.  Ovary  sessile  or  stipitate,  compres.sed,  glabrous  or  hirsute,  crowneil 
with  a  simple  dce])ly  two-lobed  style,  the  spreading  lobes  i>apillo-stigmatic  on  the  inner  face,  usually 
oni-celled  by  abortion,  rarely  two-celled  ;  ell'cte  or  rudiment  iry  in  the  staminate  flower  ;  ovule  solitary, 
susi)ended  from  the  a]>ex  of  the  cell,  amphitropous ;  niicropvle  extrtu'se,  superior.  Fruit  ovate  or  oblong, 
often  ohli(]ue,  sessile  or  stipiUite,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  remnants  of  the  calyx,  membranaceous ; 
.seminal  cavity  compressed,  slightly  thickened  on  the  margin,  charfciceous.  produced  into  a  thin  retic  u- 
late-veuuloso  mend)ranaceous  light  brown  broad  or  rarely  narrow  wing  naked  or  ciliate  on  the  margin, 


l!'  <  )  ■ 


i    i 


'  I'liims  ilwR  nut  form  a  termiiml  liuil,  tlio  piul  of  tlip  bniiioli      xvii.  1S4,  t.  12,  f.  3  ;  Bull.  Torrey  Bol.  Club,  lix.  208,  t.  132,  f.  8  ; 
(lying  iiiul  dropping  oil'  curly  in  tin'  at'ii-soii,  Iciivinj;  i\  uniall  nciirly       xx.  102,  t.  147,  f.  8,  10). 

orliiiMiliir  piilu  si'ar  liy  tlm  nidi'  nt  tlu'  uppur  axillury  bud  wiiiili  '  Ili'nry,  .Vdi'.  .4c/.  Cur.  xxii.  ;107,  t.  28.  —  llitidicuok,  7'nitj.,.  .Si. 

pnilohga  the  braiieli  thij  following  spring  (Foei-stc,  Bol.  Uaitlle,      hiuis  .-iriul.  vi.  M"!  ;  The  Woody  PlanU  of  Manhallan  in  their  Win- 
ter Condition,  10. 


'■«. 


40 


SILVA    OF  yORTll   AMERICA, 


ULMACEJf:. 


tipped  with  or  inclosinjj  tlio  remnants  iif  tlie  persistent  style  iintl  sometimes  niiirkyd  horizontilly  by  the 
thiekened  Hne  of  union  of  the  two  carpels.  Seed  ovate,  eonipressed,  marked  on  the  ventral  edjye  with 
the  tliin  raphe,  solitarv.  suspemled  Fnim  the  apex  of  the  eell,  destitute  of  albumen  ;  testii  meml)ranuceous, 
\\^A\i  or  dark  ehestnut-brown,  of  two  e  )ats»  rarely  produced  into  a  narrow  \\\\\^.  Knd>ryo  erect; 
cotvledons  flat  or  sli^htlv  convex,  flesliy.  much  lonjjer  tiian  the  superior  radicle  turned  toward  tlu* 
oltlon<j^  linear  pale  l»ihim.' 

I  linus,  of  which  iiftecn  or  sixteen  species  can  be  distin*;uislu'd,  is  widely  distributed  through  the 
botcid  anil  temperate  rejj^iona  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  witli  the  exception  of  westorn  North  America, 
where  no  Elm-tree  is  found,  reaehin*;  in  the  New  World  the  mountains  of  southern  Mexico,  upon  which 
one  species  ■' occurs,  and  in  tlic  OKI  World  tlie  subtropical  forests  of  tlie  Sikkiui  llimahiya,  the  hoiin) 
of  UhiuiH  /(invi/'o/iit,^  The  forest**  of  eastern  North  America  contain  live  species  ;  in  Europe  thico 
species  occur;  (tf  these  two,  Uhmts  ((iniptsfris*  and  Cinius  snil'ra^'^'  ranj^e  through  the  northern, 
ecntial,  and  stintiicrn  parts  of  the  continent,  *»xtendin^  to  tlie  mountains  of  northern  Africa,  to  the 
Caucasus.  Persia,  and  Turkestan,  and  thrt>ujrh  Siberia,  Manchuria,  and  northern  ('hina  to  Japan  ;  the 
third   European  species''  is  conlined   to  the  central  and  southeastern  portions  of  the  continent  and  to 


'  Hv  riiiMfhon  (Ann.  Sci.  \tit.  Ht'r  ',\  x.  lit»e>  I'lnnis  han  boon 
iii\iil('»l  into  tiif  ft)ll(iwiii^  miIi^cihth  : 

OuKurinKA  (Simi'ii.  Ann.  Sa.  Xut.  s**r.  'J,  xv.  'MV,\).  Rowits 
\orii:(l.  ;i|tinuniijj  Itt-forc  the  IfftVfS  :  |H-(li('t'l«  subcvinoHO  or  fiitci- 
I'U'il,  I  luiiffaUd  ;  pcriiuith  IoIm-iI  srsiri-t'lv  to  the  iiiHldle.  Kriiil 
(It'iistlv  oiliatf  oil  thf  miirjjin.s.     I^i-avi-*  flri-iiliiouH. 

ItKYoiTKi.KA  (Sp:u'li,  /.  <■.  'MM).  Klowcrs  vcniul.  n)t|Hmrin^  Im-- 
t'ori'  the  ii'iiv»'>  ;  )>(-(lu-fI.s  clowly  fasrirltnl.  iil)ltrr\  iatcil  ;  jicriiintli 
johfil  acurt'fly  to  tin-  midiilf.     Knut  iiakrcl  uti  the  iiiiir^iim.     Ia'hvi's 

(ll'l'ilillOVI.S. 

Mlc'KUPTKi.KA  (Spiu-hi  /.  r.  358).  Klowrrn  Hiitiitntial  iu  the  axils 
of  h'livp.H  of  tin*  yi'iir;  pt'iiiccls  fuscicltMl,  inon*  or  !(•>!(  abl>n>viat('<l  ; 
]H-riiUitli  tlividtMt  to  1h'K>w  l)w  iiiiililte.  Fruit  viliate  or  naked  on 
tlif  mar^^iim.     lA-avfS  (tubpiT'^i^tnit  or  tanlily  (Ifi-idtiuus. 

-  t  '.»iu.t  .\firiratin,  I'laiulion,  /V  ( 'nini'tiir.  Pnxlr.  xvii.  l.")*i 
(ISTII). —  liiMii-.li-\,  Hot.  HiifL  Am.  Cmt.  iii.  i:tS. 

Vhtttopulm   MrTti-ntut,  Lii'tunuiin,    \'iilrn.ik.  Mf<l.   /hj   uat.    h'ur. 
Kj"heuh.  IH.">(>,  70  ;    Ihva^k.  Vultnsk.  StUk.  Skri/t.  »er,  o,  ii   036. 

—  \Vii)[)t*rs,  .Inn.  iii.  LIT. 

»  KoxlmrL'b,  /V.  Iwi.  vd.  'J.  ii.  m  (1H;VJ).  —  Wallicli.  PI.  An.  Har. 
11.  H»i,  t.  'JOO.  —  Planulion,  Ann.  Sri.  Sat.  act.  3,  x.  'JSl  ;  /V  Cr.n- 
dulie  i*ro(ir.  I.  f.  102.  —  Kiirz,  Forest  FL  Itrit.  Jiurm.  ii.  473.  — 
(tninlil(\  .\fan.  Imfian  Timf'frs,  3ll!. —  lloukor  f.  FL  tint.  Ind.  v. 
■ISO.  —  KurlH's  &  llfiiiKlfV,  Jour.  Linn.  Sor.  ixvi.  117. 

f'lmun  UiHtktnantiy  Pl:tin-liou,  /V  Camloilr  Froilr.  I.  r.  (1S73). 
*  Ijiiiufti!*,  .V/)fr. 'Jii."*  (in  iiart)  (17.")^J).  —  Suwerliy,  Futfii.*h  Hot. 
xxvii.  U.SO,  t  IHSO.  -  IMiin.-lion,  Ann.  Sri.  StU.  I.  r.  '27t'.  ;  f)e  Can- 
(lo'lf  Frwlr.  t.  r.  ir>*J.  —  Maxiniowic/,  fiuU.  Arml.  Sri.  St.  Prtern- 
bounj,  xviii.  'JIM)  (.V/.7.  liiol.  \x.  'J-').  ~  Kch-Ii,  l>entlr.  ii.  WX%.  ~  Bois- 
aiLT,  FL  Orient,  i  .  1157  — Kruiiphi't,  .In-i.  Sri.  A'a/.  i*<'r.  0,  xviii. 
25(1  (/v.  Turkemn)  :  Sour.  Arrh.  Mux.  w«r.  L'.  v.  'J(W  (/V.  />!»•«/. 
i.).  —  I)ipi»el,  Unwif>.  Uuhhftlzk.  li.  'J'J.  —  IufIh-h  Hi  lit'iiisl.'y,  /.  <: 
■1141 

r/ffcw  i/lahrii.  Miller,  /hn.vtX.  H,  N<i.  1  (17."iSj.  — Lomluii,  Arh. 
liril.  iii.  IKKt.  —  DipiM'!.  i.  .,  '^.\ 
I'lmnn  .intirii,  ')ii  U*ii,  flurhk.  lUiutn:.  ii.  502  (I77-\ 
I'lmiix  xuhrr'nin,  Mcm-iu-Ii.  liiiumr  W'tias.  130  (17H5).        Klirharl, 
/ifilr.  vi    Si".  —  Willdenow,    /In-L    lUuimz.  3U1  ;    Spec.   i.    pt.   li. 
1324.—  SovnTby,  /.  '.  x\xi.  L'lOl,  t.  L'lOl. 

Vlmm  f'ttUfirni,  Cilihcrt,  I'h'/ln!  «/.  ii.  3'.»."i  (171)2). 
(JImtu  telmtuim,  Sclikubr,  Hnmlh.  \.  ITS,  t.  o7  (,1H08). 


Vlmn*  vnliffirin.  I)iiiiii>rtirr,  FJ.  Helg.  2.'i  (1S27). 

This  is  the  cnriiiiioti  Klm-tn*t'  tif  Kun>pr,  iimiaUy  callnl  KiighKli 
Klin  ill  the  I'liiteil  States,  although  now  nut  U-lieved  to  be  a  nntivf 
of  Kn^lanil.  wtiere  it  vcxa  probably  carried  )»y  tlie  KonmiiH.  (Ste 
henthain.  ///.  finmtf'.  Hnf.  FL  \\.  740.)  For  eeiitnrifM  it  lia.s  liecii 
planted  in  F.iirope  as  an  ornaiiient  to  parks  luid  ^arileiiH  and  uh  a 
tiniU'r-trt-e  ;  it  wa.s  brnut;lil  to  New  Kn^land  diinii;^  the  Ontt  et-n- 
tury  of  the  eoluny  on  .MassaeliiiHettH  Hay,  and  vi^nroiis  Hpeoinieiu 
in  the  nei^hlntrhotKl  of  Hoxton  more  than  a  hnndred  and  Hfly  >eHr> 
old  itbow  that  it  is  better  adapted  to  the  climate  of  eaiterii  N'orlh 
Aineriea  than  many  otlier  Kuru|M'ati  treett  (Sargent,  Hep.  Str.  .\ta*< 
liiHinl  Ai/rir.  XXV.  24).  In  Kiiropcan  Mur«erio»  a  nunilHT  of  forms 
of  this  tree,  wbteli  hIiows  a  rmiarkable  tendency  to  iM'niinal  varia- 
tion, preuliar  in  habit  or  in  the  form  and  t-titonn^  of  their  leav);*, 
have  apjM'ari'il  and  are  r>ftfn  pUuited  by  the  lovers  of  eiiriuUH  trees 
or  for  tiinlHir  (London,  /.  r.  1375.  13!»."k  —    J'lanebun,  /.  r. ). 

'  Miller,  /.  ..  No.  2(17.58).  ~  K.H-h.  Drfuir.  L  r.  412.—  Dippe!. 
/.  r.  27. 

Vlmns  riimjteftrtM,  Linnifiis  /.  «-.  (in  part)  (1753). 

Ulmun    mimlnna    Withering,   .Irr.    /iot.   I'rtj.   dr.    tirit.  li.  271) 

(1770).  —  Sowerby,   /.   r.   xvii.    1K87,  t.   18H7.  -    rUnehaii,  Ann. 

Sri.  A'fi/.  /.  c.  274  ;  I>e  CantioUe  l^rodr.  L  r.  150.  —  ItoiiMier,  /.  <■ 

ll.V*.  ~  FnuK'het  Hi  Savatier,   Fnum.  FL  Jnp.  i.  431.  —  FurlMv* 

A:  Ilenisley,  /.  c.  448. 
Vlmn:t  HoUnndirti,  PallaH,  FL  Jiott.  i.  77  (not  Miller)  (17Hh 
Fhmu  nwln,  Klirhart,  /.  r.  HO  (17'.»1). 
FlmHM  fxrtl.*ft,  H..rklmiiM-n.  /inwih.  Furst'.ot.  i,  SHl*  ( IHOO). 

.\m  an  nnianietital  tree  ihc  Wyeli  or  Duteli  F.Ini  with  its  nuiner- 
oii«  -^fiiiiiial  vari -tie.H  pnido.  I  in  <-ultiMition  (I^nndon,  L  r.  lltllS) 
iH  plantrd  in  parks  and  gardeui  ia  all  the  eoiintrieH  of  nurtherti 
and  eentnil  Kiiropf.  ami  in  the  eastern  I'nited  States,  where  it  is 
less  eoiiunonly  mm  n  than  /  'Onus  iiimpf.it r is,  ami  where  it  now  Koine- 
tinic.H  Aprin^  iiji  H)HMitJiiieuu«ly. 

In  the  i.tland  of  Ye.w  the  AintM  weave  a  iitrun}(  durabb*  eloth 
from  the  inner  bark  uf  u  variety  of  this  tree  (var.  lurtnuita,  Maxi- 
inowiez,  Prim.  Fl.  Amur.  240),  whieh  i»  eoinnuni  in  tliv  forests  whu  h 
cover  the  mountains  in  the  interior  of  the  inland  (Rein,  Intiustntit 
o/  Japan,  101).  —  Sar^^ent,  Forrxt  FL  Jajtan,  57). 

«  I'liniis  Urn.",  I'allas,  /■'/.  /iW*.  i.  75,  t.  IS,  F.  (17S4 ).  —  Korli, 
Lr-  \VX 

Vltnwi  petiunrulatd,  FuurgurouZi  AJim.  .irtui.  Sri.   17H4,  211, 


nr.MACE.r,. 


I  Mill.-r)  (  17H11 


LKMACKiE. 


SILVA    OF  NORTU  AMERICA. 


41 


the  Cauc'JWUH.  One  HpeeioH  '  iiiliiil)its  tlio  western  Ilinialiiyii  from  Nopuul  to  Cuslinieie ;  and  another^ 
Tliiliet  and  noithern  Cliina,  where  two  or  tliree  otliers  still  imperfectly  known  have  been  discovered.' 
Tile  type  is  an  ancient  one/  its  traces  existing  in  the  early  tertiary  rocks  of  Greenhmd  ;  before  the 
glacial  pericd  it  long  inhabited  Kiu'ope,  wt  stern  Asia,  and  North  America,  where  it  abonnded  on  the 
uiid-continental  platean,'^  and  ranged  westwa.'d  to  the  shores  of  the  Pacitic  Ocean." 

Ulnuis  produces  heavy,  hard,  tough,  and  sometimes  strong  light-colored  wood  often  ditticult  to 
split,  containing  in  the  American  species  concentri'-  circles  of  irregularly  arranged  groups  of  small  open 
ducts.  The  mucilaginous  inner  bark  of  the  branchti'  of  the  North  American  Uhnus  J'tiloa  is  used 
medicinally ;  and  the  tough  iinier  bark  of  some  of  the  .species  is  made  into  rope  or  woven  into  coarse 
dutli.  In  China  a  nourishing  white  mucilaginous  ineal  is  made  from  the  inner  bark  of  Elnt-trees 
and  used  as  food  by  the  mountaineers  of  the  northern  provinces,  and  in  the  composition  of  incense 
sticks ;  tlie  fruit  is  employed  in  medicine,  and  the  bark  and  young  fruits  are  eaten  in  periods  of  severe 
famine.^ 

In  all  temperate  and  boreal  regions  of  North  An^erica  and  Europe  Elm-trees  are  planted  for  shade 
and  ornament,  particularly  Uhiuts  Aiiwrlcanii,  U/iintu  ulat(i,an<l  Ulmus  crassiJ'olUi  in  North  America, 
and  Ulmii.i  niiiipi stris,  UIiiihm  xvabrtt,  and  f'/miin  Id'tii  in  Europe. 

lu  North  America  Ulnuis  is  preyed  upon  liy  many  inht'cts,"  which  in  some  parts  of  the  country  often 


t.  •_'  (17S7).  —  I'lalicholi,  Ann.  Sri.  Xiit.  »i<r.  Il,  x.  •167  ;  I>e  Can- 
lUiUr  I'rixlr.  x\ii.  l.M.  —  Dippi'l,  Ilmulli.  iaii'VW-.  ii.  It'J. 

Ulmiu  effhia,  Willdi'iiow,  llert.  Ilmiin:.  .V'\  ,  IT'JO)  j  .S'/jcc.  i.  pt. 
ii.  Kt'-'o.  —  Loiiiluii,  .irh.  llril.  iii.  l;i'J7. 
Utinun  liluild.  Khrliiirt,  Heilr.  SS  (ITiU). 
t'/miw  iirlimlrii,  Silikulir,  llnnilh.  i,  ITS,  t.  o?  (1701). 
'   IJlmu.i  H':illi,hiiimi,   i'hiii.liuii,  .inn.  .Sri.  A'o(.  /.  <■.  '^77  (184«)  , 
lie  ( ■iinilMe  I'rinlr.  I.  r.  IM.  —  \imiu\ia,  FomI  h'l.   Itrit.  InJ.  inL'. 
I.  .">1. — (lamljli,  .l/uii.  /lu/uiti    /'miVr,*,  :H1.  —  lliHikiT  f.  Fl.     int. 
Iwl.  V.  tlMI. 

rYmiMmm/iri/ri.1,  Hmiiili.H, /.  <■.  4;i;i(niil  LiiimiMis)  (Xene  IIdoUit 
f.  (..-.)  (1S71). 

'  I'lniM  fHirri/oliii,  .lur  luiii,  Hurl.  .Sriiirnlir.  iii.  1),  t. :  <iL'  (17!)8).  ^ 
I'luiu'hou,  .Inn.  Sri.  .\„l.  I.  r.  liSO;  De  Ctmlullr  I'ru Ir.  I.  r.  Itil. — 
llmiuli.s,  <.  c.  4;M.  —  .Miixiiiiiiwii'z,  Hull.  .-{rwl.  ,Sri.  Si.  I'ilmliourij, 
xviii.  'IVi  (.Mil.  lliul.  ix.  •!.',). —  Kraiii'liot  &  .Siv  .tier,  A'lium.  /•/. 
Jiili.  i.  4;)1.  —  Hunker  f.  I.  r.  '..i!  —  Kiir  hm  iV  llci  islev,  Juiir.  Linn. 
Sor.  xxvi.  -I-IH. 

L'lmuA  C^iiiftuM,  I'lninjii,  .Syri.  i.  •.".)!  (18ir>). 
I'lanrnl iHlm/nliii.  .^vvi-vt,  Hurl.  Ilnl.  iil.  •_',  4<!-l  (ISIIO). 
L'lmiu  nryiilii,  Hiuliiir);h,  /■'/.  Iiul.  iil   'J,  07  (ls;i-'). 
rimim  rumiK'stn.i,  /«in-//,./i.;,  l.iiuiloM,  /.  ,-.  1:177  (ISJW). 
Ulmii.i  rilmi,f»trii,  t'hinrn.»i.<,  Liiiiiluii,  /.  r.  ^18;1K). 
Mirrnftldrn    iHirvifoliti,  .'^p:u-li,   .inn.  .Sri.  .\'ii(.  st<r.  'J,  xv.  'Xt\} 
(IKlll. 

'I'hi.s  liiiiiilsniiic  small  trcf  is  dftfii  plauti-il  in  ti'iupli'  gnmnils 
ill  .lapali,  wliiTc  it  wan  priiliably  oarrii'il  from  China  lij  lluililliist 
priest.!  ;  in  tlin  InittMl  .States  it  in  iKeasinnally  euUivateil  in  llie 
neiKhlHirliocHJ  iif  New  York  and  lliiatun,  wliero  it  i.i  liurily  and 
apparently  iM'rfectlv  at  hinne  (danlrn  ,;nil  Furrtl,  i.  i!3I,  3lL'). 

^  llanee,  Jmr.  Hot.  vi.  IW'.'.  --  Slaximowicz,  /.  r.  :!H0  (/.  ,■.  ■^•J).  _ 
I'laiuliot,  .Vuur.  .irrli.  .l/ii.<.  si'r.  L',  v.  •.';«!  (/'/.  tliirid.  i.)._  Forbes 
&  llinisley, /.  ,-.  14U. 

'  .Sipnrta,  Oriijiur   I'llliontnloijiiiur  ilr.t  .Irlires, 'IVJ,    f. 'J.">.  Zit- 

lel,  llanilb.  fillminluliig.  ii.  17-.',  f.  'JHO,  I    l:i. 

'  Lesipierenx,  I'.  S.  Iltuloij.  Snrv.  vii.  IS7,  t.  ^0,  f.  1  ;)  ;  viii.  ItU) 
(Cunlrih.  I'osa.  /'I.  Western  Terrilnrirx.  ii.,  iii.). —  I,.  F.  Ward,  .inn. 
Ilrp.  I  J.  S.  aealii/.  Sun:  lWli-1 -«,■),  .^wi',  t.  40,  f.  1  0  (Si/n.  Fl.  Liini- 
mie  itrtiup). 


•  I  ..wpiereni,  /.  .■.  'JOO,  'JO.".,  t.  4,">,  H.  f.  3,  4,  7  ;    .V«7i.  Mus. 

Con/,.  /.ii„l.  vi.  pi.  ii.  1,),  t.  4,  f.  Ij  t.  «,  f.  7'  (/■».<;/  /Vii'i(.«  of  the 
All  nferoni  fintrrl  I)efiaiit  of  the  Sierra  Nrvadd). 

'  ilretselnu'ider,  Jiinr.  \iirlh~China  liranrh  liiif/.  Anuttir  Sn<:  n. 
ier.  XXV.  1-8,  ;10.1  {Itulanirini  .StniVum,  ii. ).  —  Smith,  Chine.ir  Mttt. 
Mril.  VI). 

'  While  many  »peeic8  of  inseets  fee<l  npon  I'lnins  in  North 
America,  the  gri-'atest  injury  is  eaused  by  a  companitively  few 
kinds  whieli  are  most  abundant  on  and  often  pjvrtieularly  destructive 
to  trees  planted  fur  slia<le  or  ornament.  Packard  (Fifth  He/i.  U.  S. 
Fnlnmiiliii/.  I  'omm.)  enuinenktes  seventy-two  species  aji  oeenrrinj;  on 
the  Kim  in  thi'  I'uiti'd  States,  and  thi.H  nuuibiT  could  probably  be 
now  largely  inerea.sed. 

Saiierilii  Iriilenlula,  Olivier,  whtMe  larv.'B  eau8o  great  destruction 
by  liuring  into  the  livin);  tn-es,  especially  in  suiue  of  tin'  western 
cities,  is  one  of  the  most  ilanj^erous  species  infestiii);  the  woikI  of 
KIm-tree«.  An  importetl  nujtii,  /Cruzrni  /ii/rinn,  Fabricins,  appears 
to  be  destructive  to  Films  in  New  .lersey  ami  New  York,  where  it 
has  now  lieeunu-  established  (.1.  II.  Sinitb,  liunlm  ami  Fiir,al,  iii. 
'M).  'I'he  moat  dan),'erou.s  fuliajie-destroyiuK  insects  to  Films  are  the 
lauker-worms,  I'lilnirriln  rermUn,  I'eek,  and  Fiii/onia  .luKsiifniiriii, 
llidiuer,  auil  aji  imported  Film-leaf  Beetle,  liiiterura  j:anthonu-l(etul, 
Schnink.  The  larvie  of  the  lirst  often  defoliate  Films  and  other 
trees  in  the  eastern  and  middle  states,  and  bandinj;  the  trees  with 
cloth  coviri'd  with  printers'  ink  or  other  sticky  matter  is  commonly 
practiced  in  onler  to  prevent  the  ascent  of  the  win),'less  fcnuilc 
moths.  The  Mlin-leaf  U'ctlo,  imported  from  Flurope  more  than  half 
a  leutury  ago,  is  now  spreail  over  a  widi'  area,  and  is  often  very 
destructive  (Hull.  10,  Dirisiun  of  Eiiliimoloiji),  I'.  S.  Ilr/it.  Afirir. 
1SS7  SS).  The  Fall  Web-worm,  Hiiphiintria  rimeii,  Drury,  is  often 
abundant  on  Hlms,  anil  the  White-spotted  Tussock  .Moth,  Onjiiiii 
Irurosliijmii,  .\liliot  &  Smith,  is  iHcasionally  troublesome,  espcciallv 
in  some  of  the  New  Kiij;land  cities.  .\mon(;  suckiu),'  insects  the 
Cockscomb  (iall-louse,  Cotujihn  Umiruln,  Fitch,  prmluces  eonspicu- 
oils  |,rulls  on  the  iipiMT  surface  of  the  leaves,  and  Tilnmeura  Ulmi, 
I.iiiuieus,  causes  the  );ruwtli  of  large  galls  which  are  more  or  less 
cliib-shapeil.  A'iAi;raii'iirii  .imerinimi,  Kiley,  often  cinses  the  leaves 
to  become  curled,  gnarled,  and  discolored  ;  and  /Vi/i/)Ai;/u.<  nlmifmi.', 
Wolsh,  also  aft'ccts  these  trees,    iloasijimriii  Ulmi,  (ieuttroy,  recently 


:l 


1. 


I' 


! 


t 

«   I 

•   I 


1" 


1(9  \ 


^  1  „. 


! 


if 


U  'V: 


42 


SUVA    OF  NOR  Til  AMERICA, 


ri.MACEii; 


ulmacea:. 


(lisli^nre  the  foliage  niul  destroy  tho  i>riiiimental  vulue  of  Klm-tre<'H ;  ami  in  Huhject  to  iiumerouH  fungal 
diseases.* 

Eliu-trees  can  be  easily  raised  from  seeds,  which  gerniiuiite  iw  soon  as  they  are  ripe  ;  they  can  Ir 
multipHed  hv  shoots  whieh  in  suniu  species  are  produced  in  great  nundiers  from  the  roots,  and  the 
seminal  varieties  can  l)e  propagated  by  grafting. 

rimuH,  the  classical  nana*  of  the  Klm-tree,  was  adopte<l  by  Tournefort,"  and  afterward  by 
LinnaHiH,  as  the  name  t)t'  the  genus. 

iniporttd  fnmi  Kuro|M',  li;»»  itlrrmiy  K'tdiiir  widely  Hpnad.  It  nU 
tainit  itH  IVhhI  ihiitly  tlin>ii>;li  tlu>  Imrk  uf  (lio  tm  s.  mIhcIi  often 
acM|iiirpf4  II  Mark  iippfJiRUUf  fnmi  (In*  I'lcntiutis  nr  lionry  ili'w  uf 
tho  iiiwcts  (K.  (>.  Ilowiinl,  Iwfct  life,  ii.  IHSU.  lU.  — J.  (i.  Jju-k, 
(iarthu  iitui  Fon.tt,  ii.  liil,  t.  l'-1> ;  iv.  \X\).  Otlirr  pirtnt  lii'c  ami 
wale  iiiMi'ctit  affprt  the  Kim  soinetiiiu'i*  iiijiiriotiMly.  A  mite,  /'Ai/* 
topt'is  t'Imi,  (iarinan,  proilmis  inimiti'  vIiilKsIiapi'd  ^alln  mi  tlio 
lcii\i-.s,  1111(1  tlie  fruit  i^  Hfinii'linics  iiifi-sted  liy  a  siiiall  iH't-tli'  lK*long- 
inj;  to  the  ('nrfiilio  family. 

1  Tlie  most  serioii!.  fmipil  di!teaM>  of  riiiiii!i  in  Noitli  Ainerica  i^ 
enuscil  liy  Phhitffn'ni  C'mi,  Wuliri,  wliifli  i,-*  Moiiictiiiu-*  very  ulniii- 
(lant  in  the  eastern  stattK,  es|H'eiallY  on  fun-i^n  s|m'i  us  ullhongh  it 
aUo  tK'furs  on  i'lmus  Amrrinina.  The  ditMNu^e,  whu-h  wnn  prohn- 
My  ini|H)rli'd  from  Kun-pc  many  year*  aj;o,  eovern  the  leaves  in 
the  late  summer  with  uu\u\  <«n)all  :«pi>ts.  fn>tn  whieh  exmie  in  damp 
weather  rose-<*ulon'd  pdatinotiH  nia<*M->.  'I'lie  tli-Hfji.Hed  lea\e.'»  fall 
prematurely,  and  the  funpi.i  eontiniien  to  develop  after  they  ha\e 
reaelied  the  prouiirl,  apiMMirinj;  in  its  mature  •ttntr  only  at  the  end 
of  winliT.  Thii  disea.'«i-.  which  i-*  ^{H)raiiie  in  itA  hahit  and  (N'eum 
only  in  limited  arra.>,  Miiiu-timc.t  tlues  et>ii.tideral'le  damage 


.U'i.wjrni  r.'mi,  Kiiekel,  whieh  \n  also  Knropenn  and  is  Ufiuallv 
eonlined  to  foreign  wiM-iieR,  in  (Hiaj*ionuIIy  fmind  on  the  Amerieaa 
Kilns  ;  it  atLiieks  the  tMi^  and  yonrij^er  limiiehrN,  where  it  ap|H>arH 
in  the  form  of  Hinall  Reatteretl  hint  k  papilla*  whieh  h<hmi  hreak  np 
when  the  bark  l»eeome»  of  n  siMtty  hlaek  eulor  Thitt  diHenne  ap- 
pearn  to  lie  |H'rennial  and  ettencU  fnmi  branch  to  brom  h,  dtiiftgur- 
ittg  and  nfteii  killing  the  treen. 

l'lmri<»  \n  infented  by  eertain  eharaeleritlie  leaf  nitlilewH.  ('u- 
rittuln  m-tifoymr't,  IVek,  is  found  on  I'lnum  Ammritu't,  flmiui  nlnt-i. 
ami  rimux  /uli'ii  ,  and  I'nvmulu  intrnnnlui,  Iierkele^  \  CnrliH,  uImi 
(K-enrs  on  the  h-ave-*  of  I'lmu^  nhitn.  Among  edible  fungi,  .If/fjrj-,. 
tJmnrnn,  Itullianl.  one  of  the  latenil  eilihlc  fungi,  in  not  uiu'iunnimi 
on  the  large  bran.'hett  of  Klnw  in  Ihn  kly  wttletl  disttht-H,  /'fi'ea 
tlrulfMil'iA,  llerkeleu  in  Miunelirnf*  found  on  Klm-treeN,  nnd  tli.- 
ehani'trri-ttie  f'ltii/fnyrw  ronrfn/rr,  S-hw-  initx,  aUiiiiuU  «in  the  ohhr 
limb^  of  fVmuj  immmna,  apfx'aring  in  thu  form  of  small  ditkn  •". 
thit  riipft  whieh  an*  UHually  more  or  lemi  eonltnent  with  eoneeiitrii 
zonen  of  the  white  and  dark  grav  eulors  elutraeterii«lie  of  thm  ^p*  ■ 

'•*  luti  VA\\,  t   M7*J. 


CONSPKCTrs   OF  TIIK   NOUTH   AMKUIC'AN   SI'KCItX 

Khtweis  vernal,  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

KlnutTs  nil  (.lender  dnMipiitg  pedieeln  ;  fruit  eiliate  on  the  margins. 

Iiiid-*eale!i   glal'rou"* ;    bninrbletH   de-.titnte    of   corky    wingn ;    fruit    glabroiH  ;    leavefi   obovate- 

oblong  to  oval,  usually  Miuiotb  on  the  upper,  -♦oft-pubeseent  on  the  lower  Hurfaee    .      .  1.    T.    AmkrK'A.VA, 

Itud-seales    puberuloUH  ;    braneberi    often    furi)i«lie<l    with   eorky    wings;    fruit    hirsute;   leave-t 

obovate  lo  oldong-<tval.  nmoolb  on  the  uppii.  Hoft*pubcK<>eiit  on  the  lower  surfaee   ....     «.   V.    kA'  kmiwa. 
Ibid-scales  glaltroun  or  sligbtly   puberulous  ;   branebletM  furni«lii>d   with  broa*!  eorky   wingM  ; 
fruit  hirsute;   leaves  ovateHtbbmg  to  oblong-laneeolate.  -luootli   on  the  upper.  .soft-pilbeMeiit 

on  the  lower  wurfaee '.i.    \\    ALATA. 

Flowers  on  .short  pedii-eln  ;  fruit  iiakeil  on  the  margins. 

Hud-Hcales   roate<l   wilb    ru?.ty    hairs;    branehbtM  detttitutc   of  eorky   wings;    fruit    inibeseent  ; 

leaves  ovatiMibbui^.  ^rabrous  tm  the  upper,  pubeneent  on  the  lower  surfjioe 1.    I'.    ri'l.VA. 

Flowers  autumnal.  H]ipearing  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year  on  Hbori  )>e(lii-eU. 

Hud-seales  puberuloiis  :    branehlets   fin  fii>he(|  with  eiirky  "  iiigs  ;   fruit  hirsute;   leaves  ovate, 

scabrous  on  the  upjter,  soft-imlH-fteeni  on  the  lower  Hurfaee T).   U.  ckAjwikolia. 


ULMACKi*:. 


iilLVA    OF  NORTH  AMKIUVA. 


4a 


!i 


ULMU8   AMERICANA. 


White  Elm.     Water  Elm. 


Flowers  on  long  drooping  pt'diccls.  Fruit  gliibrnuM,  filiate  on  the  margins. 
Leaves  obovate-ohlong  to  oval,  usually  smooth  on  tlu-  upper,  soft-pubescent  on  the 
lower  surface.     IJud-scales  glabrous,     llranchlets  destitute  of  corky  wings. 


UlmuB  Amerioana,  l,lima'«»,  .s'/nc.  'J'Jd  (17."i,'{).  —  Dii 
Kiii,  lliirlik.  Ilfiiiiii.-:.  ii.  .MM).  —  Wiinjjciiliciiii.  /li:v/iriili. 
Ni>r,lam.  llnl:.  I'.'l  ;  Sunhm.  Unix.  IC.  —  W^ill.T,  /•'/, 
Car.  111.  — Schkiihr,  y/rtH(/6.  i.  17'.l.  —  Willdenow, /*r/. 
liaumx.  H'J4  \  Sjier.  i.  pt  ii.  l.'J'.'.'i ;  Kiiiiin.  '.".».'>.  —  A'oii- 
iT(/i(  Dnhamel,  ii.  It". — Ca»tiulii)iii,  Viinj.  iieijli  Stall 
Ciiltl,  ii,  :I9(1.  —  Iloi'kliaiiHDii.  Iliinilli.  Forxtlnit.  i.  S,")7. — 
Micliaiix,  t'l.  l!or.-Ai)i.  i.  IT.'t. —  IVrsddii.  Si/ii.  i.  '.".)!.  — 
rA'sfmitaims,  Jllnt.  Arh  ii.  44'-'.  —  Stokt-n,  lint.  Mnl.  M,il. 
ii. .'U.  — Mii'liiiiix  f.  Hint.  Aril.  Am.  ili.  2()9.  t.  4.  —  Hi^julow. 
h'l.  HoHlon.  (Hi.  —  I'umli.  /V.  Am.  .SV/-^  i.  I'.l'.t.  —  Niiltal!. 
Oen.  i.  'JOl.—  UiMiiiiT  &  SchultrH.  .S'«/«/.  vi.  ;«)0.  —  Klli- 
oll,  .S'*.  i.  ;«;!.  —  lliiyii.',  I>.mlr.  Fl.  ,"$1.  —  .S.'liinidi, 
(Ifsfr.  liatim:.  iv.  4t').  t.  '.'.'1(1.  —  S|iri'iiKi'l,  Sijxt.  i.  iCiO.  — 
Uariiic'.H(|iic.  Stir  h'l.  iii.  ;i',t. —  KoukiT.  t'l.  Hur.-Am.  ii. 
14-.'.  —  Di.'tri.li.  Si/n.  ii.  !t'J'-'.  —  Spiwli.  Ann.  Sri.  Xiit. 
ii('t.  •-'.  XV.  ;it>4;  in»t.  Veij.  xi.  1 08.  —  Torrey .  Fl.  S.  V. 
ii.  ItV). —  I'litiii'liuii.  Ami.  Sri.  Xtit.  m'r.  H,  x.  -t>S ;  /'>■ 
I  tiiitliillr  J'nxlr.  xvii.  l.">5.  —  \Vul|«'r».  Ann.  iii.  4-1. — 
Kii'lmriUuii,  Arrlir  Kx/ie<l.  ii.  ;M)S.  —  Diirliii^'Uin.  F/. 
Cmtr.  «(!.  3.  'J.'i.'i.  —  ('iirli«,  Heji.  Uro/mj.  Surr.  .V.  Cur. 
WW.  iii.  r>4.  —  Clmimmii.  /■'/.  410.  —  Kixli.  />riiilr.  ii. 
4'JI.  Kn»'rt«oii.  TrrrA  Mit.^it.  cH.  2.  ii.  '.\'S2.  I.  —  Koi-hiu'. 
Ilriitfrlir  I>emlr.  l.fti,  f.  27.  . I.  —  Hidiotiiy.  Friu:  I'.  S. 
X,if.  At  11.1.  1S8'.'.  71.  —  Lunelle.  l>ri,l»rlie  Drmlr.  .'US.— 
.Siir(;i'nt,  Forr.it  Tiven  .V.  .Im.  lll//i  (  ■ii.iii.i  I'.  S.  ix.  1'.'.'. — 
WaUoii   &   CdilltiT.   (Iriiijn   .l/ii/i.  fj.  (>,  401'. —  l)i|>|H'l, 


Ihimlli.  l.,iuhh,ih.k.  ii.  ,'i2,  f.  10.  —  Coulter,  Contrih.  V.  S. 

A^(^  Ifeili.  ii.  km;  (Man.  PI.  W.  Texas). 
Ulmus  inollifolia.  Miirsliiill.  .trlmat.  Am.  l.'ifi  (1783). 
Ultnus    Amciricana.   P  alba,    Ailon.  llort.    Kr.u:    i.  1(20 

(17,S'.().  —Stokes,  IM.  M<il.  Med.  ii.  .'!5. 
UlmuB  Amerioana.  y  pendula.  Aiton.  Hurt.  Kew.  i.  ,'<20 

(17S'.i|.  —  .S|)acli,  Ann.  Sri.  Xat.  8(!r.  '.'.  xv.  .'iti4 ;  H!at. 

IVy.  xi.  III'.). 
?  Ulmua  tomentosa,   Hurkhiiii.teii.  llandb.  Fontbot.  i.  X'lO 

(18lM)|. 
Ulmus    pendula,    WilMeiiow.    llrrl.    Itnnmx.    eil.    2.   .119 

(ISIl).— Oil    Mont    lie   Cmirwt.    /W.    Cult.    e<l.    2,  vi. 

:iK,~i.  —  llayne,  l>rinlr.  FI.'.V,S. 
?  Ulmua  obovata,  Itiiliiiesiiue,  Seir  Fl.  iii.  39  (18.'56). 
Ulmus  alba,  lialiiioniiuu,  Fl.  Liiilork:  115    (1817)  ;   N(w 

Fl.  iii.  .i-S. 
?  Ulmus  dontata.  Itifiiiesqiie.  Xeir  Fl.  iil.  39  (18.36). 
Ulmua  Americana,  /i  acabra.  Spneli.  Ann.  Sri.  Xat.  ^ir. 

'-',   XV.  3(1-1   (IKll)i   //i.it.   yrg.   xi.  1011.  —  Walperx.  ,!««. 

iii.  4--'4. 
Ulmua    Americana,    u   glabra,    Walpen,    Ann.   iii.   4'J4 

(IS.V.'). 
Ulmus  Americana,  y  ?Bartramii,  Walpers.  Ann.  iil.  424 

(18.V-'). 
Ulmua    Americana,    viir.  ?  aapera,   Chupnian,    Fl.    110 

(I8l!5). 
Ulmus  Floridana.  Clmpiiiiin,  Fl.  410  (1865). 


A  tree,  HometiniuH  une  liiiiiili'eil  to  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet  in  heiglit,  witli  a  tall  trunk  six  to 
eleven  feet  in  diameter,  fre({uently  enlarged  at  the  base  into  great  buttresses,  occasionally  rising  with  a 
straight  uiidividfil  shaft  to  tin-  iu-ifjlit  of  sixty  or  eighty  fei't,  and  separating  into  short  spreading 
lirani'ht's,  or  more  conniionly  dividing;,  thirty  to  Kfty  feet  above  the  ground,  into  numerous  upright 
hnd)s,  whicii,  gradually  sprcadin;^,  form  a  broad  inversely  conical  round-topped  head  of  long  pendulous 
gracefid  branches,  often  one  hundred  and  occasionally  one  hundred  and  forty  feet  in  diameter,  and 
slender  luaiiciilets  which  not  iiifre((uently  also  fringe  the  trunk  and  its  principal  divisions.  The  bark 
of  the  trunk  is  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  thickness,  and  is  ashy  gray,  and  irregularly  divided  by 
dce|)  fissures  into  broiid  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  ajipressed  scales.  The  branchlets, 
when  they  first  appear,  are  light  green,  and  coated  with  .soft  pale  pubescence,  which  usually  soon 
disappears,  and  in  their  tirst  winter  arc  light  reddish  brown,  glabrous,  or  sometimes  pid)eridous,  and 
marked  with  scattered  pale  lenticcls,  and  with  larj^e  elevated  semiorbicular  leaf-scars  in  which  appear 
the  ends  of  tlirce  large  eipiidistant  fibro-va.scidar  bundles ;  later  they  become  dark  reddish  brown,  and 
finally  ashy  gray.     The  buds  are  ovate,  acute,  slightly  Hattened  by  the  pressure  of  the  .stem,  an  eiglitli 


'J 


: « 

?4 


IM 


I 


J 


<'        i 


■;l 


1 


lAAAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


I^|2j8     125 

■50     "^~ 


mm 


■  2.2 

1^    U£ 


2.0 


=     m 

L25  III  U   IIM 


<m 


7 


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>^ 


Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WBT  MAIN  STRUT 

WIBSTIII,N.Y.  USM 

(71«)S72-4S03 


44 


SILVA   OF  NOIiTIl  AMEIUVA. 


ULMACE^.. 


of  an  iiuh  long,  and  covered  witli  broadly  ovate  rounded  bright  chestnut-brown  glabrous  scales ;  the 
inner  seale-s  are  bright  green  and  glabrous,  ovate,  acute,  and  often  on  vigorous  shoots  nearly  an 
inch  lun<>'  and  a  (juarter  of  an  inch  broad,  an  '  gradually  ])ass  into  the  stipules  of  the  later  leaves. 
The  leaves  are  obovate-oblong  to  oval,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  apex  into  long  points,  full  and  rounded 
at  the  base  on  one  side,  and  shorter  and  wedge-shaped  on  the  other,  and  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate 
with  siii'Iitlv  incurved  teetii ;  when  tiiey  unfold  they  are  coated  on  the  lower  surface  with  ])ale  pubes- 
cence, and  are  pilose  on  tiie  uj)per  surface  with  long  scattered  white  hairs,  and  at  maturity  are  four  to 
six  inches  long,  one  to  three  inches  wide,  dark  green  and  glabrous  or  scabrate  above,  and  pale  and  soft- 
pul)escent  or  sometimes  glabrous  below,  with  narrow  pale  midrilm  slightly  impressed  on  the  upper  side, 
and  many  slender  straigiit  primary  veins  running  to  the  points  of  the  teeth  and  connected  by  fine  cross 
veiniets  barely  distinguishable  on  the  upper  surface ;  they  are  borne  on  stout  petioles  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  in  ieiigtii,  and  turn  bright  clear  yellow  in  the  early  autinnn  before  falling.  The  stipules  are  lincar- 
lanccolatc,  half  an  inch  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long,  caducous,  light  green,  or  on  the  latest  leaves 
white  and  scarious.  The  intlorescence-buds  are  jiroduced  in  the  axils  of  several  of  the  upper  leaves  of 
the  previous  year,  and  are  slightly  larger  than  the  leaf-buds  ;  from  the  axils  of  the  seven  or  eight  inner 
scales,  which  arc  ciliato  on  the  margins,  and  furnished  at  the  apex  with  tufts  of  long  soft  white  hairs, 
the  three  or  four-tlowered  siiort-stalked  fascicles  of  flowers  are  produced  on  long  slender  drooping 
pedicels  sometimes  aii  inch  in  length,  those  of  the  lateral  flowers  of  the  clusters  being  furnished  at.  the 
base  with  acute  scarious  bracts  half  an  inch  long,  and  two  minute  bnictlets  hairy  at  the  apex. 
The  calyx,  which  is  irregularly  divided  into  seven  to  nine  rounded  lobes  ciliate  on  the  margins,  and  is 
often  somewhat  oblicpu',  is  puberu'.ous  on  the  outer  surface,  and  green  tinged  vith  red  above  the 
Miiddle,  becoming  chestnut-brown  in  fading.  The  stamens  are  exsertcd,  with  slightly  flattened  pale 
tilaments  and  bright  red  anthers  which  shed  their  pollen  before  the  stigmas  mature.  The  ovary  is  light 
green,  ciliate  on  both  margins  with  lt>ng  white  hairs,  anil  is  crowned  with  light  green  styles  covered  on 
tiii'ir  stigmatic  surface  with  whiti>  papillie.  The  fruit  ripens  as  the  leaves  unfold,  hanging  on  its  long 
stems  in  crowded  clusters,  and  is  ovate  or  obovati>-oblong,  slightly  stipitate,  conspicuously  reticulate- 
venulose.  half  an  inch  long,  and  ciliate  on  the  maigins,  the  sharp  points  of  the  wing  being  incurved, 
and  inclosing  the  deep  nptch. 

In  British  .\merica  C/iiiiin  Aiii> rlrtiiid  is  distributed  fnmi  southern  Newfoundland  to  the  northern 
shores  of  Like  Superior  and  the  eastern  bas«'  (if  the  Rocky  Mountains,  where  it  ascends  the  Sjis- 
katchewan  to  latitude  '>i^  'M"  north  ; '  it  rang<'s  south  to  ("iipe  Canaveral  and  the  shores  of  IVase 
Creek  in  Florida,  and  westward  in  the  United  Stiites  to  the  HIack  Hills  ol  Dakota,"  western  Nebraska,^ 
western  Kansjis,' the  Indian  Territory,  and  the  valh'V  of  the  Kio  ("oiicho  in  Texas."  Ia'hh  abundant 
and  of  smaller  size  in  the  south,  in  the  north  Uhiiiin  Aiiirrirdiin  is  one  of  the  commonest  inhabitants 
of  the  forests  which  still  co\"r  I'ver  bottom-lands,  intervales,  and  low  rich  hills,  and  on  the  mid-con- 
tinentil  plateau,  with  the  Box  Elder,  the  Green  Ash,  and  the  Cottonwood,  it  lines  the  banks  of  streams 
with  a  fringe  of  verdure. 

The  wood  of  L'liiuin  Amerlcnnn  is  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  difficult  to  split,  and  rather  coarse- 
grained ;  it  contains  numerous  thin  medullary  rays  and  rows  of  nmny  large  H\mn  ducts,  clc^irly  nuirking 
the  layers  of  annual  growth,  and  is  light  brown,  with  thick  somewhat  lighter  colored  sapw(M>d.  The 
specific  gravity  of  the  absolutt^ly  dry  wood  is  ().<!.')(Mi,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  40.'),')  pounds.  It  is  largely 
used  for  the  hubs  of  wheels,  for  saddli^tr(>es,  in  tlcMiring  and  cooperage,  and  in  boat  and  ship  buihiing. 
The  bark  was  used  by  the  Indians,  when  they  could  not  jiriK-nre  Birch  bark,  in  making  their  canoes;" 
and  in  some  parts  of  the  country  whites  and  Indians  twisted  the  tough  inner  bark  into  roijes.' 


'   liniMft,  Td/.  I'/y. /.!«;.  r'flfi. '4-1.  —  IJi'lI,  Geototj.  Hep.  Camula, 
1H71I-H0,  IH'.  —  Mnciiiin,  ('<i(.  f'rin.  /'/.  42H. 
'  Win.hi'll,  l.wlluw  llri>.  lilack  Hill,.  DahUa,  <18. 
•  ».B«fy,  Hrp  Nehraika  State  Hoard  o/Agric.  ISIM,  104. 


*  .Maittin,  ttrp,  ujum  ihf  Varifttf  mul  Distribution  of  Karuat  Tr«f$, 


10. 


'  ilnviinl,  I'roi-.  If.  S.  Mai.  Mut.  viii.  fi06. 

*  Knliii,  7Vutv/f,  Kngliab  rd.  ii.  *.£t>S. 

*  1.IIWHUII,  History  of  Carolina,  03. 


ULMACEiE. 

The  WIi 

Canada.  It  i 
spring,  cover 
green  above  i 
waters  of  son 
when  winter  I 
out  in  clear  n 

The  Eln 
seemed  like 
cottages  at  he 
axe,  and  whei 
often  set  to  g 
when  it  wiis  ti 
now  dead  or 
northern  stiitt 
beauty  and  si; 

The  Wh 
been  used  mo 
to  embower  i 
unless  provid 
careful  and  t 
handsome  or  i 

Uhtittx  . 
England  by  I 
ally  seen  in  E 
a  great  size  o 
its  leaves,  Uh 
from  simie  of 
branches  whi 
nurserymen." 

*  KiiicrNuii,  7V 
iirrnt  Trrf  on  i 
f.'.  -  Huikl.7,  .( 
Ili>llnt>!t.  Thr  .A  III 
HnMikii,  Typicnt 
tttui  Fitrfsty  iii.  liH 

'  I  'Imus  A  mm 
Swamp  Klin,  anil 
ia  luuat  uft«u  *|i|i 


ULMACEiB. 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


45 


The  White  Elm  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  graceful  trees  of  the  northeastern  states  and 
Canada.  It  is  beautiful  at  all  seasons  of  the  year ;  when  its  minute  flowers,  harbingers  of  earliest 
spring,  cover  the  branches ;  when  in  summer  it  rises  like  a  great  fountain  of  dark  and  brilliant 
green  above  its  humbler  companions  of  the  forest,  or  sweeps  with  !  .ng  and  graceful  bougiis  the  placid 
waters  of  some  stream  flowing  thro\igh  verdant  meadows ;  when  autumn  delicately  tints  its  leaves,  and 
when  winter  brings  out  every  detail  of  the  great  arching  limbs  and  slender  pendulous  branches  standing 
out  in  clear  relief  against  the  sky. 

The  Elm-trees  which  greeted  the  English  colonists  as  they  landed  on  the  shores  of  New  England 
seemed  like  old  friends  from  their  general  resemblance  tu  the  Elm-trees  that  had  stood  by  their 
cottiiges  at  home ;  and  as  the  forest  gave  way  to  corn-lields  many  Elm-trees  were  allowed  to  escape  the 
axe,  and  when  a  homo  was  made  a  siipling  Elm  taken  from  the  borders  of  a  neighboring  swamp  was 
often  set  to  guard  the  roof-tree.  These  Elm-trees,  remnants  of  the  forests  which  covered  New  England 
when  it  was  Hrst  inhabited  by  white  men,  or  planted  during  the  first  century  of  their  occupation,  are 
now  dead  or  rapidly  disappearing;  they  long  remained  the  nol>l(>st  and  most  imposing  trees  of  the 
northern  st<ites,  and  no  othei-s  planted  by  man  in  North  America  have  ecpialed  the  largest  of  them  in 
beauty  and  size.' 

The  White  Elm'^  has  always  been  the  favorite  ornamental  tree  in  the  northern  states,  where  it  has 
been  used  more  often  than  any  other  to  shade  city  streets  and  country  ro.'ulsides,  to  decorate  parks,  and 
to  embower  mansions  and  cottages  in  verdure.  !n  such  situations  it  (Uk's  not  always  flourish,  and 
unless  provided  with  good  soil  and  abundant  moisture,  which  are  essential  to  its  welfare,  and  with 
careful  and  constint  protection  from  the  insects  which  devour  its  foliage,  the  White  Elm  is  not  a 
handson\e  or  successful  tree ;  and  it  should  b»>  caiitiously  used  in  street  planting. 

Uliiiitx  Amirirmiii  was  first  described  by  C'laytoii  ii,  the  Florit  Vinjiiiiiu,^  and  was  cultivated  in 
England  by  Mr.  James  Gordon  *  as  early  as  the  midiUe  of  the  eighteentn  century  ;^  it  is  still  occasion- 
ally seen  in  European  collections,  although  beyond  the  Imundaries  of  its  native  land  it  does  not  grow  to 
a  great  size  or  display  much  beauty.  An  unusually  variable  tree  in  habit  anil  in  the  size  and  shajie  of 
its  leaves,  UIiiiiik  Amir'nituii  has  not  produced  in  cultivation  such  abnormal  forms  as  have  been  derived 
from  .some  of  the  Ohl  World  species.  The  most  remarkable  Ls  one  with  long  ami  unusually  pendulous 
branches  which  was  discovered  a  few  years  ago  in  the  woimIs  of  Illinois,  and  is  now  propagated  by 
nurserymen." 


'  KiiMTJtuii,  Trm  nt'  .UrtWrtf-Aii-v//.*,  290. — .1.  C  Wiirrmi,  Thr 
Orral  I'rrf  on  lUatton  i'omnvm. —  I'ijht,  TKf  Trm  of  Atnrricil^ 
41!.  —  BuckU'y,  .lin.  Jour.  Set.  »er.  i!,  liii.  ItUH.  —  Olircr  Wi-iul.'ll 
Holmrii,  Tkf  .4iif(«T(ll  of  Ihr  Itrtakfatl-TaUr,  fli»|>.  I.  -  Danii-  & 
UrtMikM,  Typical  Kimx  and  othtr  Trren  of'  MasMchuietts.  —  (ittrttfn 
mil  Form,  iii.  287,  4»;i,  «17  ;  v.  :«)";  vi.  17.-). 

'^  t'lmtn  Amrrwarui  it)  alau  known  u.s  the  Aliioriciin  Klni  liul 
HwRiiip  Klin,  uiil  siiuu'tinieii  at  tin'  HiKk  Klni,  although  this  name 
is  iuu«t  uftt'U  Applied  tu  Clmut  mceniota. 


*  f^tmii-^  procrrior  fotiiji  anifiistiorihu-i,  Inoico  /wr  intervalla  vimini- 
liun  drtuf  foftffi'.ittji  lu/nt  rnmos  ok^ito,  1  U't. 

Vlmm  Aiturinma,  Cul.lun,  .l.(.  Ilort.  I'ps.   1713,  91)  (PI.  Sovr. 

*  Se.'  i.  U). 

»  .\\iM\,   Ilort.    Krw.    i.   ;i_'0.  —  Loudon,   Arh.   lint.  iii.  140(i,  f. 
VIW. 

*  (ifirileti  aiut  Furvst,  vi.  377. 


'\A    I 


11 


is  1 

^      Lii\-s' 

IH 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 


Plate  CCCXL     Ulmus  Amrkicana. 

1.  A  flowering  branch,  natural  size. 

'-'.  A  flower,  enbrgeil. 

3.  Vertirol  aection  of  a  flower,  enlarged. 

4.  A  stamen,  front  and  rear  views,  enlarged. 
t>.  Vertical  swtion  of  a  ])i»til,  enlarged. 

6.  An  ovule,  much  m»j,niified. 

7.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

8.  Vertical  section  of  a  fruit,  enlarged, 

9.  A  seecl,  enlarged. 

10.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  enlarged. 

11.  An  cnihrj'o,  onUrged. 

12.  A  Hununer  hranch.  natural  size. 
I'ii.  A  wint«r  branch,  natural  size. 


ill  ;. 


!l 


] 


Si'    \ 


IHK    PLATK. 


'.J.    \  t-rlH'^ii  ijfi  . 

4.  A  •lamv't.  f.   : 
T).   Vertical  «>rtiun 
('    /Vn  (ivul»,  null  li 
7.  A  froitiiig  \ 

5.  Vurtical  «»r«ii.>.    i  •   .  ' 
'.'■  A  wed.  FnUr(re<i 

Vt    Vcriira]  sertiton  uf  «  i«««4i,  enjj&rj^d. 
!!     An    riibryo.  i!iil»rg*J. 

Miner  timneli,  uatnnkl  tixu 
.        I'ter  bittaoli,  naitaral  liie 


oilva  of  North   America 


Tab    CCCX! 


C K  f.u^'ii  JfJ 


lori'njtu    .\ 


ULMUS    AMERICANA.  I. 


A  Jiouvtmta>  iiir^c  ' 


Imp  ^/  Tan^ttr   Parw 


I 


'I 


■W  * 


I    :   . 


5 
,) 
'I 


ili 


■  ^,\ 

.    y^ 

'^'  '  ! , 

:i^Uiil 

't 


ULMACE^ 


Flowei 
oval,  smootl 
Brunches  oi 

Ulmua  rac^mi 

(isai).  — Ni 

ii.  IWJ,  t.   '.H 
gmil,  Forest 
Koehnt',    Dei 

A  trc*', 

whicli  (limiiii 

liinliH  wliii'lj 

numerous  br( 

ill  thii'kneiw, 

broad  Hat  rid 

wlit'ii  tlu'y  fii 

entirely  (liwi| 

imheriiliiuH,  t 

or  Bt'iniorhici 

tlu'V  bocoiuc 

ridges,  whiil 

necoiid  year. 

broadly  ovat 

with  soft  wl 

maturity  the 

laiieeolutt,  li 

teotli,  brijjhl 

ajwx.     The 

pointM,  c(|ua 

iiiid  doubly 

with  close  i 

quartern  of 

coatetl  with 

side,  and  ui 

coanie  veinl 

the  upper  1 

niarffins  alii 

united  cord 

leaves  are  I 

The  inflori' 

tlie  flower- 


I'LMACME. 


aJLyA    OF  NOHTll  AMElilCA. 


47 


ULMU8   RAOEMOSA. 
Rock  Elm.     Oork  Elm. 


Floweiis  on  lonj?  drooping  pedicolH.  Fruit  hirsute.  Loaves  obovate  to  oblong- 
oval,  smooth  ou  the  upper,  soil  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface.  Bud-scales  puberuloi  s. 
Branches  often  furnished  with  corky  wings. 


Ulmtu  racdinosa,  i'liunmH,  Am.  Joiir.  Sn.  xir.  170,  : 
(1831).  — NulUll.  .sym.  i.  ;t7.  t.  I'J.  — Torrey,  Fl.  X.  Y. 
ii.  1«6,  t.  IHl.— Cliai.iii.i::.  .'■V.  ,.<!.  a,  .SujH)!.  «■•'.».  — Sa-- 
(fiiil.  forest  Treft  S.  Am.  Wth  Ventiis  I'.  S.  ix.  ILM. — 
Kwlitif,    Otuttehe    Detulr.    VMo.  —  Watson    dc    Coultvr, 


Grni/t  Mun.  eil.  (>.  -UVi.  —  Uippvl.  Ha.ulb.  Laubholzk.  ii. 
■M. 
Ulmua   Americnna.  I'lamlion,   Ih  CamloUe   J'rmlr.  jtvil. 
l.Vi  (ill  |iHri)  (nut  Liiinmis)  (1873). 


A  tn"*',  i'i^flity  to  one  hundrGd  feet  in  hei^rlit,  with  a  trunk  occasionitlly  three  feet  in  diameter, 
whieli  (liniiniiiheH  glowly  in  tliicknesx  and  in  often  free  of  branches  for  sixty  feet,  short  stout  spreading 
limlm  wliicli  form  a  narrotv  round-to|>iK>d  liead,  and  slender  rigid  liraiii'hK'ts  usually  furnished  with 
numerous  broa.'.  irregular  eorky  wings.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  three  ipiarters  of  an  ineli  to  an  inch 
in  thickncHH,  and  is  gray  tinged  with  red,  and  deeply  divided  by  wide  irregular  interrupted  fissures  into 
broad  Hat  ridges,  which  are  broken  on  the  surface  into  hirge  irregularly  shapcil  scales.  The  branches, 
when  they  first  ap|K>ar,  are  light  l<rown,  and  coated  with  soft  pale  pubescence,  which  often  does  not 
entirely  <lisjip|iear  until  their  secon;!  season ;  and  in  their  first  winter  they  are  light  redi'.ish  brown, 
puheruliius,  or  irlabrous  and  lustrous,  and  marked  with  scattered  oblong  lenticels  and  with  large  orbicular 
or  seniiorbicular  leaf-scars  in  which  is  an  irreguLir  row  of  four  to  six  tibr<>-vascular  bundle-scars ;  later 
they  b«H'ome  dark  brown  or  iishy  gray.  The  two  or  s<Mnetinu-s  three  or  four  thick  corky  irregular 
ridges,  which  are  often  half  an  inch  broaii,  begin  to  appear  during  the  first  but  more  often  during  the 
Hec'ond  year.  The  leaf-buds  are  <ivate,  acute,  a  ipiarter  of  an  inch  long,  and  covered  by  about  fourteen 
broadly  ovate  rounded  chestnut-brown  scales,  pilose  on  the  outer  surface,  and  ciliate  ou  the  margins 
with  soft  white  hairs ;  as  the  bud  o|>ens  the  scales  gradually  lengthen  from  without  inward,  and  ac 
maturity  the  two  or  three  inner  scales  which  replace  tlie  stipules  of  the  first  leaves  are  ovate-oblong  to 
lanceolate,  half  an  inch  in  Ic  ,^h,  often  furnished  at  the  b.use  on  each  side  with  one  or  two  minute 
teeth,  bright  green  below  tin  middl. ,  marked  with  a  red  blotch  above,  and  white  and  scarious  at  the 
a\iex.  The  leaves  are  ubuvate  to  ubiong-oval,  rather  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  a\>e\  into  short  broiid 
pointM-  eijually  or  somewhat  unequally  rounded,  wedge-shajR'il  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  •ind  coarsely 
iiud  doubly  serrate ;  when  they  unfold  they  are  ])ilose  on  the  upi)er  surface,  and  covered  on  the  lower 
with  close  soft  whin-  hairs;  and  at  maturity  they  are  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long  and  three 
quarters  of  an  iiudi  to  an  inch  wide,  thick  and  firm,  smooth,  dark  green  ai.d  lustrous  above,  paler  and 
coateil  with  sh  >rt  soft  pubesi'ence  lielow,  especially  on  the  stout  midrilis  deeply  impressed  on  the  upper 
side,  and  on  the  numerous  stnight  veins  running  to  the  points  of  the  teeth  and  connected  by  obscure 
coarse  veinleis,  and  on  the  [jetioles,  which  are  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length.  The  stipules  of 
the  up|)er  leaves  are  ovate-lanceolate,  conspicuously  veined,  light  green,  marked  with  dark  red  on  the 
margins  above  the  middle,  and  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long  ;  they  clasp  th  ■  stem  by  their  abruptly  enlarged 
united  cordate  bases  furnished  on  each  side  with  two  or  three  prominent  teeth,  and  disaj)pear  when  the 
leaves  are  half  grown.  In  the  autumn  the  leaves  turn  to  a  bright  dear  yellow  color  before  falling. 
The  inflores<'encL-bud8,  which  sometimes  produce  also  one  or  two  small  leaves,  are  slightly  larger  than 
the  flower-buds.     The  flowers  are  in  two  to  four,  but  usually  in  three-Howered  puberulous  cymes,  which 


<   '! 


lii 


1  i\ 


■  \ 


ii 


1 
• 


48 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMKRICA. 


fLMACK.V. 


bi",ome  more  or  loss  riiPi'inoHe  by  the  lenjjtlu'iiinjj  of  »»•  axis  of  tlu'  inHoreHcence,  which,  when  fully 
jjrown,  in  Monu-tinu's  two  iiiclii'H  in  Ifiifjth ;  they  arc  produced  on  elongated  sU'iider  drooping  pedivulH 
often  half  an  iiith  in  h>n^t!i,  tiioso  of  the  lateral  HowerH  heing  devek  led  from  the  axiis  of  narrow 
olxivate  iioiiiti'd  liract.s  .-.eariouH  and  hrown  above  the  middle,  a  third  of  an  inch  long,  terminated  by  tufts 
of  lon^  white  hairs,  and  furnishe<l  at  the  base  with  two  bractletH  smaller  than  the  bract,  but  utherwiiie 
reM'inlilinx'  it.  The  calyx  is  green,  and  is  divided  nearly  to  the  middle  into  seven  or  eight  rounded 
dark  red  Ncariims  lobes,  which  soon  turn  brown  and  wither.  The  stamens,  with  slender  light  green 
Hlaments  and  dark  purple  anthers,  nre  exserted.  The  ovary  is  coated  with  h)ng  {mle  hairs,  particularly 
on  the  thin  margins,  an<l  is  crowned  by  the  light  green  styles.  The  fruit,  which  ri|>ens  in  May,  when 
the  leaves  are  ai)c)iit  half  grown,  is  ovate  or  obovate-oblong,  and  half  an  inch  in  length,  with  a  shallow 
open  notch  at  the  apex;  it  is  obscurely  veined,  covered  with  short  pale  pubescence,  and  ciliate  on  the 
slightly  thickencil  border  of  the  broad  wing ;  the  margin  of  the  seminal  cavity  is  scarcely  thickened, 
and  the  line  of  union  of  the  two  carpels  is  obsolete. 

lliiiiiH  rdrniKimi  is  tlistriluited  from  the  eastern  townships  of  the  Province  of  Quebec,'  where  it  is 
rare,  westward  through  Ontario,  and  southward  through  northwestern  New  Hampshire,  where  it  is  rare 
and  local,  to  southern  Vermont  ;  it  ranges  westward  in  the  United  States  through  northern  New  York 
and  southern  Michigan  to  northeastern  Nebraska,''  southeostt'rn  Missouri,  and  middle  Tennessee. 

The  Hock  Kim  grows  on  dry  gravelly  uplands,  where  its  most  freipient  cimipaniun  is  the  Sugar 
Maple,  on  low  heavy  clay  soil,  rocky  slopes,  and  river  cliffs.  Comparatively  rare  in  the  east  and  toward 
the  extreme  western  and  southern  limits  of  its  range,  it  is  most  abundant  and  attains  its  largest  size  in 
Ontario  and  the  southern  |)cnin8ula  of  Michigan. 

The  wood  of  i'liiiuii  rwiinoMi  is  heavy,  hard,  very  strong  and  tough,  close-grained,  and  susceji- 
tible  of  receiving  a  iK'autiful  polish  ;  it  contains  numerous  obscure  medullary  rays  and  bands  of  one  or 
two  rows  of  small  open  ducts  marking  the  layers  of  annual  growth.  It  is  light  clear  brown,  often 
tinged  with  re<l,  with  thick  lighter  colored  s;tpwo<Ml.  The  s|K>cilic  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  w<mh1  is 
().T-(>i<,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  ■t'>.2()  pounds.  It  is  largely  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  heavy 
agricultural  implements,  like  plows  and  mowing  and  threshing  machines,  for  the  framework  of  chairs, 
for  the  hulls  of  wheels  and  the  In'ams  of  stump  pullers,  for  railway  ties,  bridge  timliers,  the  sills  of  large 
buililiiigs.  and  other  purposes  where  strength,  toughness,  solidity,  and  flexibility  are  recpiired.' 

i'liniiM  riiiDiKiKii  was  first  distinguished  by  David  Thomas*  in  Cayuga  County,  New  York,  who 
published  the  earliest  account  of  it  in  ISIil. 

The  value  of  the  wood  of  the  Uock  Elm  threatens  its  extinction  ;  and  most  of  the  large  trees  have 
alreaily  been  cut  in  the  forests  of  Canada,  New  England,  New  York,  and  Michigan.  The  Rock  Elm"  is 
.sometimee  planted  a.s  a  shade-tree  in  the  region  which  it  inhabits  naturally,  and  although  it  grows 
rather  more  slowly  than  the  White  Elm,  it  is  a  handsome  and  distinct  ornamental  tree,  which  planters 
have  too  generally  neglected. 


'  llnini't,  Cat.  IVy  /.i</.  Can.  45.  —  1'  •II,  Henloi^.  Ilrp.  Con. 
1S7'.»  S(l,  .Vj'.  —  MiK'oun,  Cm.  Can.  I'l.  lliS. 

'^  In  Nehnutka  t'Imus  mremoxn  in  now  known  to  otTur  only  near 
Mi-a'tville,  II)  Kcya  I'aha  County  (IWniM'y,  iifp.  \ebrtuk-it  State 
/>-.»ir./  Ailnr.  IH'M,  Ktt). 

'  S.ir;j«*iil,  tiff.  Str.  Hoard  Aijrn-.  Mat*.  «xv.  271. 

♦  Maviil  'i'hoinnji  ( 177ft-lH."»ll)  wan  a  native  of  Montffomerj 
County,  iVnii.H)  Iraiiia,  of  (^uakfr  |tan'ntnf;t',  and  hy  profoKHion  a 
civil  riij;in«'or.  In  ISO,",  lie  nettled  near  Aiinira  in  Cayuga  County, 
New  York.  ■•:V-*e<iueiitly  iMK-oininj?  the  chief  enj^ineer  of  the  western 
t>i>r*:./ii  of  the  Km  Caiuil.  and  later  one  uf  the  principal  eiif^ineeni 
of  the  Welland  Caual.      lie  wok  much  intercHled  in  horticulture 


and  poniolngT,  and  by  hia  writing*  on  tliea«  lubjeeta,  which  were 
princi|>ally  pulilinhtnl  in  the  tieiteuft  Farmer,  rendered  cnniipicuuus 
nervid'n  to  agricultural  Hciciic**.  In  ISllt,  Mr.  Thoniaa  published 
at  .\iiburn.  New  York,  TrateU  thrmiifh  the  Western  <\mntry  in  the 
Year  IHHI.  In  addition  to  hia  aeiHiitnt  of  Vlmui  racemaia  ho  con- 
trihiited  to  the  Amtriran  Ji^umal  of  Science  ami  Arttf  Some  Acrtmnt 
vf  the  Chriffomela  tutii-ora  (nvi.  lia,  t.)  ;  Hrmartx  on  the  Spet-ilic 
f'haraeter  of  Corifftalin ffirmoM  an*l  Coryttalit  Canadenaii  (ixvi.  114); 
ami  Penrription  of  a  AVip  .Sjiecie$  of  i.iatrit  (xxxvii.  IKW,  f.). 

*  Ulmwi  niremota  in  aoiuetimet  known  oa  Hickory  Klin,  White 
Kill),  and  Cliff  Klui. 


ACR.K 

fully 
idiculit 
arrow 

r  tllfU 

irwiite 
iiuloil 
(rroeii 
ularly 
when 
iiillow 
n  the 
:ei)ed, 

e  it  in 
It  ritre 
York 

Sujfiir 
jwnrd 
ize  in 

I  Keep- 
)iu<  or 
oft4<ii 
:)0(1  M 
lu-avy 
liiiira, 
large 

,  who 

have 
Im '  is 
ifrows 
inters 


h  were 

piouoiu 
ibliaheil 
I  in  the 
ho  con- 
•Aci'tmnt 
Specijic 
i.U4)i 

White 


!         ' 


i«l 


KXI'LANATION   OF  TITK   I'LATK. 

I'l.ATK   ('('('XII.      I'l.MlM   HAIKMIMA. 

1.  A  fl(iweriii);  lirunrli,  nntiiral  niio. 

2.  A  rlu«t<'r  iif  HdwiTs  miblenilitl  liy  »  Iiiiil-«ale,  anil  ahowing  the 

hncU  anil  linirtlrtii  of  tin-  liitcral  tlnwcm,  viiUu-getl. 
.'t.   A  lldwi-r,  l'lllur^'l'll. 
•  ■   \'i  Tticttl  Kcction  of  a  tlowiT,  ciilurgi'il. 
r>.  A  fruiting  lirancli,  naliiral  ai/n. 
f>.   Vcrtii'itl  mM'tlnii  iif  II  fruit,  riilaiyml. 

7.  All  ciiilirvii,  slijtlitly  riiliir(ji'<l. 

8.  A  yiiunj;  Ii'nf  with  »ti|iiiK'«,  natural  liie. 

9.  A  mininu'r  l>ranrli,  natural  aitu. 
lU.  A  wintor  branch,  iwtunU  aiie. 


1 


If 


H 


1 1 


I  (' 


I 


<-! 


m 

t 


111 


IM'f  ', 


>*«•    f'I.\TE. 


1  A  flowariii. 

'-.  A  f!usU*r  of  tiovfln  (■.» 

3.  A  rtowar,  «dI»,-h'^ 

4.  V.-rtiial  (wti..!' 
fi.  iV  fniiiiiii;  l-mn. 
6.  VVrlieiJ  in  . 

•  \. ,„., 


«n(l  (liuwiug  ihs 


10.   A  «.. 


Tiilva  ol'  Noilli   Amcnrn 


Tat    CCCXIl. 


<■  F  y.,.i,m  ,M 


/.i*l>ivuftl/  ■ 


ULMUS    RACEMOSA,  Thom^ta 


A  rfit'ifi't,.r  ihi\ 


/flf'      A  iiiUt'ltl    /\iri.,- 


ii'', 


M, 


|i 


vi  ;i 


^^ 


ULMACEjG. 


Flowi 
lanceolate, 
glabrous. 

Ulmus  alata 

soon,  S^tt- 
t.  5.  —  I'll 
201.  — Ii<) 
i.  ■AM.— 
18.  —  Diel 
a^r.  3,  X.  2 
Ann.  iii. 
18(K),  iii.  C 


A  tree 

or  cre<'t  bni 

naked  or  ut 

siMsippi  Ri^ 

thk-kiicss,  i 

covered  wit 

are  i^labrou 

brown  or  i 

marketl  wit 

loaf-sciirs  ; 

to  jjrow  du 

at  the  nod 

acute,  an  v 

scales  ;  tin 

with  luiniil 

leaves  are 

une(|ually 

incurved  t 

surface  wil 

thick  and 

|)ubescenc( 

arcuate  ai 

veinlets  ; 

width,  am 

ohovate,  a 

In  the  aul 

f'ew-Howei 

acute  scitr 


ULMACEiK. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


51 


ULMUS   ALATA.. 
Wahoo.     Winged  film. 

Flowers  on  drooping  pedicels.  Fruit  hirsi.tc.  Leaves  ovate-oblong  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  smooth  on  the  upper,  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface.  Bud-scales  nearly 
glabrous,     Branchlets  usually  furnished  with  broad  corky  wings. 


Ulmufl  alata,  Michaux,  Ft.  lior.-Am.  i.  17;f  (ISO.J).  —  J'er- 
suuii,  Sijii.  i.  -Dl.  —  Mii'liuux  f.  Hist.  Arli.  Am.  iii.  275, 
t.  5.  —  l'ur»h,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i.  '.'(K).  —  Niitull,  Gen.  i. 
201.  — Roemer  &  SrliiilUis,  .S><.  vi.  ■.'<«).— p:iliott.  Sk. 
i.  ;$34. — Sprt'iiKel,  Si/hI.  i.  !KU. —  Audubon,  liinia,  t. 
IS.  —  Dietrii'h,  Syn.  ii.  Wi.  —  I'laiii'liixi,  Ann.  Sri.  Xat. 
sir.  15,  X.  'J70;  />  I'timlullr  frodr.  xvii.  LW.  —  Wiil|K!r», 
Ann.  iii.  4'J">.  —  CurtiH.  AV/<.  (lenloij.  SuriK  X.  Car. 
1800,  iii.  55.  — ChaiJiuttn,  ft.  417.  —  Kiilfwiiy,  I'ror.  ('. 


S.  Xnt.  .Vh.«.  18S2.  70.  —  SarRcnt.  Forest  Tree.i  N.Am. 

U)th  Cmsii.i   V.  S.  ix.  IL'4.  —  Watson  &  Coulter,  Gray's 

.Man.  etl.  (i,  4GL'.  —  Coulter,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb. 

ii.  406  (Man.  PI.  »'.  Texa.t). 
Ulmus  pumila.  Waltor,  Ft.  Car.  Ill  (not  Linnatus)  (1788). 
?  Ulmus  longifolia,  lUfinesiiue.  New  Fl.  iii.  aS  (1830). 
?  Ulmus  dimidiata,  l{iitino»<iue,  New  Fl.  iii.  39  (1836). 
Ulmus  Americana,  y  olata,  Spach,  .inn.  Set.  Nat.  a6t.  2, 

IV.  364  (IMl) ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi.  109. 


A  tree,  forty  to  fifty  feet  in  height,  witli  a  trunk  rarely  two  feet  in  dianu'ter,  sliort  stout  spreading 
or  erect  brandies  wliicli  form  a  narrow  oblong  and  rather  open  round-topped  hcid,  and  slender  branches 
naked  or  usually  furnished  with  corky  wings ; '  or  commonly,  especially  in  the  territory  east  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi Kiver,  much  smaller.  The  hark  of  the  trunk,  which  rarely  exceeds  a  cpiarter  of  an  inch  in 
thickness,  is  light  hrown  tinged  with  red,  and  is  divided  l>y  irregular  shallow  K.ssures  into  Hat  ridges 
covered  with  small  closely  appressed  scales.  The  branchlets  are  slender,  and  when  they  first  appear 
are  glabrous  or  puberuloiis  and  light  green  tinged  with  red,  and  in  their  first  winter  are  light  reddish 
brown  or  ashy  gr'y,  glahrous  or  on  vigorous  individuals  fre(piently  coated  with  short  soft  hairs,  and 
marked  with  occasional  small  orange-colored  lenticels  and  with  small  elevated  horizontal  semiorhicular 
leaf-scars  ;  the  corky  wings  of  the  hranches,  of  which  there  are  usually  two,  and  which  sometimes  begin 
to  grow  during  their  first  hut  niort>  often  during  their  second  season,  are  thin,  regular,  abruptly  arrested 
at  the  nodes,  and  half  an  inch  in  width,  and  do  not  disappear  for  many  years.  The  huds  are  slender, 
acute,  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long,  and  covered  with  dark  chestnut-brown  glahrous  or  slightly  puberulous 
scales  ;  those  of  the  inner  st-ries  are  at  maturity  oblong  or  obovate,  rounded  and  tipped  at  the  apex 
with  minute  points,  thin,  scarious,  light  red  especially  aliove  t!«>  middle,  and  half  an  inch  long.  The 
leaves  are  ovati>-ol)long  to  oblong-lanceolate,  often  somewhat  falcate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
uneipmlly  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  or  suhcordate  at  the  ba.se,  and  coarsely  and  douhly  serrate  with 
incurved  teeth  ;  when  they  unfold  they  are  pale  green,  often  tinged  with  red,  coated  on  the  lower 
surface  with  soft  white  puhescence,  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  the  upper  surface,  and  at  maturity  are 
thick  and  firm  or  suhroriacuous,  dark  green  and  smooth  above,  and  pale  and  coated  below  with  soft 
|)uhescence  which  is  thickest  on  the  stout  yellow  midrihs  and  on  the  numerous  .straight  prominent  veins 
arcuate  and  often  forked  near  the  margins  and  connected  by  rather  c(uispicuous  reticulate  cro.s.s 
veinlets  ;  they  are  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  in  length  and  one  half  to  three  (|uurters  of  an  inch  in 
width,  and  are  home  on  stout  puliescent  petioles  a  third  of  an  inch  long.  The  stipules  are  linear- 
ohovate,  acute,  thin  and  scarious,  tinged  with  red  aliove  the  middle  and  often  nearly  an  inch  long. 
In  the  autumn  the  leaves  turn  to  a  (lull  yellow  color  liefore  falling.  The  flowers  are  produced  in  short 
few-Howerod  fascicles  and  appear  in  Feliruary  or  March  on  droojiing  pedicels  furnished  with  linear 
acute  Hcuriouu  bructM  and  brautluts.     The  calyx  is  glahrous  and  divided  nearly  to  the  middle  into  broad 

'  Kuthnx'k,  liariUn  ittui  Forfnt,  ii.  .MHI. 


!     .1 
i     : 


■     I 

HP 


|i 


H 


1, 


il 


62 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ULMACE^.. 


ovate  rounded  lobes,  and  is  as  lon<;  as  the  ovary,  which  is  raised  on  a  short  slender  stipe  and  is  coated 
with  dense  white  tomentum.  The  t'niit,  which  rijiens  just  before  or  with  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves, 
is  oblou",  a  third  of  an  inch  lonj;,  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  long  slender  stalk,  gradually  narrowed 
and  tii)i)ed  at  the  apex  with  large  incurved  horns,  and  coated  with  long  white  hairs  which  are  most 
numerous  on  the  tliiekciied  margin  of  the  narrow  wing.  The  sectl  is  ovate,  pointed,  an  eiglith  of  an 
inch  long,  and  covered  witii  a  pale  chestnut-brown  coat  slightly  thickened  into  a  narrow  wing-like 
margin. 

Ulmits  ainid  usually  grows  on  dry  gravelly  uplands,  and  sometimes  in  rich  alluvial  soil  on  the 
borders  of  swjunps  and  near  tlie  banks  of  streams,  and  is  distributed  from  southern  Virginia  through 
the  middle  districts  to  western  Florida,  and  from  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois  through  western  Ken- 
tucky and  Tennessee  to  the  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  througli  southern  Missouri,'  Arkansas, 
and  tlie  eastern  portions  of  the  Indian  Territory  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River  in  Texas,  growing 
to  its  largest  size  and  most  abundantly  in  tiie  region  west  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

The  wood  of  Uliiiiis  uhttd  is  heavy,  hard,  although  not  strong,  close-grained  and  ditlicult  to  split; 
it  contains  inconspicuous  renu)te  medullary  rays,  and  is  light  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood. 
Tlu'  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  O.TliU,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  UJ.fiS  jKiunds.  It  is 
sonietiines  employed  for  the  hubs  of  small  wheels  and  the  handles  of  tools.  From  the  inner  bark  rope 
used  for  fiusteniug  the  covers  ou  cotton-bales  has  been  made.' 

I'/iiiiin  iildl'i'  v>-us  first  described  in  the /7oc(/  ('iirc/iiiliiiKi  of  Walter,  published  in  1788.  The 
good  habit,  rapid  growth,  small  size,  and  abur  lant  foliage  of  the  Wahoo  make  it  a  desirable  ornamentid 
tree,  and  it  is  often  planted  in  the  southern  stjites  to  shade  the  streets  of  towns  and  villages.  According 
to  Loudon,'  it  was  introduced  into  p]nglish  gardens  in  I81JO. 


>   Hniiulliciiil,  lt»l.  liitznte.  iii.  GO. 

^  l^on-her,  HeMmrcrt  of  Soitthtrn  FUld*  atut  Fortftf,  WW. 


*  111  ArlcAiisAJi  i'tmta  alula  is  Monii'timpii  mllp<l  Ilfd  Klin  and 
Moiiiitaiit  Kiln  ( K.  I..  Iliirvpy,  Am.  .Amr.  Forrittrt/,  i.  451). 

*  IaiiicIoii,  Arh.  lint.  in.  lUM,  f.  1::4S. 


EXPLANATION  OK  THK   I'l-ATE. 


Pl..»TK   CrCXIII.      ll-MIs   AI.ATA. 

1.  A  tlon'crin);  liruuli,  natural  nitv. 

2.  A  Hiiwer,  enlargetl. 

3.  A  piHtil.  t>iiliir};('(l. 

4.  V'lTtii'ttl  sri'tiiin  of  u  piHtil,  enlarged. 
r>.  A  fruitiii);  lininch,  nutural  »ne. 

<J.  A  friiil.  fiiluriied. 

7.  Vertiral  ncctiiiii  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 

8.  An  f'fiihrvo.  I'nlarj^ud. 

9.  A  aumiiicr  branch,  natural  »\ie. 


zea:. 


^*^ 


«*|f 


O 


1] 


M 


i 


1   s 


onT/i  A.yh'nrr'A. 


■  tnmmi  on  a  short  blender  >\*'.]w  am!  < 

>r  I-  ;  i.t  Iwfort)  or  witli  till-  uiifoIiliiifT  nt  ,lii- 

(i<    liiiKC  ititi)  :4  loii;r  slfiuln  stalk,  i;'^!!!!:!!;     ii 

iiiii!  coated  with  long  white  hairs  w 


I  I.  lACK.i: 
:  itcd 


•■s, 
-..■1 
ii-^.  iiiii!  coated  witn  loiiir  winte  nairs  wiii'  t 

....;r.nv  W'lm;.     'I  hi'  n»".'il   i<  i)\-;tl<i,  pointtMl,  uii  I'igiitii   oi  .mi 

lit  •iiuit-linrwii    ,-ii,'it    i<lijlhtlv    ihicl:!  "t'l    illt"    .1    ll/ltlnH     »  -!.r-l;;;,. 


II  ilrv  gravi'llj  uplands,  and  sometimos  in  liirh  iilhtnal  uoil  on  tho 

.  ..1    .ill-  lijinks  of  striMims,  ;n)il  U  diftrihiifwl  fri)m  Hoiifh,irn  Virjfinia  through 

■^ti'rri  T'loridi.  .-md  from  •*oti(li,.rii   IrniianiHiiid  Illinois  through  wiNslvrn    Ko.i- 

'""  1    ^ft'siio  and  rhroiijrh  HoutheriJ  MiMMOuri,' Arkrtn?,..'. 

I.    .-    >l   till'  liuii.i:i   ii'ntoi*  lo  ihi- viillev  of  dii' 'rrinity  Uivi'r  in  lexiw,  growing 

!;'ii--t   iliiiulriiitiv  tn  tlio  rjjjjioii  wost  of  the  MiNtiiuKippi  Uivt-r. 

'w^vy.  luml.  »hh(iujrh  not  iitrong,  cloBi-jTraintul  and  diftioiilt  to  wplii ; 

i>piriii!Ui  ri!nM>t4'  lucduil  i'\\  i<  hj^ht  brown,  with  Uiie^k  hghtcr  colort-d  snpwood. 

i  it\  of  tho  alH«duh«!j  il.  (t.7ii>l.  a  i-uUic  foot  wfighin^r  KJ.OH  pounds.     It  ix 

y»^J   f'M  Ok-  hut*  of  i-i  .  ;  .  Miil  tht'  handles  of  tools.      From  the  iiint-r  iiarW  rope 

•  Ktmnfj  llr  I      III  i,totto>i'l>ui«-9>  fv««  U'«sn  at>ide  '' 

•<*vii-   u:.;!   lifscribcd   in   r      "  - f  Wdttc.  pul.lihhcl   in  17<S.S.     The 

1  I  ){rowth,  stuall  »m;  and  abi,  ■        ,  '  r  Wahuo  uiakc  it  a  di'hirahlc  (irnampiital 

!!fc«  planted  iji  the  soutlurn  h  hi-  Htrtseta  of  tuwus  lUiu  vilhif^es.    Aii-ordinj; 


In  L/ouitoM,'  ii  waa  introiluoed  into  Knirli!*b  gatttvau  m  irt**.' 


Ill  flO. 
■itiim  FieUi4  strl  .'•  — 


'Nw  viata  i*  wraetimM  nillvii  K<<il 

H  .-r(>ir,  ,tn.  Xj  •     ""  ■    i."1 

.:    IWrt,  t.  JW~ 


EXJ'KV.NATrON 


ca  XIII. 


'rJfu^  I'liii 


'ur^rtd. 


"ilva  of  Nurth   Amenr;) 


Tab  CCCXlil 


lyf.Lion  ,/,■/ 


l.'l<^r.. 


ULMUS    A  LATA     Mi  hx 


A  /ui',rfi»i'  ihn 


[nifj  -  .  nlfif^>r  far:. 


,  i 

i 

1 

i 
1 

< 

II 


i 


'f 


\\{ 


f 


VLMACBJC. 


Flowk 
pubcsci'ni-. 
Hurfiice.     I? 
wings. 

Ulmua   fulva, 

I'eniiMiii,  Syi 
I'lirsli,   /7. 

IlofllHT  A  S 
lllijilv    /><•"' 

n.  H"r.-An 
I)ictri.li,  A'; 
XV.  ;«K»;  i 
JCC.  —  riiir 
,/.,//.!  I'nxir 
linKtnn,  Fl 
Hun:  y.  1 
KiM'li,  Dfnit 
XM.    t.  — 

A  tnH>. 

Hproailiii);   '» 

fri'(pit'ntly  ii 

cov<Ti'(l  witl 

brijjlit  frriH'i 

tlu'ir  first  w 

lenticels;  <li 

witli  liir^> 

fi'oro-viiiX'uli 

ohtiise,  a  «l' 

scales  lire  I 

th»H()  next 

tumentuin,  i 

fully  nr«)wn 

shiijied,  roll 

siijjhtly  cilii 

leaves.     Tli 

on   une  aid 

calloiis-tij)!) 

and  pilose 

dark  j^reen 

apex  of  til 

moft  aluni' 

straight  vei 


L'LMACBA 


HILVA   OF  NOJiTU  AMERICA. 


63 


ULMU8   PULVA. 
Slippery  Elm.     Red  Elm. 

Flowkrs  on  short  pctlici'ls  in  (Towdoil  fascicles.  Fruit  naked  on  the  margins, 
puJ)cscen'i,.  Leaves  ova'e-ohlong,  scabrous  on  the  upper,  pubescent  on  the  lower 
surface.  Bud-sci».les  coatcl  with  rusty  brown  hairs.  Branchlets  destitute  of  corky 
wings. 


Ulmim  fulva,  Mirliaiix.  Fl.  Hor..  Im.  i.  17'.*  (18(«).— 
renmim,  .Si/».  i. '.'HI.  —  Willtlciiow,  Kiiiiin.  ,Siip|il.  II. — 
I'iir»li.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i.  '.'(M).  —  N,  ill,  <>,;i.  i.  'JOl.— 
KiH'iiuT  A.  .Silmlt«»,  Syil.  vi.  ;«ll.  —  Klliotl.  Sk.  i.  XKl  — 

lliiync  Dfiiih.  FI.'.VS,  — SiirtMigi'l,  Si/»t.  i.  9.'!1 Hooter, 

/•/.  //..r.-.l»i.  ii.  14'.'.  —  I»ij;i'l"w,  Fl.  ll>i>toii.  ei\.  .'t,  W'l.— 
IMt'tricli,  Si/ii.  ii.  WJ. — .S|im'li,  Ann.  Sri.  Xnl.  iii<r.  2, 
%y.  ;tCK«;  nut.  Vfij.  x\.  lC7.~Torrcy,  Fl.  X  Y.  ii. 
KM).  —  I'luneliiin,  Ann.  Sri.  \(it.  Hi^r.  it,  x.  '-'70  ;  De  Can- 
dnlle  Ptwir.  xvii.  Kil.— Wal|).Tii.  Ann.  ili.  426.  — Dni^ 
lin);t<>n,  Fl.  Centr.  fil.  H,  'J.'i.'i.  —  Ciirti«,  Hep.  (ieiiln/. 
■S'liri'.  X.  Cur.  1K(')(),  iii.  'i.',  — -  r)ia|iiiiiiii,  Ft.  41(!. — 
K<hIi,  r>enilr.  ii.  4'.".'.  —  KimrnDii,  Trees  .I/ii,m.  cd.  '.',  il. 
.'j;{4,    t  —  Laui'he,    Veuttrlte    Ihndr.    IMS.  —  Uiil/jway, 


Froc  r.  S.Xiit.  Mn».  1882,  72.  —  SarRont,  Forent  Treen 

.V.  Am.   \i\tli  Crnmis  I'.  S.  \\,  t'.'2. —  Kiit'liiic.  Diiitur/ie 

Iknih.  llil),  f.  27,  (i.  — Wiitsim  &  Coulter,  (inii/'n  Man. 

od.  i\,  lt>2.  —  l)i|.|«l,  l/au.lli.  Lmihlmhk.  ii.  .'«),  f.  8. 
?  UUnuB  puboBcens  ?  WulUir,  /•'/.  Car.  1 12  (1788).  —  Sud- 

worlh,  lie  p.  Srr.  ,[,,rir.  \W.)'l.  ,'127. 
Ulmua   Americana,  .i  rubra,  Ailon.  Hurt.   Kew.  i.  .'ilO 

(178'.»).  —  Will.lciiow,  S,,er.  i.  pt.  ii.  1  ;V.'r.,  —  Stok.'S,  Hot. 

Mnt.  Me.l.  ii.  ;t,-i.  —  llayn..,  Demlr.  Fl.  M. 
?Ulmuii   orispa,   WilldciiDW,    Enmn.   2'jr>   (18(»9);    lierl. 

Ilniiniz.  I'll.  2,  r>'l». 
Ulmus   rubra,   Midiiuix   f.   ///.•i^   .[rh.   Am.  iii.   278,  t.   (J 

(I8i;i). 
?  Ulmua  pinguiu.  lUtiiieaiiiu',  Fl.  Ludoric.  11.5  (1817). 


A  trw,  Hixty  to  sovcMity  fp«'t  in  lu'ijjlit,  witli  a  trunk  ociMsinnally  two  feet  in  iliainutor,  and 
Hproaiiing  branciioH  which  uf>Uitlly  form  a  liroail  open  tlitt-to|)|ii'il  hcaii.  The  bark  of  tlu>  trunk  is 
fr<-i|Ufntly  an  ini-h  in  thicknoHs  anil  i.s  dark  Itrown  tinirud  witli  red,  divided  l>y  shallow  Kssures  and 
covered  with  larjje  thick  appressed  seales.  The  branehlets  are  stout,  and,  when  they  first  appear,  are 
brijjht  griH-n,  scahrate,  and  coated  with  soft  ])ale  pubescence  which  does  not  entirely  disappear  until 
their  first  winter  ;  they  become  light  brown  by  midsummer,  and  are  ofti'ii  roufjiieiied  with  small  pale 
lunticels ;  durin^r  their  first  winter  they  are  ashy  fyr.iy,  onuige-color,  or  Ii<;ht  red-brown,  and  marked 
with  larjje  elevated  semiorbicular  leaf-sears  in  which  appear  the  ends  of  three  conspicuous  e<|uidistant 
fibro-vuicular  bundles  j  ultimately  they  become  dark  gray  or  brown.  Tiie  leaf-buds  are  ovate,  rather 
obtuse,  a,  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  ard  covero<l  with  about  twelve  closely  imbricated  scales ;  the  outer 
scales  are  broadly  ovate,  rounded,  dark  chestnut-brown,  and  covered  with  long  scattered  rusty  hairs; 
tbost!  next  within  them  are  coated  on  the  outer  surface  above  the  middle  with  thick  rust\  brown 
tomentnm,  and  the  scales  of  the  inner  rows,  which  re|)lace  the  stipules  of  the  lower  leaves,  are  when 
fully  grown  half  an  inch  long,  an  eighth  of  an  inch  to  a  (piarter  of  an  inch  wide,  light  green,  stra{)- 
sha|>ed,  rounded  and  tipped  at  the  apex  with  tufts  of  rusty  hairs,  puberuloun  on  the  outer  surface  and 
slightly  ciliate  on  the  margins,  gradually  growing  narrower  and  passing  into  the  stipules  of  the  upper 
leavett.  The  leaves  are  ovate-oblong,  abruptly  c(uitraeted  into  long  slender  points,  rounded  at  the  biuse 
on  one  side  and  shorter  and  obliipie  on  the  other,  and  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate  with  incurved 
callous-tipped  teeth;  when  they  ui:''"old  they  are  thin,  coated  on  the  lower  surface  with  pale  pubescence, 
and  pihme  on  the  up{H>r  surface  with  scattered  white  hairs,  and  at  maturity  they  are  thick  and  tirni, 
dark  green  and  rugose  on  the  upper  surface  with  crowded  sharii-pointed  tubercles  ]iointed  toward  the 
apex  of  the  leaf,  paler,  soft  and  smooth  on  the  lower  surface,  and  coated  with  white  hairs  which  are 
most  abundant  on  the  slender  yellow  midribs  deeply  impres.sed  above,  and  in  the  axils  of  the  slender 
straight  veins  which  are  often  forked  near  the  margins ;  they  are  five  to  seven  inches  long,  two  to  three 


ij 


h 


\\\ 


i{ 


lll'll. 


l\\ 


n4 


SI/.VA    OF  NORTH  AMKliWA. 


vimscka:. 


inclioH  wide,  and  are  bnrno  on  Rtoiu  |iul)i<Nomit  petioloH  it  third  of  an  inch  in  lenf^h.  The  ntipuleH  of  the 
uppor  Umvck  hit  (>h()viitt>-<>l>l<>M^  co  ohloii^lttr.coohito,  thin  and  HcariouN,  coated  with  |mle  puheHvence  and 
tipped  witli  chistors  of  rusty  Irown  hairH.  The  leavcH  turn  to  a  dull  yellow  cohir  before  falling;  in  the 
autumn.  The  iMilori'McePi'e-hudH  are  larfrer  and  more  obtuse  than  the  leaf-budx,  which  they  resendile 
in  the  shape  of  the  siiiles  and  their  covering;  from  ;'ii- '  '  the  six  or  eight  inner  scales  the  two  to 
tiiree-fl-  vvcrcd  short  lUMlunculate  clusters  of  flowers  i  ..,.'ed.     The  Howers,  which  appear  at  the 

south  in  Felvaary  and  Marcii  and  at  the  north  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  April,  are  borne  on  shon 
pedicels  produced  from  the  axils  of  minute  linear  f^roen  bracts  with  a  few  short  white  hairs  at  the 
..pex.  The  calyx  is  ^'rcen,  coated  with  pale  hairs,  and  sli^rhtly  divided  into  five  to  nine  short  rounded 
thin  and  scarious  etjual  lobes.  The  stamens  are  exserted,  with  slemler  liffht  yellow  slijrhtly  tiattened 
tilanients  and  dark  red  anthers  which  do  not  shed  their  ]Mdlen  until  after  the  slightly  exserted  re<ldisli 
purjilc  stigmas  papillose  with  soft  white  hairs  have  begun  to  wither.  The  fruit,  which  rijH«ns  when  the 
leaves  are  about  half  grown,  is  stMuiorbicnlar,  rounded,  slightly  einargimite  or  with  the  remains  of  one 
or  of  both  stigmas  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  wedg(>-shaped  at  the  base,  and  half  an  inch  broad  ;  the 
seminal  cavity  ii*  coated  with  thick  rusty  brown  tomentum,  and  the  broad  thin  wing  is  obscurely 
reticulate-veined,  naked  on  the  thickened  margin,  and  marked  by  the  dark  conspicuous  horizontal  line 
of  union  of  the  two  carpels.  The  seed  is  ovate,  with  n  large  oblique  pale  hilum,  and  is  covere<l  with 
a  liglit  chestnut-brown  coat  prmluced  into  a  thin  wing  which  is  wider  below  than  above  the  middle  of 
the  seed, 

I'hiniii  fiilrii  is  distributed  from  the  island  of  Orleans  in  the  lower  St.  I>awrence  Uiver  tlirough 
Ontario  to  North  Dakotit  and  eastttru  Nebraska,'  and  southward  to  western  Florida,  central  Ahkbama 
and  Mississippi,  and  the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  Uiver  in  Texas. 

A  coniparatively  common  tree,  although  I'verywhcre  less  common  than  the  White  Elm,  it  inhabitH 
the  banks  of  streams  and  low  rocky  hillsides,  where  it  grows  in  deep  fertile  soil. 

The  wood  of  UhnuH  fuhn  is  heavy,  hard,  strong,  very  closi>-grained,  durable  in  cont»»ct  with  the 
soil,  and  easy  to  s])lit  while  grtvn  ;  it  contains  nnnierouH  thin  medullary  rays  and  broad  bands  of  several 
rows  of  large  open  ductc.  marking  the  layers  of  anniml  growth,  and  is  dark  brown  or  red,  with  thin 
lighter  colored  sapwood.  The  s|H'cific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.()!),'>(>,  a  cubic  foot 
weighing  4iS.ii.')  pounds.  It  is  largely  used  for  fence-posts  and  railway  ties,  for  the  sills  of  buildings, 
the  hubs   :f  wheels,  and  agricultural  im]>lements. 

The  thick  fragrant  inner  bark  of  the  branches  is  mucilaginous,  demulcent,  and  slightly  nutritious; 
it  is  employed  in  the  treittment  of  acute  intlamnmtory  and  febrile  affections,  and  is  use<i  in  the  form 
of  a  powder  externally  in  poultices.-' 

The  Slippery  Kim  apjwai-s  to  have  been  first  distinguished  by  Clayton,'  and  what  is  probably  the 
earliest  description  of  it  aj)peared  in  bis  Flora  Virfjinica,*  published  in  ITIJiK  In  cultivation  it  is  a 
handsome  sha|)ely  fast-growing  tree  ;  but  in  public  |>arks  and  streets  its  uhc  is  to  be  avoided,  for  once 
its  identity  is  established  it  usually  falls  a  prey  to  boys  eager  to  devour  the  inner  bark  of  the  branches. 


'  ItcMC'v,  Rrii.  \rhriula  Siair  Itmnl  Aqrir.  18(M.  lO.'i.  &   lliuiburv,  I'luirmiiroiinipha,  fiOI.  —  Juhnion,  Man.    Mtd.    Itol. 

!  Ili.fii»'«(iue,   .\M.  IM.  ii.  '-'"l.  —  (iriffilli,  MkI.   liol.  fltKJ,  —       .V   .1.  !.'»;».       II.  S.  l>ui*m.  fd.  10,  l.VJU. 
I'driliiT.  Ketourra  of  Southern  t'iMt  and  ForaU,  310.  —  Fliukiger  •  .">«•  i.  S 

*  Ulmui/ruclu  membranacto,  foiiu  timpiiciumi  urratit,  14S. 


.MACKVi;. 

iH  of  the 
not)  and 

ill  the 
uH«iiil)le 
3  two  to 

at  the 
III  nhori 

at  tlin 
r4)iiiuU><l 
luttt'iifd 
roildUh 
ticii  the 
I  of  OIIU 
1(1 ;  the 
im'urt'ly 
till  lino 
o<l  with 
dale  of 

Jirou^h 
Llabaina 

inlmbitfl 

rith  the 

Hevcrul 
ith  thin 
)ic  foot 
lildin;;^, 

ritidim ; 
le  form 

My  the 

it  iit  u 

'or  once 

■auelieH. 

\M.  itoi. 


115. 


>H 


ill!  I 


»   < 


V 


i 


)  'I 


EXPLANATION   (IK  TIIK   PLATK. 


Pl.AfK    (TCXIV.       fl.MlH    Kl'I.VA. 

t.  A  Hiiwi'riii|{  lirnnrli,  iimtural  aiu. 

'J,  A  HowiT,  riiUrKwl' 

.'i.  A  Htnniini.  piilarf^pil. 

4.  ViTtiial  ni'i'tiiiii  of  u  Howvr,  vnlarKml. 

It.  Vi'iiii-al  Hi'i'tiiiii  of  a  pintil,  <Milnr)(P<l' 

C.  Onmii  MM'tioii  of  ail  nvary.  i'iilarKe<l. 

7.  A  (riiitiiiK  lirani'li,  natunU  ■ii.r. 

8.  Verticiil  M'ctimi  "f  »  friiil,  imltiral  •ilf. 
'      A  m'ld.  i'iilar({i'<l. 

111.   VirliiMil  ncilioii  of  B  mihI,  ciilarn"!. 

11.   All  riiiliryii,  I'nhirKeil. 

\'i.  A  jouiiK  lirancli  with  unfuliliinf  li-aven  aliowiiii;  thf  arireacent 

biid-M'alHii  ami  utiiiiilrii.  natural  hIw. 
1,'i.   A  •iiiiiiiiu'r  liraiK-li,  iiiiturul  »i/i>. 
14.   A  wiutoT  bruicli.  Uw  llower-buiU  b«|{iiiiiiii|;  l«  eliUrKe,  natural  liu. 


ll 


iii 


!  !i 


i« 


i'l 


EXI'I.VN\TIOS   -IP  1HK   PI.aTK. 


•11,  ■'i.turRtfl 

I  s.  .ti.m  ..f 


It*.   Vf^rliral  «tM-iitpri  tif  it  ^•■^v. 
!  1     A  1.  .  .i.i.ryo.  rul»ri'»ii 

1^  branch  »  :;   .  i 

!•!      V  »imit  l.rMit'h.  Xh«  t!    ■ 


(Ur(:**^i 


r«t  tUuVrJAv 


nuUinU  <i'0. 


Silva  of  North   Amerir 


Ub    C.':C7.\y 


>  m 


t    I 


iKFatm  ,M 


ULMUS    FULVA    V. 


A  HuHt*Ht.t      JiftU 


/"i/f  J  7Ufn»ur  P.ii . 


i; 


^M 


ri 


ULMACEJE. 


Flowe 
the  iipi)er, 
usdullv  fur 


Ulmus  orasei 
V.  Uiy  (18:i 
De  Cii'ido 
420.  —  Sari 

A  tree, 

sometiiiu's  fi 

which  J'orm 

or  wlii'ii  jj;ni 

which   is  SI) 

<liviilc(l  by  i 

hraiu'lili'tsui 

rcJ,  Miul  cc 

pultcnilous, 

scars,  ill  wh 

they  an'  frc 

(|iiai'tt>r  tt)  ii 

lateral  l)raii 

(if  all  iiifh 

outer  siirf'a 

hrijrlit   red, 

rouiulud  lit 

aiul   iilie(|ii 

Mareh,   tlu 

puheseeiice 

whidi  is  r 

soft  puhesi 

with  stout 

margin,  oli 

Tile  stii>iili 

hv  their  all 

The  leaves 

oil  the  hra 

the  axils  o 

live-tlower 

leiifTth,  CO 

hraetlets. 

>  In  I 


ULMACEiK. 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ULMU8   CRASSIFOLIA. 

Oedar  Elm. 

Flowers  iiutumnul,  short-pcdieellato.  Fruit  hirsute.  Leaves  ovate,  scabrous  on 
tiie  upper,  soft-pubescent  on  the  h)wer  surface.  Uud-scales  puberulous.  Brunchlots 
usually  furnished  with  corky  wings. 

Ulmus  orassifolia,  Nuttall.   Trnns.  Am.  Phil.  Sue  n.  M't.  ix.    IL".'.  —  Kmlini',    Deiihche   Demlr.    13.">,   f.  27  B. — 

V.  109  (18;»7).  — I'laiiilioii,  Ann.  Sri.  Nat.  h<t.  .'i,  x.  279;  lii|)|M>l.  //uiidli.  Laii/ihohk.  ii.  H5.  — Coulter,  Conirib.   U. 

Df    Caiiilolle    I'nHlr.    xvii.    1(12.  —  WalpiTK,    Ann.   ili.  .S'.  .V./^  //»■/■/-.  ii.  IOC.  (.}fan.  PI.  W.  TeJta»). 

420.  —  SiirKrnt,  Forest    Trees  S.  Am.  U)lli  Cemim  ('.  S.  Ulmua  opaca.  Nuttall.  Si/lni.  i.  ;<5.  t.  11  (1842). 

A  tree,  often  eipfhty  foet  in  hei^lit,  witli  a  tall  8tr!iif;flit  trunk  two  to  three  feet  in  diiiineter, 
sduietinieH  free  of  brnnciios  for  thirty  or  forty  feet,  and  (liviilin<f  into  iiiinieruiiH  stout  s|ireiulin^  limbs 
wliicli  form  ii  broad  iiivcrs»'iy  conieal  round-toppfd  liead  witli  loii^f  pendulous  liranelies,  or  while  younff, 
or  wlien  ^rowinjj  on  dry  u[)lands,  a  compact  round  head  of  droopiu};-  hranciies.  The  liark  of  tlie  trunk, 
whiih  is  sometimes  nearly  an  inch  in  thicknes,s,  is  lifjiit  l)rown  sli<rlitly  tinjjed  with  red,  and  deeply 
(liviih'd  by  interru|)ted  fissures  into  hroad  flat  ridfjes,  broken  on  tlie  surface  into  thick  scales.  The 
hranchh'ts  are  slentier  and  often  furnished  with  corky  win;;s.  and.  wlien  tliey  lirst  appear,  are  tinj^ed  with 
red,  and  coated  with  soft  pale  puhcscenn-  :  ilurin<r  tiieir  (Ir.st  winter  they  are  li^ht  reddish  hrown, 
pulierulous,  and  marked  with  scattered  minute  [tal,.  lenticels,  and  with  small  eh'vated  .semiurbicular  leaf- 
scars,  in  whicii  appear  tlie  einls  t)f  three  small  fiiiro-vascular  bundles;  the  two  corky  wiufifs  with  which 
they  are  freipiently  furnished  are  covered  witli  lustrous  red-hrown  hark,  and  when  fidly  jjrown  are  a 
(juarter  to  a  half  of  an  inch  broad;  they  are  sometimes  continuous,  except  when  ahruptly  interrupted  hy 
Literal  branchlets,  or  are  often  irrej^ularly  develo[ied.  The  leaf-buds  are  broadly  ovate,  acute,  an  eighth 
of  an  inch  lonj^,  and  covered  with  closely  imbricated  chestnut-brown  scales,  slifjlitly  puhendous  on  the 
outer  surface;  those  of  the  inner  ranks  are  at  maturity  obloufj,  concavi',  rounded  at  the  ajiex,  thin, 
brijjht  re<I,  and  Mometimes  three  <|uarters  of  an  inch  in  lenj^th.  The  leaves  are  olilonjj-oval,  acute  or 
rounded  at  the  a|M'X,  une(|ually  roinided  (u-  wedfjt-shaiied  and  often  oMiipie  at  the  hase,  and  coarsely 
and  une(|ually  douhly  serrate  with  callous-tipped  teeth  ;  when  they  unfold,  which  is  in  Febriuiry  and 
March,  they  are  thin,  lijjht  jjreen,  tinfj;ed  with  red,  pilose  above,  and  covered  below  with  .soft  pale 
pubescence,  and  at  maturity  .ire  thick  and  subcoriaceous,  dark  j^reen  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface, 
which  is  roughened  with  crowded  minute  shari>-pointed  tubercles,  pale  yellow-green  ,'ind  coated  with 
soft  pubescence  on  the  lower  surface,  one  to  two  inches  long,  and  one  half  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  wide, 
with  stout  yellow  midribs  slightly  impres.Hed  above,  prominent  straight  veins,  often  fcu-ked  near  the 
margin,  obscure  on  the  upper  side,  and  connected  by  conspicuous  more  or  less  reticulate  cross  veinlets. 
The  sti|)ides,  which  are  half  an  inch  long,  linear-lanceolate,  and  red  and  scabrous  above,  elas]>  the  stem 
by  their  abru|)tly  enlarged  eorilate  green  and  hairy  bases,  and  fall  when  the  leaves  are  about  half  grown. 
The  leaves  turn  bright  yellow,  and  fall  late  in  October  or  early  in  November,  or  turn  brov, .•  and  wither 
on  the  branches  in  years  of  exceptional  dryness.  The  inllorescence-buds  a|ipear  early  in  'ln>  season  in 
the  axils  of  leaves  <«f  the  year  ;  the  llowers,  which  iisuallv  open  in  .\ugust,'  are  produced  in  three  to 
tive-tlowered  pedunculate  fiiscicles,  and  are  borne  on  slender  pedicels  a  third  to  a  half  of  an  inch  in 
length,  covered  with  long  white  hairs,  and  furnished  with  linear-lanceolate  acute  scarious  bracts  and 
bractlets.     The  calyx  is  divided  to  below  the  middle  into  ol)long  narrow  pointed  lobes,  and  is  hairy  at 

'  In  fitviirutrlo  m'liHtiiiH  a  nih-uiiiI  rrup  of  llowuffl  Bometimes  u|)|)carH  in  OfttiluM-  from  wliifh  sfods  ofti-n  ri|MMi  u  month  later. 


'J 


M 


\     i! 


Mill 


: 


38 


SILVA    OF  XORTII  AMERICA. 


ULMACE^K. 


the  base.  The  ovary  is  coated  with  pale  liairs,  ami  crowned  with  two  short  slijrhtly  exserted  Htigiuas. 
The  fruit  ripens  in  Septeinl>er.  and  is  oI)lon<^,  {jfradiially  and  often  irregularly  narrowed  from  the  middle 
to  the  two  ends,  short-stalked,  deeply  notched  at  the  apex,  one  third  to  nearly  one  half  of  an  inch  long, 
and  covered  with  soft  white  hairs,  which  .ire  most  developed  on  the  slightly  thickened  margin  of  the 
broad  obscurely  veined  wing.  The  seed  is  ovate-oblicjue,  pointed,  and  covered  with  a  dark  chestnut- 
brown  coat.' 

U/iniis  crdHKif'tiiiK  is  distributed  frtmi  the  valley  of  the  Sunflower  River  in  Mississiiipi  through 
southern  Arkansas  and  Texas  to  Nuevo  Leon,"  ranging  in  western  Texas  from  the  coast  to  the  valley  of 
the  I'ei'os  Hiver.'  In  Arkansas  the  Cedar  Klin  grows  usually  on  river  cliffs  and  low  hillsides,^  and  in 
Texas,  where  it  is  he  eonnnon  Elm-tree,  and  where  it  attiins  its  hirgest  size  on  the  rich  bottom-lands  of 
the  Guadalonpe  and  Trinity  Rivers,  it  grows  near  streams  in  deep  alluvial  soil  and  on  the  dry  limestone 
hills  which  rise  from  them,  usually  with  Live  Oaks  and  Nettle-trees. 

The  wood  of  UIiiiuk  cni.ssil'dliii  is  heavv,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  with  obscure 
medillary  rays  and  bands  of  ducts  marking  the  layers  of  annual  growth  ;  it  is  light  brown  tinged  with 
red.  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood.  The  specilic  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.7'24r»,  a 
cubic  foot  weighing  4."».1">  pounds.  In  central  Texas  it  is  used  in  considerable  cpiantities  in  the  manu- 
facture of  the  lnib>  of  wagcu-wheels  and  saddle-trees,  for  furniture,  and  largely  in  fencing;  grown  in 
the  drv  clim.ite  of  the  Rio  (.irande  basin,  the  Cedar  Elm  is  less  valuable  as  a  tindier-tree,  and  produces 
lumber  of  an  inferior  (juality,  and  poor  fuel. 

L'/iKiis  rr<issifi>H(i  was  discovered  by  Thomas  Nuttall''  in  ISIK  near  the  Re<l  River  in  south- 
western Arkansas.  As  it  grows  on  the  bottom-lands  of  the  rivers  of  central  Texas,  the  ('cdar  Elm,  with 
it>  broad  head  of  long  pendulous  branohes  covered  with  dark  green  lustrous  leaves,  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  and  graceful  trees  of  North  America.''  It  is  tM'casiiMiallv'  planted  as  a  shade-tree  in  the 
streets  of  cities  and  towns  in  Texas  ;  but,  except  ui  Tex;us,  is  rarely  seen  in  cultivation. 


*  The  scrdtt  of  CVmiu  rm^mifitiia  do  iioi  itpparontty  f^rmitiato  in 
TeXi-u)  until  aftiT  the  niiiit^  of  tlii>  curly  spring. 

'^  t'.  (i.  I'riliKlr,  Uttrilen  ti'ut  Fttrent,  iii   \V\2. 
»  llnvanl.  I'nu-.  I'.  S.  \,il.  Miu.  ISSL'.  ."lOC. 

*  F.  I..  Il;irvcy,  Am.  Jtmr.  h'oTtstry,  i.  151. 
»  Ste  ii.  M. 


•  In  Ti'xas  the  iM-nnty  of  Hm^L*  irnmi/tttiti  ii  oftt'n  injiiretl  liy 
thi'  .^puiii.tli  Mo>^  (  Tiltnrtil.im  u.oiriM(/<.*.  l.inunMiK),  wliirh  frojufntly 
(Inipi-H  till-  liriuii'lir^,  iiiiil  iiltiiniitfly  wcakrim,  iinil  tluAlly  tteitruy» 
till'  tri'i-. 

'   Ki'Vt  ri-lion,  fwartirn  unit  Fi)rrft,  vi.  .*i:^-l. 


EXPIANA'T'ION   OK  TIIK   I'l.ATK. 


I'r.ATK    t'tX'XV.        I'l.Mt.l   rllASSlKiil.lA. 


1.  A  flowcririi;  linimli.  natural  "i/e. 

1*.  I  >!«'.,''■•""  "f  a  tlowur. 

.'1.  A  tlowi-r.  I'lilar^cil, 

4.  A  Ktaini'U.  fnlari;<'i!. 

.^1.  A  ]ii«til.  I'nlnri^ci). 

1).  An  ovuli>.  much  ina^nifitMl. 

7.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  niie. 


S.  A  fruit,  oiilart;e<). 

'.1.  Virtiral  swlioii  of  a  fruit,  onlarjjpd. 

10.  Vortiral  nectioii  of  a  Heed,  cnlargcil. 

It.  An  einliryo,  enlarged. 

ILV  A  KUiniupr  liranrh,  nnturni  site, 

lit.  .V  wiiit4.*r  branch,  natural  mini. 


W' 


.^' 


> 


s 


.i\ 


>^^'; 


L^ 


..^ 


.<C--s 


•#L 


(  \ 


<il 


'•  i  Ailli   IWK  Hliorl  NJi^litly  cXHi'v.-'il    'itiKiiiiiH. 

■  ml  iifti'ii  iircpiljirh'  ii:iric  wod  from  iUr  niidillp 

.i(ifx.  Olio  lliird  to  iitMrly  oiio  half  of  an  iiul)  loiij., 

I  I  "'  "II   il'o  bli^'litlv  liuckifnttil  fliai^in  of  the 

•>  il"   i'linii:!'.  |.oint-;l.  .itid   covt'ivd   witli   .1    il;irlt   1  i  p^tlult- 


uivprs,  \t  jrro>» 
'i.illv  with  Ia\' 


)  fmtii  the  valiw  oi  iht"  SnnllowHr  Rivor  hj  Ml'wissippi  tJiwuKh 

iii'VK  I,c.(ii,    i-.mijiiijr  iti  wi.,tiTU  TcxiiK  from  the  fount  to  thi'  valley  of 

'    C.Im    Kim   fjrows   usiiallv  on  river  clidn  Hml  low  hillsidus,'  iind  in 

'  !'  I  whew  it  attaitw  its  largest  sizp  on  the  rich  hottom-lands  of 

iins  in  deep  iiihivial  soil  and  on  tiijj  ihy  liuieut^jne 

I  Netth-tnuM. 

!    nt.t  -:ti,>njj.  brittle,  <  !ch. -i>'rait<ed,  with  ohsenrp 

r.lgrowtl^  lit  hrown  linjrei!  .vtlh 

..iiv  of  the  .iLii.liii'iv  lirv  wood  is  0.7'24.'>,  a 

ii^bhI  in  eoiirtideK.Ide  (jiidntitias  in  the  nutiui- 

■  fiirniliue  Hiid  lir<ji'ly  in  feiieiiifj ;  jjrown  in 

'it.-r-tree,  and  prodneea 


•  !.■<•' 


,1; 


l'<     V- 


,s,tj;\\i»ij  i. 


.,ir.i  r. 


II     ',.   ,Mi    (It 

i1   an.'   -r 


'V;is  diseoverod    by   Th<  ; 
As  It  jrTi>\v<  (ill  the  bottoni-1 1 
lung  i>en(lillfj|is  lirnneliON  eoveretl  tviiii  >i 
leeful  treen  of   Vorth   \r,--,\.  ■."       \:    ;, 
111  tontiK  1.1  'IVx;t8  ;   hi/ 


n  u    fVu    V.i'A   River  in   >i>iiili- 

I  'iihir  Klin,  with 

i;<.-tii  liini.ioiii.  Ua » L'n.  Is  one  lif  the   most 

■  '■iiiidly'  phuitcHl  iiM  11  slilt-M- 'I. 

ikIv  mieti  in  eultivation. 


'-rj>i»»>'t»*t^  i^cmiisttU 


"ftfiM  mjtfrvAi  by 


:.  A  f:i,.;t.i:-  !„..,.  ii 


i«  ..(  »  (nm. 


■iii.i. 


'■n  of  K  9D^,  nai|ir;;eil. 
!'    A.i    uiit, ,j.  iiiiiarg«il. 
!'-    A  «,m>n<fr  liiahdi.  nal4ii-«1  •!»«. 
1       A   Atiiij'i  •  rHiioi),  imtuml  nite. 


hlva  r.'f  Nfnth    Aiti' 


] 


I  / 


?■  !i 


»  ( 


i  !| 


( f  /'li/n'i  fM 


H.!f< 


ULMUS    CRASSIFOLIA 


./  H> 


/•T'lV/./      ifl/iYt 


'•W  .'  .(WiU.-    /  i7/;i 


^ 

1,   1    ; 

K 

■ 

1 

i 

i 

} 
i 

I 

■ 

lILMACKiK. 


tion ;  corol 
stipitati',  I 
altt'inatr,  > 

Planera,  (imeli 

L'TC).  —  ;.Ii-ii 

A  trci". 

iiiarkcil  witli 

li'af-scars    in 

su1)};1<i1m)h«', 

iiiort'  or  Icsf 

ol)liiii^,  scaii 

tile  liraiK'lili' 

ill  vernation 

.;t   the   hasc, 

puluTulons 

I'onncctoil  li 

lower  und  pi 

latorul,  free, 

the  k-avi's  ii 

Klu)rt-|)«Mliot' 

year  in  one 

tlu-  iia.st!  in 

scarioiis,  hmI 

in  tho  pistil 

dvati',  cniar 

lon^itnilina 

(livi(lt><l  int 

thu   Htaniiiii 

cxtrorso,  su 

till-  witillTC 

rihlu'd  on 
|)iil)i'ruloiis 
snrfacf.  t" 
lustrouH,  di 
tiiick,  luieij 
nnii'li  lon<i;i 

The 
medullary 

>  l.iiti'  I'liii 

tlie  IjrniU'h  up 


lIL.MACKi*;. 


SJ/A'A    OF  NORTH  AM  Kit  IC A. 


S9 


PLANK  II  A. 


l''l,()\vi:its  poly^iimo-mnna-cioiis ;  calyx  \  or  iVloln-d,  the  loht's  iinbricutcd  in  fi'stiva- 
tioii ;  corolla  0  ;  stamens  I  or  5  ;  Hlanunts  erect  before  anthesis  ;  disk  0  ;  ovary  superior, 
stipitate,  l-celled  ;  ovide  solitary,  suspended,  l-'ruit  drupaceous,  niuricate.  Leaves 
alternate,  serrate,  stipulate,  deciduous. 


Planera,  (iiiii-liii.  .s>^  S'lt.  ii.  \M  ( 1 7i>l ).  —  Kmllii-liiT,  (/.•«. 
^Tt).  —  iilfiBinr,  '.'.«.  ;i;.l.  — Iliiillim.  Illst.  I'l.  vi.  IS.".. — 


Iti'iitlKiiii  it    lluiikir,   (Ifii.  iii.   3.")«'.  —  Kngler  &   Prantl, 

l'jl'in::ciii'iiin.  ill.  |it.  i.  tji!. 


A  trot',  witii  watery  jiiict',  sculy  Iwik,  sIcikIit  terete  uiiiirii<ei|  slifrlitly  /.i;jz.'i{j  ])iil)erulmis  branelilets 
inarkeil  with  wattereil  pair  IcntirclM,  anil  at  tlie  end  of  tlieir  lirst  seasoji  with  small  nearly  oiliii'iilar 
leaf-sears  in  which  appear  a  row  of  lihro-vasenlar  hnniNe-xMrs.  ami  tihroiis  roots.  Buds  axillary,' 
Hliii^^lohoHe,  niinu'.e.  ei-vereil  with  numerous  thin  closely  imhricated  rhestniit-hrown  scales,  the  outer 
more  or  less  scarious  on  the  niar<jins  ;  the  inner  accrescent  with  the  youni^  siioot.  at  maturity  oyatu- 
ohlon^,  scarious,  lirij^ht  reil,  one  third  to  lu-arly  one  half  of  an  inch  lon;^.  markin;^  in  falling  the  base  of 
the  hranchlet  with  numerous  rin^-like  pale  conspicuous  scars,  beayes  alternate,  distichous,  conilnplicate 
in  vernation,  oyate-olilonij,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  narrowed  apex,  uneipially  wedire-sha|>ed  or  rounded 
.it  the  base,  coarsely  crcnulate-serrate  with  inieipial  ffland-tippcd  teeth,  petioliti-  with  slender  terete 
puherulous  petioles,  pcn!ii\eined,  the  numerous  straight  conspicuous  ycins  fiukcd  near  the  margin, 
eonnec'ted  by  coartie  reticulate  veiidets  more  cons|iii  nous  helow  tiian  ahoye  ;  at  lirst  puherulous  un  the 
lower  and  pilose  on  the  up|icr  surface,  at  maturity  thick  and  suliioriaccous,  M'ahrate,  deciduous  ;  stipules 
lateral,  free,  oyate,  acute,  scarious,  lirif^ht  red,  caducous.  Flowers  articulate,  minute,  apipearin;;  with 
the  leavi'H  in  early  sprinjj,  the  staininatc  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  the  outer  scales  of  leaf-hi  irinj;  buds, 
Hhort-p«Mlieellate,  the  pistillate  or  perfect  on  elonjrated  puherulous  pedicels  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the 
vear  in  one  to  fhree-tlowered  fiLscicles.  Pedicels  ebracteolate.  Calvx  campanulate,  divided  nearly  to 
the  base  int  •  four  or  live  lobes,  rounded  at  the  apex,  (greenish  yellow,  often  tinj^tMl  with  re(|,  sul>- 
KcuriuuH,  »ul)-mureescent.  Stamens  liypojryninis,  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  opjiosite  them  ; 
in  the  pistillate-  llower  sometinu's  fewer  or  wantinuf;  filaments  (iliform,  erect,  exserteil  ;  anthers  broadly 
ovate,  cniar);;inatiN  cordate,  attached  on  the  hack  helow  the  middle,  introrse,  two-celled,  the  cells  opening 
longitudinally.  Ovary  ovate,  stipitate,  ^landular-tubercidate,  one-celled,  narrowed  into  a  short  style 
divided  into  two  elon;;ated  spreading  reflexed  stiijmas,  j)apillo-stij;matic  on  the  inner  face ;  wantinj;  in 
the  staminate  Hower ;  ovule  solitary,  suspendeil  'lear  the  apex  of  the  cell,  anatro])oiis ;  inicropyle 
extrorse,  superior.  Fruit  idilonj^,  ohiiipie,  an.!  n.irrowed  below  into  a  short  stipe  inclosed  at  the  base  by 
the  withered  calyx,  crowned  with  the  remnants  of  the  style  ;  pericarp  crustaccous,  fra;,'ile,  prominently 
rihhed  on  the  anterior  ami  jjosterior  faces,  irregularly  <  resleil  with  thin  plates,  lijfht  chestnut-brown, 
pul)erulo\is,  of  two  coats,  the  inner  thin  and  [lapery,  lii;;ht  chestnut-brown,  and  lustrous  (ui  the  inner 
surface.  Seed  ovoid-obliipie,  pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  below,  exalliuminous  ;  testa  '.iiin.  erustaeeous, 
lustrous,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  of  two  <'oats  ;  raphe  inconspicuous.  Knd)ryo  erect  ;  cotyledons 
thick,  uneipial,  brij;ht  orauf'e-color,  the  apex  (d'  the  larLTcr  cucullate  and  slitfhtly  infoldin<^  the  smaller, 
nuich  lonirer  than  the  minute  railicle  turned  toward  the  Hnear  pale  iiilum. 

The    wood   (d"    I'lanera    is    lij-ht,    soft,    not    stronji;.    close-^'iaiLicd.    and    contains    numerous    tiiiii 
medullary  rays  and  occiusional  scattered  open  ducts.      It  is  liL;ht  lirown,  wiiI'  tiiick  nearly  white  sapwood 

I   l.iki'  I'llniiH.  I'lniK-ni  <1>N>H  not  rt>riii  u  ttTiiiiiiiit  Imi.I,  the  riitl  of       tti  the   iipprr  axilhiry  liiid,  Ity    \shii-li    it    is   {•rohni^i'tl  (tilling   llto 
tilt)  hruueh  apiit^urin^  iliii'illg  the  wiuter  uji  it  hiiiiiU  pate  Hear  iluite       foUuuilig  spring. 


\  '*■ 


1 

i 

'  H 


(50 


SILVA    OF  NO/tTIl  AMKIUCA. 


rr,MACEi»;. 


I'LMACEiB. 


vv  i 


«    ! 


fomimsed  of  twenty  or  thirty  liiyors  of  ikiiiiiial  jrrowtli.  Tho  Kpt'cilic  jfriivity  of  the  ahsohitely  dry  wood 
is  ()..VJ!U,  a  cuhic  foot  wcijrhinp;  It'J.JMI  |)oiiii(ls. 

Tho  ^I'lius  is  not  known  to  possvsM  nseful  iiropertius, 

Tlie  generic  name  preserves  tho  memory  of  .lohaim  Jakob  Planer,'  a  German  hotaniHt  and  phytiieian 
of  tile  last  I'fntmy. 

Tile  ffeiiiis  is  now  represented  liy  ft  single  8pocicii.'^ 


'  .liilmiiii  Jakuli  riiinrr  ( 1T1;I  I7SH),  u  iintivi-  of  I'.rfiirt.  |mrmii'il 

llUDciflltitlc  HtlxlirH  Jit   HitIiII  (111(1  U-|)t/i^,:ii|(|   ill    17711  WliMI|)i{VMliti>il 

IVnfo.stir  iif  Mrdirini'  ill  till'  I'liiviTHilv  nf  liis  iiutivr  fity,  in  wliu'h 
111' iidiTHiiril  lilli'il  llir  Cliail-^  iif  Hotiuiv  uiiil  ('iii'iiiixtn'.  riuiuT 
Wii-*  till-  iiutlitir  iif  ■((■vrriil  works  nii  Hotaiiy  ami  Hiiral  Ki'iiiiiiinv. 
iiuliMJin;;  a  ratiilii('iif  nf  ilii'  plaiila  growing  in  tho  neigliliurliiHHl  of 
Krfiirt  and  paiMTs  on  i«ilvii'nltiiro. 


'  I'lani'ra,  or  nonio  ("cniii  cloti-ly  n-latrd  to  it,  inhnliiird  Kiiropo 
during'  llio  lorliary  rpiH'h  (Ziltcl,  Ihmlh.  I'lilirimlnlmi.  ii.  |7'J)  j  niul 
ill  Nortli  Aiiiiriia  Iran*  of  hivcral  »|iiiii<  of  I'laiuTii  found  in  the 
I  ppiT  and  Middle  Mimi'iio  riKk«  nhow  that  it  oiiic"  piixti'd  in  (ho 
I'iMilral  Kooky  Monntain  nn'um  of  tho  pontinont  nnil  in  Ahuka 
(^•■i(|uonii«,  r.  .S'.  i;,oli>ii.  Sun:  vii.  IH1»,  t.  'J7,  f.  4-11;  viii.  Ilil,  t, 
a»,  f.  !-i;i,  t.  II,  f.  101/',M,.  /-v.  Wfttern  Territorir,,  ii..  iii.)). 


Planera  aqu* 
ilt'linw,  S/irr 
Sil|i|)l.  14.- 
«|.t,  lilt.  C 
Solllllidt,  O 
/•/.  'JIW.— 

Vfij.  xi.  11 
I)e  Cunt/ffffi 
Cha|iiiinn. 
Jh'l/fsrhf    I 

A'.  Am.  nil 

A  trei>, 
and  ratlii'r  ft! 
a  (jiiarter  o 
diseiose  tlie 
and  diirin}<;  i 
leaves  iinfol 
three  (|iiarte 
of  an  inrh  ii 
witli  yellow 
uii  iiii'li  in  Ii 

I'luiifr 
and  is  distri 
throngh  son 
thronjjli  we!- 
of  the  low€ 
coast  in  the 
and  souther 

J'liini  I 
was  oceasio 
disappeared 

Althoi 
inhahitant 
eliaracter  o 
borders  of  i 


^1 


I'LMACEiK. 


aiLVA    OF  NORTH  AM  Kit  IC A. 


61 


PLANERA   AQUATIOA. 
Water  Elm. 


Planera  aquation. (imeliti.  Sijrt.  Nat.  ii.  IfiO  (1 7i»l ).  —  Will- 
ili'iiow,  .S'/-i<-.  iv.  pi.  ii.  '.M>7  1  li-rl.  Ittiiim-.  id.  'J,  '.'HI  ;  h'liiiiii. 
.Sii|i|il.  14. —  IViHcioii,  .S'^H.  i.  "yl.  —  l)ii  Mi'iil  (lu  CiMir- 
ni't.  lilt.  Cull.  f(l.  L',  vi.  .'IHS.  —  Niittall,  '/'■».  i.  'J(l'.'.  _ 
.Si'liniiill,  Oi'.ilr.  Ilnnmx.  iv.  14,  t.  Vi'.  —  llujiu'.  Ih'in/i; 
/■y.  L'lW.  —  S|ia('li,  .Inn.  Sri.  Xal.  Hi'r.  'J,  xv.  ;i."> ;  ///.h^ 
>V;/.  xi.  llll. —  I'liimliim.  .Inn.  Sii.  S'll.  m'r.  .'t.  x.  -Cil  ; 
I>e  I'liniliillr  I'rnilr.  xvii.  I<>7.  —  \Viil|«'rH.  .Inn.  ili.  4'.'K. — 
Cliapiiinii.  t'l.  417.  —  Kdrli.  Ihmlr.  ii.  4-4.  —  I.iiiiclic, 
Diiitmhr  Ih'mlr.  .'l.'iO.  f.  l.'Ci.  —  .Siir^jinl,  h'nre.il  Tri'en 
X.  .im.  Wlh  Crntiia  ('.  S.    ix.  I'-M.  —  Wiitucm  &  CmilliT, 


llriii/H  ,)fiiii.  I'll.  (!.  ll'p.'l.  —  Dippi'l.  Ilnndli.  I.nnliholxk,  ii. 

.'!•'«,  f.  1'.'.  — CciiUir.  r„»/f,7,  f.S.  y„l.  l/erb.\i.40~  {Miin, 

/•/.  II ■.  7V,r,/.«). 
AnonymoH  iiquiitinu.  Wultir.  /•/,  I'm:  2.'<0  (1788). 
Planera  ulniifolia.  .Miiliimx  f.  /I hi.  .Irk  .l«i.  iii.  '.'8.%  t.  7 

( l.Si:i).  —  I'liiii'l,  f.iini.    /lirl.  .SiippI,  iv.  4'.".l.  —  .\onreiiu 

hnltitnifl,  \\\.  *'».").  —  CurttM,   /I'l'y'.   limtnij.  Stiff.   .V.  (.'<//•. 

ISCMI,  iii.  Si. 
Ulmua  aquatioa.  Uatliic«niic.  /■'/.  f.ii.lnrlf.  Km  (1817). 
Planera  Richardi,   Toiri'v  iV  (iray,  J'ufijif  A'.  A".  Jlf/i.  ii. 

17."i  (not  .Miiliauxl  I  IH.Vi). 


A  tree,  thirty  t(t  forty  ft'ft  in  licif^lit,  witli  ii  sliort  trunk  rart'ly  v\i  ■  rdiiiij  twenty  inches  in  diiinieter, 
iiuil  rather  HJeniler  spreading  hriinelies  whieli  fiiriii  a  low  hrnail  iiead  The  h.irk  ni'  the  trunk  i.s  ahoiit 
II  (iiiarter  of  an  inch  thick  iinil  ii<;ht  lirown  or  ^ray,  se|iaratin}r  into  hir};c  Kcah's  which  in  faUinfr 
di.sch>se  tlic  rcd-lirown  inner  hark.  'I'he  hranchh't><,  when  thev  iir»t  appear,  are  liiown  tiiijfed  with  red, 
liiul  during;  their  lirst  winter  aro  dark  red  and  liUiinately  hecoiue  red<li><h  hnnvn  i.r  asliv  ^ray.  The 
li>uveH  unfold  in  Fehruary  and  .Mardi,  and  when  fully  j^rown  are  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  ion^j  and 
thrcu  ipiartcrH  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  wide,  and  an-  home  on  petiolcH  varying  from  an  ci;;lith  to  a  (piarter 
of  an  inch  in  h>n)^th  ;  they  are  dark  dull  j^reen  on  the  upper  surface  and  paler  on  the  lower  surface, 
with  yellow  inidrihs  and  veins.  The  ilowers  apiHsir  with  the  leaves  ;  and  the  fruit,  wliich  is  a  third  of 
uii  ineh  in  len)rth,  ripens  in  April. 

I'liimrii  iii/iiiilirii  inhahits  deep  swamps  covered  with  water  during  several  mniilhs  of  every  year, 
and  is  distrihuted  from  the  valley  of  the  Cape  Fear  Iviver  in  North  Carolina  to  western  Florida,  and 
through  southern  Alahiuna  and  .Mississippi  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  Hiver  in  Texas,  ranfjinjf  north 
throu;;h  western  Louisiana  and  .Arkansas  to  southern  .Mis.souri  and  central  Kentucky,  and  to  the  valley 
of  the  lower  Waliash  River  in  Illinois.  Comparatively  rare  and  conllned  to  the  neijjhliorhood  of  the 
coast  in  the  Athiiitic  and  the  eastern  (iulf  states,  the  Water  Kim  is  very  ahundaiit  in  western  Louisiana 
iind  southern  Arkansjis,  where  it  iittitins  its  larji^est  size.' 

J'liintrii  (i<ii((iliiii  was  introduced  into  the  gardens  of  Kuro|H)  early  in  the  present  century,^  and 
ym»  oeciiNionally  cultivated  in  Uitanical  collections,  from  which  it  has  now,  however,  almost  entirely 
dituippeitred. 

Although  it  possesses  much  botanical  interest,  the  Water  Elm  has  little  else  to  recommend  it  as  an 
iidiahitant  of  parks  and  (gardens,  and  the  hi^h  tem|H'rature  of  the  i'e|rion  which  it  inhaliits  and  the 
character  of  the  soil  and  situation  in  which  it  grows  make  it  a  ditlicult  tree  to  cultivate  beyond  the 
borders  of  its  native  HWiimps. 


»    ( 


,  . 


) 

;  1 

'  K.  L.  ll«rvey,  Am.  Jour.  Forntry,  i.  ICl. 


*  Lumluu,  .Uti.  lirii.  iii.  1413,  f.  I'JJl. 


Il 


l\\\\ 


km     I    : 


KXl'I.ANAIUlN   OK    IIIK    I'l.ATK. 


I'l.ArK    ('('('XVI.        I'l.VNKllA     AtJIATHA, 


1.   A  II.. 


I.raii.'li.  ii.'it.iriil  *i'ft. 


'J.  A  hluiiiiniiti'  tliiHiT,  I'liliiri;.'.!. 

3.  A  »taiii.-n.  rear  view,  i'i.t:tr^rtl. 

4.  A  |iinlllliiU>  HmviT.  i'iiliir);<'.l. 

f),  ViTlii-al  sci'lliiii  of  u  plalilUti'  tl.iwir,  ciiliir);ml. 

(i.  Cri.M  niM'tiiiii  of  an  nviiry,  iMilurm>J. 

7.  All  nviili',  iiiMi-li  fn.'ii;i)ilit*  I. 

H.  A  friiilin^'  l.riiiicli,  iiatiinil  fii/i>. 

It.  A  Ir.iil.  eiilitrk'.'it. 

Ill  V.rtlciil  snti.m  iif  a  fnill.  iiiliir^'iHl. 


11     A 


'.I.  .'111. 


""•«<■ 


IL*.   All  I'lnlirv. 


iniii-h  iimi^ni 


li..,!. 


i:t.  A  • 


lit.T  I'l 


I'll. 


a!  < 


1-1.   A  ^tiiitiT-liiiil.  i-iiliirL,MMl. 

15.  A  nuiiiiiier  hruiii'li,  nutur»l  iiiui. 


■|\v.i   ..t    N..itti    An 


TaV)  r.rcvn 


■;•. 


Jffr^*. 


*■.*► 


% 


l!i 


^ 


0 

9 


If 


i  I 


v^ 


.:  : 


KXi'l.A.-- 


'I.ATK. 


1.'     \ 

.■(    A 


y  A 

l.i     V 


tnWtr-faiul,.  eiiUr  t,- 


K^^l 


i  i' 


Silvd  of  North   Ai! 


Tab,  CCCXVl 


c  f:  f',i^;i  .u 


Mt>11t*UiJt  .rt' 


PLAN  ERA    AOIJATICA 


A  'it.'i  ft^tj   ,ii/*\t  ' 


'rif<     ^  /it/tf-ti/    /'/J 


I  i 


iMll" 


I  :  i 


iw 


•:  1 


Vi 


1  << 


] 


ULMACEJK. 


Fi-owl 
divisions  i 
1-celled ; 
ous  or  per 

Celtis,  Linno! 
;i77.  —  A. 
'JTt).  _  Mfi 
lioiithaiii  i' 
I'Jiatizen/ii 

Trees 

iinarniL'd  or 

iilternat'.',  tli 

five-ni'rvt'd, 

usually  sci.r 

cviuose  or 

upper  leavei 

as  uiaiiv  a.'< 

illauicnts  sii 

untliisls  ;  ii 

on   I  lie  bae 

extrorM),  tli 

sessile  styli 

entire  or  l)i 

from  the  a| 

and  Huceult 

seanty,  ^eli 

eeous,  of  t' 

broad,  folii 

tliu  short  H' 

C'eltia 


'  Hv  ruiK-i 

iiilo  thf  foUov 

Ki  runs, 
fniin  tlu*  axils 
in  two  or  dm 
ifti^iuait  Itlii'iir 
I'liiirtncil  trf!€ 
anil  uf  \\igh  i> 

SlIINICK'K.l 

cailucoiiH  Imil 
c\v»  fntni  th< 
l**'iivi,'i*  lU'oidi 


ULMACEjK. 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


G3 


CELTIS. 

Flowers  polygamo-monnnoious  or  rarely  inoiKPoious ;  calyx  4  to  S-partccl,  the 
divisions  imbricated  in  ajstivation  ;  corolla  0;  stamens  t  or  5  ;  disk  pulvinatc  ;  ovary 
1-celled  ;  ovule  solitary,  suspended.  Fruit  a  Heshy  drupe.  Leaves  alternate,  decidu- 
ous or  persistent,  stipulate. 

Celtis,  Liniiieiia.  (le,     S*!'    (1737).  —  Ailaimnn, /•'(/».  /'/.  ii.  Mertensia,    lluiiilMiMt,   Ilonplaiul  &    Kiintli,   Xov.   Gen.  et 

'Sil A.   L.   <lu  ,Iim»ieu,   (leu.  4().S.  —  KmlliclK'i-,   (ieii.  .S//.v.  ii.  .'id  ("<)t  K'ltli  "ur  Willileiiow)  (1817). 

'J76.  —  Mfisner,  ^iVh.  .'(48 liuillun,  llitt.  I'l.  vi.  18(i Momisia.  K.  (i.  Dictiieli,  Lex'u:  Garten,  a.  Hut.  Xachtr.  v. 

Bciitlmni  &   IlookiT,  ilen.  iii.  351.  —  KiigKr  &,  rriiutl.  I'-'S  (181'.)). 

Pjianxenfam.  iii.  |)t.  i.  03.  SoIenostiKma.  KiuIUoIut.  I'rodr.  Fl.  Norf.  41  (1833). 


Trees  or  slinilts,  with  watery  juice,  thin,  smooth,  ol'teii  more  or  less  iiiiiriciito  hark,  slender 
unarnied  or  spinose  hraticlit's,  scaly  or  naked  Imds.  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  conduplieate  in  vernation, 
alternat'j,  distichous,  serrate  or  entire,  often  olilii|ue  at  the  liase,  iienniveiiied,  three  or  rarely  four  or 
five-nerved,  pctiolate,  memhranaceous  or  subeoriaceous,  deciduous  or  persistent  ;  stijiules  lateral,  free, 
usually  sci.rious,  caducous.  Flowers  vernal,  minute,  pedicellate  on  hranches  of  the  year,  the  staminate 
cynu)se  or  fascicled  at  their  lia.se,  the  ])istillate  .solitary  or  in  few-llowered  fa.scicL's  from  the  axils  of 
upper  leaves.  Calyx  slijjhtly  or  deeply  divided  into  four  or  rarely  into  live  lolies,  deciduous.  Stamens 
as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  inserted  under  the  margin  of  the  usually  hairy  discoid  torus; 
filaments  subulate,  sometimes  iiu'urved  in  a'stivatioi  and  spreading;  elastieally,  erect  and  ex.serted  after 
unthesis  ;  in  the  pistillate  llower  usually  shorter  and  ineluilcd.or  rarely  waritiiij;;  anthers  ovate,  attached 
on  the  back  just  above  the  eniar<;inate  hiuse,  close  tojjether  and  face  to  face  in  the  bud,  two-celled, 
extroi^e,  the  cells  lateral,  opening;  l()nfj;'itudinally.  Ovary  ovate,  sessile,  one-celled,  crowned  with  a  short 
sessile  style  divided  into  two  divcrjjent  elouf^ated  rellcxcd  lobes  papillo-stij^matic  on  the  inner  face, 
entire  or  bitid,  deciduous  ;  in  the  pi.stillate  tlo'.ver  minute  and  rudiiin'iitary  ;  ovule  solitary.  sus[)endcd 
fnim  the  apex  of  the  cell,  unatropous.  Fruit  ovoid  or  ijlobo.se ;  epicarp  thi'k  and  firm ;  mesocarp  thin 
and  succulent ;  nutlet  thick-walled,  bonv,  smooth  or  rujjose.  Seed  tilliuj;;  the  seminal  cavitv  ;  albumen 
scanty,  }relatino\is,  nearly  inclosed  between  the  folds  of  the  cntyli'dniis.  or  wanting  ;  testa  memlirana- 
ceous,  of  two  continent  coats  ;  chala/.;i  coloieil,  close  to  the  minute  hiliuii.  Kmbi yo  curved  ;  cotyledons 
broad,  fidlaceous,  eonduplicate  or  rarely  tlat,  variously  folded,  corrufjate,  incumbent  on  or  embracing 
the  short  superior  a.sceniiing  radicle.' 

Celtis  is  widely  distributed  through  the  temperate  and  ti'o[iieal  rci^ions  of  the  world,   fifty  (U-  sixty 


i  ( 


>  liy  rUiipIioii  (/V  r'.ifw/o/.V  }\ihir.  \\\\.  ItW)  ('rlti.-t  is  diviiK'il 
into  till'  following  «iiilij;rtn'rn  : 

DiiKLTiit.  StttiiiiiuUt'  ItiiwcrH  artii-'ulittt'.  in  fi>w-tlowrrt'il  fu.s<-iL'lt'A 
frtim  the  AxiU  tif  raducoim  ltuil-iu'iil<'!t.  I'iittilliito  tlowim  Nolittiry  or 
ill  twii  »)r  tlirpc'-tliiwi'ri'il  fanoirlc*  fn>ni  tin-  axiU  of  vminjj  li>avcA; 
sti^niaH  lint-ar,  iinitiviilfd.  Loaves  (ttTml-*  (ir  nin-ly  t>ntirf,tli'i  iiluonn. 
Unarnifil  trt'i'H  of  tlie  (4'ni|M>mt(>  regions  of  tlieiiorllu-rn  hcini^plicrt? 
anil  of  \i\^\\  niiiuntaitis  within  (he  troiurn. 

SitiNKH'Kl.ils.  Slaniiniiti-  tlowors  in  lax  ryincH  frotn  tin'  iixils  of 
eacln<-oiis  tiuil-sraloH.  I'istilliite  llowtTH  in  Nt-viTul  tlowt-n-d  h\>v\- 
clt'S  from  tlio  axil»  of  yoiin^  IcavoH  ;  stipnii.s  linrur,  utnlivitlcd. 
IfOUVCH  (tocitlnuiu  or  jfoiniiH'miiitiMit.     rnarined  tPi-fH  of  the  W'l-st 


Intli''N,  southt'rn  runtiinMital  Asia,  Ctylon,  and  tin-  i.slandH  of  tho 
Iiuliaii  An-lu|M>1ai;i>. 

Soi,KNosiiiiM.\.  Staniinalf  tlowrrs  in  umny-tiuwfri'd  cynu-s. 
I'lHtdlati.'  tlitwi'nt  u.Hiia!ly  Holitary;  Hti^iuo-s  f^t'ntTally  eontractfit  and 
liilUi  *ir  twii'O  liitid  at  tin*  a|H'X.  Leaves  mriaivons,  entire,  nsually 
|H'rsi.stettt.  Inarmed  tree^  and  sltndis  of  tlie  Old  World,  jtrineipally 
of  the  tropie.s. 

Mti.MisiA.  Flowers  in  inany-tlowered  deii>e  eynu'.-*;  slij;ina.s 
lifiear,  liilid.  Leaves  entin'  or  serrate,  ileeidmms  or  pi'i^isteiit. 
'I'rees  or  slirnlis  of  the  tropical  and  snl>trt)|iieiil  region.s  uf  the  New 
World  nsnally  furinshed  with  axillary  ^pineti. 


,i' 


If 


H\ 


, 


64 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMEIUCA. 


ULMACEiE. 


I. 


%     \ 


species  being  distinguishable."  Four  species  inhabit  North  America ;  of  these  two  are  slirubs  which 
roach  the  northern  Hunts  of  their  range  within  tiie  southern  border  of  the  United  Stiites,  one"  in 
Florida  and  the  other  '  in  Florida  and  along  the  Mexican  boundary,  where  it  is  distributed  from  the  val- 
ley of  the  lower  Rio  Grande  to  southern  Arizona.  The  tyj)e  is  an  ancient  one,  and  what  are  believed 
to  be  the  traces  of  several  speties  of  Celtis  have  been  found  in  the  niioccne  rocks  of  Europe.* 

Celtis  produces  straight-grained  tough  light-colored  wood,  and  that  of  some  species,  especially  the 
North  American  Ciitis  occidtntalis  and  the  European  and  Asiatic  Celtis  australis,'^  is  valued  in  the 

arts. 

In  North  America  numerous  insects  prey  upon  Celtis,"  which  is  also  attacked  by  several  fungal 

diseases.' 


'  Iluuilxililt,  Itoiiiiland  &  Kuntli,  .Vol'.  Gen.  et  Spec.  ii.  30  (Mer- 
toiisiiO.  —  Kiiiilli,  Si/n.  /v.  .Kijuin.  i.  3U7.  —  Blunie,  Bijdr.  Ft.  Seil. 
Ind.  ii.  48o  ;  Mnf.  Ilol.  Lwjil.  Hal.  ii.  CO  (Soleno8ti(»ma),  G9  (Mo- 
niisi.i),  70  (Crlti.s).  —  lUniii  o,  Fl.  Fitip.  1!>7.  —  Spach,  Ami.  SVi.  Xal. 
g(?r.  -,  xvi.  ;U. —  I'liint'lion,  Afin.  Sri.  Xat.  m^r.  Ii,  x.  -O'J  ;  /V  Cnn- 
ilollf  J'nilr.  ivii.  ICiS.  —  .Mii|ufl.  .Wiirdiu  Fl.  liriisil.  iv.  pt.  i.  173; 
F!.  Inil.  Hill.  i.  pt.  ii.  'J'JO.  —  tirisflimli,  /'/.  Urit.  11'.  Iwl.  Hit ;  Cal. 
PI.  Cuh.  "i.  — Thwiiitt'H,  Emim.  Fl.  Zeiihin.  2iu.  —  rurlat»>re,  Fl.  Iliil. 
iv.  3.'U.  —  Maxiiiiowiiz,  />'ii//.  .Xrwl.  .S'.i.  .SV.  I'l'lmlnmr;/,  xviii.  'J'J3 
(Mil.  Hiol.  ix.  'J7).  —  Wtiitliain,  Fl.  .liufni/.  vi.  155.  —  Fraiichi't  & 
Savaticr,  Eniim.  Fl.Jap.  i.  131.  —  I'armli,  .Innl.  Sin:  Cienl.  .Irijent. 
T.  !H  (.Coiilrih.  Fl.  Piiragua,  43).  —  lioissicr,  Fl.  Orient,  iv.  ll.TO. — 
Hoinsley,  Hot.  Hiol.  .\m.  Ci'il.  iii.  UW.  —  Fmiiclu't,  .Vour.  .{rch. 
.Uu.<.  »<<r.  •-',  T.  •.'()«  (/'/.  Hiiriil.  i.).  —  Warlmrf;,  Hot.  JiikrI..  xiii.  '.'S7 
(Fiiiiuanisilie  Flora).  —  Hooker  f.  Fl.  Hnl.  Iiul.  v.  181.  —  Forljct  & 
llt'iii-'ilc'V,  .lour.  Linn.  Soy\  xxvi.  l-lll. 

'•'  Celti*  Tula.  •  jmlliila,  i'tiilii-tion,  Ik  Candollf  Proilr.  t.  f.  101 
(1873V  —  Ilfinsley,  /.  <■.  1311. 

( •,  !ti)  pallula,  Torrey,  Hoi.  Mfr.  Hound.  .Sun'.  ■-'03,  t.  50  ( ia".9).— 

Cnultir,  Coninh.  / '.  V.  .\al.  llirK  li.  1(17  (Man.  Pt.  II'.  Teiai). 

In  S.piciiilMT,  1H7S,  Dr.  A.  1'.  (".arliir  di.sc.vcrcd  Ctllia  Tata 
var.  fHtllida  on  the  shon-!*  of  LnAtrru  Bay,  Horida. 

*  Celtis  itptaium*. 

Hhiimnia  iyiinncrus^  .lacqiiiii,  Knum.  PI.  Carih.  10  (1700). — 
l.innnMfK,  S/ier.  ed.  2,  'J8'J.  —  Caviinillf.i,  iron.  iii.  18,  t.  'JIM. 

Celli.i(tnilraln,S«iiTtz,  /V(«/r.  .kJ  ( 1 7HS  |  ;  /-V.  Ind.  Orr.  i.,M5.— 
Willdrnow,  Sper.  iv.  pt.  ii.  1*'*8.  —  Miiptt-l,  .Marlinn  Fl.  Hmsil.  it. 
pt.  i.  173.  —  (iriaelmcli,  Fl.  Hnt.  11*.  Iwt.  149.  —  IMauchoo,  /.  r. 
l.'iO.  —  HpiiisIvi    /.  ('. 

Zizi/phiiS  ii/.iiinea,  I.nnian  1.    f>trt.  iii.  318  (1789). 

Celtw  rhamnnidfu.  Willdeiiow,  /.  r.  (ISiCi). 

.Merletuia  zi:yfihoide3,  iluinbolilt,  IWiiplajid  &  Kuutb,  /.  r.  31 
(1S17). 

Zizyphus  committatti,  Koeiner  &  SclniUeH,  Si^nt.  v.  'XVi  (IHIO). 

Affrtmsia  rhtitnnoiiles,  Hociner  &  Scbultcs,  /.  c.  vi.  MKl  (18'^). 

.\fimufu'  Ehrrrif^rr/uinn,  Kloiisvh,  Liunirti,xx.  r»38  (IH47j. 

Af'tmisianruletila,  Klotz-scli,  /.  c.  5iVJ  (18^17). 

Celli.t  hhretiliFrffn.iui,  Kii-biiiami,  IhiHAi.  Vulensk.  Sebi.  Siri/l. 
Bcr.  5.  ii.  :i;M»  (IHol). 

Celttx  ifpinnmis  wo-s  collprtcfl  un  NovemUT  *JI,  1891,  on  Terra 
Cein  I.<«lan(l,  KIdfiiIa,  Ity  J.  II.  SimpHon. 

*  Saporta,  th-ujme  l*nli'inttol<yj\ipir  ties  Arhrff,  li()8.  —  Zittcl, 
Ifnu'lf:  P(il(Pottt(>li}g.  ii.  4*1.  —  I^KqiiertMii,  U.  S.  fieolog.  Surr.  vii. 
191  {Conlrtii.  Fois.  11.  Western  TerrUorifx,  ii.). 

*  I.immnm,  .S'/»fc.  1043  (17W).  —  rih^ichon,  Ann.  Sri.  Xut,  L  c. 
i>83  ;  De  CnmhlU  /Vw/r.  /.  r.  169.  —  Itoinsicr,  /.  c.  1 150.  —  I  lookrr 
f.  /.  r.  48'J. 

CeUin  CaucaBira,  WilMrimw,  /.  r.  991  (18a"»).  riiin.luin,  .Inn. 
Sri.  A'rtf.  i  r.  281  ;  De  Vawiollr  Pnnlr.  I.  r.  170.  —  iluisaiur,  /.  r. 


Cfltis  .{rata,  Hainiltoii  Trans.  Linn,  S<h\  xvii.  'JU  (1807). 
Celtiit  erii)rarj)a,  DccsiisnQfJanjurmont  Votf.  iv.  150, 1. 152  (18-10). 

t'eltis  muitralit  in  a  tree  of  iiHMliiiiii  size  tlistrilxited  fruiii  Spain 
nml  iiortborii  Afrii>a  to  AfgliauiNtaii  and  the  Himalayas  of  iiortli- 
wc.Htcrn  India.  In  ooiithtTii  Kuropf  it  in  plutitfil  in  coppice,  and 
from  tilt*  wood  lioopA  and  oarn  art'  niadi'  ;  in  tlu*  nstmntainonit  re- 
gions  of  India  it  is  frrtpiently  plantrd  aM  a  shadiMrco  and  for  the 
foddiTolitjiint'd  from  tlu>  li'avi'S  and  yoiiM);  hIiikiLs  ;  thi<  H\VT>i>t  iiinipid 
tlesh  of  tlu»  fruit  is  often  t-aten  { Brundis,  h'ore.^t  I'l.  lirit.  Iiui.  129.  — 
(iainl)li>,  Afou.  Iniiiftu   i  imfirr.i,'Ml\). 

■  In  tilt'  Fifth  Kt'port  of  the  I'nited  States  Kntoiuolujricnl  C'oni- 
mittsion,  1890,  forty-four  Hpeuies  t>f  tnscctA  were  dt'si^natcd  as 
pri'ying  njK)n  Ctdtis  in  Nurtli  Aniorirn,  and  tht>  oniitntTAtion  iH 
mit  couiplcti'.  Of  Ivurem  attarkin^  xhew  trct-!i  little  i-t  known. 
A  hark  Iwrer,  Sroiyttis  Fat/i,  WaLsh,  t.s  Humt'tiniL's  abundant  ami 
destrnctive  in  the  houtbern  and  wt'steni  states,  }>enetratinK  the 
solid  wootl  and  ba.stcnin^  it.n  decay;  probably,  bowcviT,  it  ntiver 
attacks  jM'rfi'ftly  lipalthy  tret's.  d'ni/thisur'is  triauijiUifn;  Ilaldt>- 
luan,  Itomitlrum  atomnnum,  Urury,  and  other  lK*etK'»  injure  the  liark 
and  wimmI  of  Cflti.H,  altbou^b  the  injury  which  they  inlliet  i.s  princi- 
pally upon  tlcad  jt  diseased  trees.  One  or  two  itpeeies  tif  MatliKion 
are  said  to  Iwre  into  living  tn-es,  MaUtMhn  melano/rus,  Linna'u.t, 
bein^r  capable  of  tloing  much  injury. 

Various  genend  feeding  insect:*  injure  tbo  foliage  of  Celtis,  lUid 
seventl  species  of  leaf-eatent  Hp]H-ar  to  lie  |)eeuliar  tu  the  genus  ; 
the  most  intert*sting  of  these  are  the  buttertlieit,  Aftntunt  Celtui, 
Ituiiuluval  &  l.cconte,  .l/KiNru  i'lytnn,  lioi.4duval  &  Lcconte,  and 
Libythrti  littrhitutnvt,  Kirtland ;  and  u  moth,  .\i-rimyrt(t  n*Vi(vmui, 
(iu^nt*e.  Among  leaf-niiners,  lAthttriflleti*  relufoliella^  Chamliern, 
and  Lilhix'olUtis  cfUisrlla,  ChamlHT!!,  are  Hometimes  abiitidnnt. 
'Hie  most  remarkable  in.Hccts  infesting  Ci  Iti.n  in  Ntirth  America 
are  S[H'eieM  of  I'syliidn*  iM'bmging  to  the  onler  of  lleniipteni.  These 
form  iH'i'uliar  gall.s  on  the  twigt  and  leaves,  aiitl  art*  often  very 
abundant  and  injurious.  Parh*/p$tflla  CeUitlit-ijemma,  Kiley,  causes 
tlie  buds  on  twigs  to  liectune  rtmnded  and  irregidarly  distorted,  pre- 
yenling  thi-ir  growth  ami  the  dcvelupment  of  branches.  }*iirhypnyUn 
Cfltiilm-mttmtiuit  Kiley,  jiroduces  large  mamnue-like  galls  on  the 
umliT  ^urfaee  of  the  leaves,  often  in  such  iibundance  as  to  disfigure 
the  trees  ;  }*<trhxf}intjlUt  CriUiiii-\^Mi<-Mlum,  Kilcy,  forma  Itat  hliJiter- 
like  yellowish  galls  which  sometimes  become  conttniMtt  ;  and  }*n- 
rhypfylUi  rfriujf<f,  Ostt'U  Sacken,  pnHluces  large  galls  on  the  jtetiolcs. 
Sevenil  speeies  of  |H>culiar  C'ecidomyiilous  galls  found  on  t'elti.t 
liave  iM'en  described,  although  little  is  known  of  the  insects  which 
causp  them. 

'  In  North  America  Celtis  is  attacked  by  a  eomiMirfttively  small 
miinlM-r  of  fungi,  although  frt>m  a  inycolugical  |Hiint  of  ^  iew  several 
of  them  are  interesting,  espeeially  tho^c  which  l)elong  to  the  order 
of  Leiif  Mildews  or  Krysiphacea*.  t'nrtuuln  jKtlijrhirSn,  Ilerkdey 
&  CurtiH,  forms  a  wcUliku  mould  on  the  leaves,  and  curious  knots 


ULMACE^. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


0.1 


Celtis,  the  name  given  by  Pliny  to  a  species  of  Lotus,  was  adopted  by  Tournefort '  and  afterwards 
by  LinuiBUS  for  this  genus. 


or  (listurtiona  have  fre(|uently  Iwcii  found  on  Celtis  in  Knosas,  Texas. 
Iowa,  ami  Ohio,  and  occasionally  in  tl>'^  t'asti-rn  states,  Tlutse  on- 
sightly  distortions  i.f  tlic  ends  of  tln^  liraui-lics  Itave  hecn  attrilmtcd 
to  the  action  of  a  gall-mite,  I'hytoptus,  but  associated  with  it  is  a 
fungus,  S/ih(rrnthern  phytnptnphilnt  Kellennan  &  Swingle  (Jnurnfil  nf 
Myrolnf/;/,  iv.  Olt.  —  Trails,  Kttru<it.i  Afwi.  Sri,  xii.  101.  —  Kellerman, 
Rep.  A'(in.fa.<  Erperiment  Stntion,  i.  IICJ,  t.  'l~4>.  —  (Itwlen  ami  Fnrest, 
Ui.  138);  and  wlicther  the  distortions  are  due  entirely  to  the  action 
of  the  insects  or  to  the  oombined  action  of  iusceti  and  fun^  has 


not  yet  been  satisfactorily  determined.  Tlie  knots  occur  hotli  on 
trees  cultivated  in  the  streecs  of  towns  for  shade  and  on  thoH,* 
growing  in  the  forest.  A  black  mould,  (iifroctrus  Cel'idis,  Moutngne 
&  Cesati,  a  native  of  Europe,  has  also  been  observed  on  the  American 
species  in  some  of  the  western  states.  Phleonpora  Celtifli^,  KIlis  & 
Mattiu, I'hi/'l:isliiia  Cillulis,  Ellis  &  Kcllerumn,  llan-ilnria  Celliilis, 
Ellis  &  Kellernian,  and  Glirosporhim  CellitluM,  V.Wh  &  Everhart, 
produce  spots  on  tlic  leaves  and  are  injurious  parasites. 
>  Insl.  GVJ,  t.  383. 


CON.SPKCTUS  OF  THE  NORTH   AMERIC.VN  ARIiORESCENT  SPECIES. 


.       < 


Ei^i  Fi.Tls.  Pedicels  elimetcolulatc.  Staniinati  flowers  articulate,  in  few-llov  cd  clusters,  in 
the  axils  of  caducous  l>ud-scales  ;  jnstillati!  flowers  usually  solitary  in  the  a.\i!s  of  lower  leaves 
of  the  year ;  ^'.i.igina.s  umlividi'd  ;  loaves  ilcciduuus  ;  branclilets  unarmed,  inarkcil  with  .scat- 
tered pale  Icntiecis,  and  at  the  nculcs  with  ohscuro  ring-like  stipular  scars. 

Leaves  ovato  to  ovate-lanoeolate,  sharply  and  I'oarsely  serrate  ;   fruit  large 

Leaves  ovat**-lanc*M>late.  ovato   itr   oblong-laneeolate.  entire  or  occasionally  oltscurely  ami 
remotely  serrate,  thin  or  in  one  form  subcoriaecous  ;  fruit  small 


1.  Cki.th  orrrnENTALis. 

2.  C.'KLTIS    Ml.S.SlS.SU'flK.VSLS. 


'Ill 

r 


»     1 


m 


i 


< 

i 

:         ■: 

1 

1 

!^ 

f 

'i 

-     1 

S 

-  7 

ULMACE^. 


Lkavi 


Celtis  occid 
Itirt.  oil.  f 
Moi'llc'll, 
•«j._Wa 
i.  374,  t. 
Ken:  iii. 
iv.  |)t.  ii.  ! 
III.  iii.  1 
i.  t.  36.  - 
Vidij.  H«; 

Hocm,   S)j} 
Uiini'fl,  //( 

imI.  'J,  vi. ; 

f.  HUl.  J 
'JIKt.  —  N 
vi.  306. 
Iliiynu.  / 
(Ht<>\  II 
9.1'.'.  -  V 
AVic  /••/. 
l.iw,  /•'/. 
II<H>k.'r. 
m'r.  'J,  X 
IM.  — Ti 
.V.ir.    si^r 

WttllH'P., 

3<K».  —  I 
(lt;:l«<J. 
117.— J 

...1. ':.  M 

Forat   1 

unit  For 

J'jtiimri 

Gray'$  > 

43.  —  C 

VI.  W. 

Cultis  obi 

Coltis  pro 

Celtis  cni 

(•will    /' 

•J'J«.  t.  '. 

i.  '.'()■.'.- 

Sij»t.  i. 

Arb.  H 

Spiu'li, 

i:(0.  — 


ULMACKiE. 


aiLVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


G7 


OELTIS    OCCIDENTALIS. 

Hackberry.     Sugarberry. 
Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  and  coarsely  serrate.     Fruit  lar^e. 


Celtis  occidentalis.  Mnnicus,  S/iec.  1044  {Xl't'A).  —  Miller, 
l>,rt.  .'cl.  8,  No.  '.'.  —  I)u  l{<ii,  Ilarhk.  Haiimx.  i.  141.— 
Mi)fiiili,  llniiiiie  nVi'.«.<.  'JO.  —  Mursliiill,  Arlmal.  Am. 
'Ji).  —  Wangoiiheiin,  Ntirdam.  Ilnh.  IX.  —  Gx'rtiier,  Fruit. 
i.  374,  t.  77.  —  Waltpr,  Fl.  Cur.  •.',")().  —  Aildii,  Jlort. 
Kew.  iii,  437.  —  Williloiiow,  llrrt.  Iluumz.  57  ;  Sjiee. 
ir.  pt.  ii.  994  ;  Jiiium.  1040.  —  Luiiarrk,  Diet.  iv.  137  ; 
///.  iii.  437,  t.  MI4,  f.  1.  —  Abbot,  /«.w^1  of  (jronjin 
i.  t.  ,30.  —  .VuHiTi;u  Diihumrl,  ii.  3(1,  t.  0.  —  CaNti^'lioni, 
f'lViy.  neijli  ,'<tntt  Cuiti,  ii.  Ii2l).  —  Hoikliuiisi'ii,  llumlb. 
Foratbul.  ii.  lO'.l.t.  —  .Miclmiix,  Fl.  H'lr.-.tm.  ii.  '.'I'.».  —  IVr- 
■oon,  Si/ii.i.  liO'.'.  —  .Si'bkulir,  //iimM.  iv.  34.'i. —  DcHfoii- 
tiiincK,  lli.1t.  .4rh.  ii.  448.  —  l)»  Mont  Jc  (.\iui».'t,  l!nl.  ( Uill. 
.Ml.  'J,  vi.  .'Wt.  _  Stnko«,  Hut.  .M.it.  .\h,l.  ii.  41.  —  .Miilmiix 
f.  Iii."!.  Art:  Am.  iii.  '.'L'.".,  t.  S.  —  I'lirsli,  Fl.  Am.  S-/t.  i. 
•JIH.).  —  Nuttall,  tieii.  i.  'JOl'.  —  K<miii.t  &  .Sclmlt.M,  .S>^ 
▼i.  ;»()6.  —  Srhniiilt,  Oeatr.  /laumz.  iv.  l.t,  t.  I'.)l. — 
IIiijiiu.  A'H./r.  Fl.  '216.  —  Elliott.  .Vi-.  ii.  :»\.  —  (iuiiniH'l, 
()tto\  IliiMic,  .Wnlil.  Ilnh.  int.  I. '.Kl.  —  Siir.'iin"'!.  .">'.'/«'•  i- 
9.'i'J.  -  Wiitooii.  Dniilr.  I.'ril.  ii.  147, 1.  147.  —  l{uliiHM|iif, 
AVw  Fl.  iii.  3'.'.  —  I^iiiiloii.  Arb.  Ilrit.  iii.  1417.  t.  —  Wn^e- 
low.  Fl.  Ilnslnn.  .•.I.  ;;,  401.  —  Diitricli,  Sijn.  ii.  y.tl.— 
IIoiikiT,  Fl.  Ilor.-.im.  ii.  It'.'.  —  Spucli,  .1h(i.  Sri.  .\iil. 
n.^r.  'J,  xvi.  40;  lli.1t.  IV;/.  xi.  1  :<;(.  — S,-liiii/l.in,  litm.  t. 
91. —  Torrcy,  /'/.  .V.  )'.  ii.  tti7. —  I'luiu'lioii,  .[nn.  Sri. 
.\ut.  »^r.  3.  X.  '.'S.S;  /V  CimUlr  fr.nlr.  xvii.  174.  — 
Wul|M»M,  .{nn.  iii.  3'M'i.  —  UicliAnlstoii,  .{rt'tir  Frpeil.  ii. 
3()9.  —  Darlington,  Fl.  t'e.ttr.  %t\.  3,  'J,*!!!.  —  Curtln,  /I'f/'. 
tniiloij.  Surr.  .V.  Ciir.  IStiO.  iii.  01. — C'lin|iinan,  Fl. 
417.  —  KiM'l-,  lirtiilr.  ii.  43'J.  —  Knicrsoii,  Tn'i-a  Musi. 
eA.  '.'.  344.  t.  —  [..auclie,  l>rulailie  Drndr.  3.'>.'i.  —  Surjji'nt. 
Forttt  Tree*  N.  Am.  Wth  Ceii»u»  I'.  .S'.  ix.  l'.',">  ;  llunUn 
and  Firmt.  iii.  39,  f.  7,  8,  1,3.  —  Knglcr,  Kii'jier  &■  I'ruiitl 
Fjliinxtiifum.  iii.  pt.  i.  f.  40,  K,  ( i.  —  \V»t»oii  &  Coulter, 
t!rui/»  .J/.i/i.  I'll.  0,  40;!.  —  l)i|i|H-l,  llundb.  LiiulduUzk .  ii. 
43.  —  Coulter,  t'"H^ri7).  l\  S.  .Sut.  Jlerli.  ii.  407  {Man. 
Fl.  }y.  Tixu>). 

Coltls  obliqua.  Mo.      ...  Meth.  MX  (1794). 

Ctiltis  procura.  Su'ijiliury,  I'nulr.  17."  (179ti). 

ColtiB  criiHaifuliii.  biniar-k,  I'i't.  iv.  1.38(1797).  —  .Vi>n- 
ir</i(  IluUitmel,  ii.  .37.  —  Mii'luinx  f.  Hist.  .irh.  \m.  iii. 
'-".'8,  I.  9.  —  Pumli,  Fl.  Am.  Srj,!.  i.  '.'00.  —  Nuttall,  (ifii. 

i.  'iO'J U>H>im'r  it  Si'lmltea,  .S'l/jr  vi.    ,'!07.  ^.Sjirun^.^, 

Si/ft.  i.  93'.'.  —  llatii»wi|ue,  Sru-  Fl.  iii.  ,'(,").  —  l.ouilon, 
Art,.  Ilrit.  iii.  1418,  f.  IIT)!.  —  Dielri.li,  .Si,n.  ii.  9iM.— 
Spai'li,  .inn.  Sri.  .\,it.  ».<r.  'J,  xvi.  39;  Hint.  Vry.  xi. 
130.  —  Kniemon,  Trees  Mu»i.  eil.  L'.  ii.  347,  t. 


Celtia  or^cidentalis,  var.  tenuifolia,  IVrsoon,  Si/n.  i.  292 

(180.5),  —   Koi'hne,    Deutsche    Vendr.    138.  —  Uippel, 

ll'iiidl,.  Litiililinh.!.:  ii.  40. 
Celtia  cordnta,  I'.rsoon,  Sijn.  i.  '.'92  (180.')).  —  Schkuhr, 

Jlundli.    iv,  311.   t.    .3.V(. —  Di-sfontuincs,    Hist.    Arli.    ii. 

448.—  I)n  Mont  (!.•  Courset,  lint.  Cult.  ...I.  '2,  vi.  .'189 
Celtia  occidentalis.  vur.  acabriUBCula,  Willilunow,  Spec. 

iv.  pt.  ii.  99.".  (180,->):  /;,-,•/.  ISaumx-  I'd.  2,  82.  — Hayne, 

Vendr.  Fl.  '-'17.  —  Kouilon,  Arh.  Ilrit.  iii,  1417. 
Celtia  occidentalis.  var.  corclata,  WilM.'now,  Jierl.  Iluumz. 

e.l.  2,  82  (181 1 ).  —  llayn.',  Ih-ndr.  Fl.  217.  —  Uoinu'r  & 

SchulteH,  Si/st.  vi.  .'lo7.  —  l.ouilon,  .-//'    Ilrit.  iii,  1417. 
Celtia    canina.   Rulinisiiiic,   .tm.  .Montln     Muij.  and  Crit. 

Her.  ii.  43  (1817). 
Celtia  maritima.  Hatini'miue,  Am.  Muiithl.  Mug.  and  Crit. 

Her.  ii.  41  (1817);   .\V»-  Fl.  iii.  35. 
Celtis   tenuifolia.   Niiti;ill.   .leu.  i.  '.'02   (1318);  Sylva,  i. 

13."i.  —  1{iiI1m"m|Ui'.  .V''»'  Fl.  iii.  30. 
?  Celtia   i^andidentata.    Tunore,    Ind.  Sem.  Hurt.  Seap. 

I.-.  (l.s:i:;i. 

Celtis  morifolia.  Katinc<i|ui',  .V.  i    Fl.  iii.  .'U  (1830). 
Celtis  hetorophylla.  l{alini'»i|iii'.  .V.ic  Fl.  iii.  .'i7  (18,'{0). 
Ciltia  patula.  l'v;ilinoM|ui\  AVie  Fl.  iii.  37  (hsyti), 
Celtia  Floridana.  l{iiliih>s.|u.',  .\eu-  Fl.  iii.  37  (1830). 
C.'ltia  uraaaifolia,  var.  tiliiffolin.  Spacli,   .!««.  Sri.  \iit. 

».ir.  '.'.   xvi.  39  (1841;;    Ili.it.    IVy.  xi.   131.  —  Walpers, 

Ann.  iii.  390. 
Celtis  craaaifolia,  var.  morifolia,  .'>paili,  .Inn.  Sei.  Xat. 

9.T.  2,  wi.  .i'.t  (1,S41);    II, .<t.    IVy.  xi.   131.— Waliwvs 

.inn.  iii.  3'.M'). 
Celtia  craaaifolia,  var.  eucalyptifolia.  Spaob,  .Inn.  Si-i. 

Sat.  ...T.  2,   xvi.  4(1  (1.S41);   lll.it.   IVy.  xi.  1:!!.  — Wal- 

IM>rs.  .Inn.  iii.  390. 
?  Celtia    occidentalis.   var.  (jrandidentata.  Spach,  .lin:. 

.V,;.   .\,il.  ffr.  2.  xvi.  40  (1841);  Ili.it.   I'e.j.  xi.  13;;.— 

\Valpt'r«.  .itin.  iii.  390. 
Celtia  occidentalis,  var.  sernilata,  Spach,  .inn.  Sri.  Sat. 

»^r.  2,  xvi.  41    (1841);    Jli.it.    I'r.j.  xi,  134,  — Waliwrs, 

.lull.  iii.  39ti. 
Celtia  Audibertiana.  Spach,  .!»".   Sri.   .\,tt.  s.'r.  2,   xvi. 

4"  ilSil);   Ili.it.  I'r'j.  xi.  13,">.  —  I'huichon,  I>e  Cundolle 

rrn.tr.  xvii.  174. 
Celtia  Audibertiana,  var.   ovata,   S|)ach,  Ann.  Sei.  Sat. 

MT.  '.'.  \\i.  41  (1.841);   ll,.it.  Vr.,.  xi.  1,3,".. 
Celtis  Audibertiana.   var.  oblongata.   Spach.  Ann.  Sri. 

.V.l^  M-v.  •-'.  xvi.  41  (1841) ;   IIi.it.  IVy.  xi.  13,">. 
Celtis  Uouglaaii,  I'laiichon    Ann.  Sri.  Sat.  9i<r.  3,  x,  293 


\h 


m 


M\\i 


4. 


Ii 


'• 

f 

j 

L 

• 

u»s 


f<lLVA    OF  uXO/rnf   AMEIilCA. 


m.wxczx.. 


irt,MACKvK. 


(1H48)  :  /)(■  CiDiilol/r  I'lvdr.  wii.  ITS.  —  WiilpcTs,  Ann.  Coltis  oooidentalis,  var.  Audibertiana,  Kim'Ii,  Denilr.  ii 

iii.  ;i%.  l.'Ct  (IS7L').  —  I)i|.]H.l,  /f,iii,lli.  LiiiMmhk.  Ii.  4,'?. 

Celtis  occidentalis,  mr.  craBuifolia.  (iriiy.  .>/"«.  cil.  '.',  ?  Celtis  occidentalia,  c  grandideiitata,  Uip,iel,  Hiimlb. 

3i)7  (l«r.(i).  —  Koch,  Ihiuh:  ii.  •).«.  hnitilwh.h.  ii.  44  ( IHilL'). 

Celtis  reticulata.  Codiht.   Am.   .V<(^  iii.  4(I7   (not  Toni'y) 

(l«i;'.l).  —  Hall,  /("/.  iliizclli;  ii.  IKI. 

A  tifi',  .soiiiriiiiics  a  liiiiidrcil  and  tliirty  fei't  in  liei^rlit,  with  a  8trai};lit  slender  trunk  two  and  a  lialf 
to  tincf  lilt  ill  iliuimtir.  and  often  tree  of  hranelies  for  seventy  or  eif^lity  feet;  usually  n\ucli  smaller,  and 
in  till'  eastern  .states  jjenerally  sliort-triniked.  with  .stout  .spreading;  ridfjed  or  frei|uently  jieiidulous 
liraiirlies.  wliirli  lorin  a  handsome  round- topped  head.  The  hark  of  the  trunk  is  an  iiu'h  to  an  inch 
anil  a  hall'  in  thirkiiess.  and  is  lifjht  hrown  or  silvery  ^ray,  hroken  on  the  surfaee  into  thiek  appres.sed 
srales,  and  snnii'tinu's  rouijhened  with  irrejjnlar  wart-like  exereseenees  or  riilffes,  whieh  al.so  appear  on 
till'  !,iii;e  liranihes.  The  hranelilets,  whieh  are  slender  and  slijjhtly  zi^ziij;.  and  contain  a  thiik  liijht- 
(iiloi'i'il  pith,  are  liijlit  jjreen  whi'U  they  lirst  appear,  and  {^lahrous  or  piiherulous  ;  they  <rraduallv  heeome 
tinii'i'il  with  red,  and  in  their  lirst  winter  ,ii'e  hrit;;ht  red-lnown  and  rather  lustrous,  and  are  marked  with 
hiiri/ontal  semi-oval  or  ohlon;;  leaf-sears  in  whieh  .ijipear  the  ends  of  three  tihro-vii.seular  Itundles  ;  they 
i;'niw  darker  in  their  .second  or  third  year,  when  they  heeome  ilark  hrown  slij^htlv  tiiifjed  with  red. 
Tlic  huds  are  .axillary.'  ovate,  pointed,  ll.ittened  liy  the  j)rcssnre  of  the  stem,  ahout  a  quarter  of  an  li.eh 
innii'.  and  covered  hy  three  pairs  of  ehestuut-hrovNii  ovate  acute  ]iuheseent  cadneons  scales  loosely 
iiidiricatcd  in  two  ranks,  in<  reasin^  in  svav  from  without  inward  and  >rradually  jia.ssinir  into  the  stipules 
111'  tile  lower  leaves.  The  leaves  are  conduplieate  in  the  hud.  with  slij^htly  involute  mari,'ins,  each  leaf 
licintj  inclosed  hy  its  stipules  ;  they  are  hroadly  ovate,  mure  or  less  falcate,  •jrailn.illv  or  ahruptly 
I'lintracted  into  Ion};;  narrow  points,  rounded  and  usually  very  ohliipic  at  the  h.isc,  .serrate  with  coarse 
incurved  eallous-tippcd  teeth.  I'xcept  at  the  ends  which  are  mostly  entire,  and  three-rihlied  ;  when  they 
unfold  they  are  pale  yellow-fjreen.  coated  on  the  lower  surfaee  and  cm  the  petioles  with  soft  silky  white 
h.iirs.  and  pilose  on  the  upper  surface;  and  at  maturity  they  are  thin.  Ii;.'ht  ^rcen  ami  lustrous,  smooth, 
sciliratc  or  siahroiis  almve.  and  paler  .and  f^lahrous  or  sliirhtly  hairy  lielow  on  the  prominent  midrihs  and 
primary  veins  which  are  arcuate  and  iniited  near  the  mari;ins  and  connected  hy  conspicuous  reticulate 
thick  veinlets  ;  they  are  two  and  a  h.ilf  inches  to  four  inches  loni^  and  one  to  two  inches  wide,  and  are 
home  on  slender  sli;^litly  ;;roovei|  hairv  petioles  niie  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  in  length.  The  stipules 
are  caducous.  Iinear-stra|>-:  haped.  white  and  .icarious  and  nearly  half  an  inch  lon;r.  or  on  sterile  shoots 
they  are  ovate,  acute,  concave,  and  sometimes  two  thirds  of  an  iniii  loii;^  and  a  ipiarter  of  an  inch  wide 
Till'  leaves  turn  to  a  li}j;ht  yellow  color  late  in  the  autumn  hclore  f.illiujr.  The  llowcrs  appe.ir  in  early 
spriii:;  sunn  alter  the  unfoldiu"^  of  the  leaves,  and  are  home  on  slender  drooping;  pedicels.  The  calyx 
is  li.n'ht  ycllow-f^reen.  and  is  divided  nearly  to  the  ha.se.  usually  into  live  linear  acute  thin  and  scarioils 
lolics  rniuiilcd  on  the  hack,  and  nunc  or  less  lacini.itely  cut  at  the  apex,  which  is  tinned  with  red  and 
oft4'n  tipjii'd  v^ith  a  tuft  of  pale  hairs.  In  the  sterile  llower  the  stanu'Us  are  inserted  on  the  mar^;in  of 
the  thickened  torus,  which  is  coated  with  thick  white  tomentum  ;  the  lilanients  are  wiiite,  jrlahrous, 
sli;ihtly  llatteiu'd.  and  j^radually  narrowed  from  the  hase  to  the  apex  ;  hefore  aathesis  they  are  incin-vcd 
ahove  the  middle.  llie  anthers  hein^  face  to  face  in  the  hud,  and.  straif^htcninj^  ahrtiptly  lis  the  llov.cr 
opens,  thev  heeome  slii^hiN  incurved  and  c\serted  ;  the  anthers  are  ohion;;.  emar;^inate,  and  attached 
on  the  hack  iielow  the  middle,  and  are  extrorse.  nodding  rather  ohiiipiely  on  the  expanded  lilanients; 
ill  tile  perlei't  llower  the  lilanients  are  sliirhtly  incurved  in  the  hud,  hut  do  not  strai;rhten  or  lengthen 
after  aiitlie>ls,  the  anthers  rem.iinin;;  i  reel  and  inihided  or  sliirhtly  exserted  from  the  ealyx.  The 
o\ary  of  the  ]ierfeet    llower  is  ohloiifj-oyate,  sessile  on   the  discoid   torus,  which   is  covered   with  wliit* 

'  Tin-   Niirtli   .\nitrifini  ^pi'i-it'S  of   Kufcltis,  liki'  I'liiiu^.  ilo  ni,t       iijiprr  niillarv  Iniil,  wiiirli  iiniltm^i  tlie  l>runrli  tlit' riillnwitig  tt('lbii>n 
funii  u  IrruMiul  Iruil.  Ilii'  iTicI   c.f  llic>  linini'li  wilhiriiit;  .mil   fiilliii);       ( l-'otmu.',  litdl.  Torrvji  liul.  Cluh,  xi.  11)3,  t.  117,  '.  11). 
olT  iliiriii^'  till-  Kiiiiitnrr.  Ii'itvin^  ii  tiilriiitr  nrliii-uliir  M'lir  i-lust-  t<i  (he 


tomentum,  bi 

point ;  the  si 

expanded,   m 

olilon<;,  one  I 

jiurple;    it  ci 

ohloufi^  point 

seid    is  covet 

eircular  sp,)t, 

enlarged  at 

unless  eaten 

In  Canii 

Helen's   Isllli 

liiited  State 

Idaho,'  easti 

.Nevada,"  No 

to   Mi.ssouri, 

Hudson  Itivi 

and  attains 

commonest  ' 

and   often,  i 

is  exceeding 

during  peric 

rigid  seahrin 

with  stems  1 

states,  from 

'I'he   w 

hands  of  sc 

of  smaller  i 

light   yellow 

o.tl's:,  a 
( ;  ii'i^ 

middle  of 
Kngland,  w 
.\  tal 
pale  hark  i 

'   llriiiiit,  '■ 

•  IWwM»y,  Ii 

•  C./ll.   .xn 
tll'lir  llni.lll  I'll 

•  It    will    ill 

Doil^lilH  rurl_\ 
»  Hy   till!  11! 
Ki|H<ilttitili  n 
i-ri'il  oil  till' 

Klflril.   l.'ill). 

•  Wulvui. 
'  Kiiuliir. 

"  KiitKwii% . 

•  ( V/(i.«  .I.- 
CiirtiH,  /iV/». 
417.       K.K-li. 


ri.MACK.v:. 


.SfLVA    OF  NOirni  AMEIUCA. 


m 


toini'iitiini,  briglit  jthk'h,  )rliil>i'(>us,  uihI  vi^ry  lustrous  ;  in  tlic  staniiiiatu  liowcr  it  is  reilu('('(l  tn  ,'i  iniuutu 
i)()iut ;  tiiu  stijrmas,  wliirli  are  covcriMl  witli  white  papilhe,  and  are  a  ijuarter  oP  an  ineii  ac-roHs  when 
expanded,  luatun^  liel'ore  the  lilanients  of  tiie  staniiuate  llowt-rs  he^iu  to  strai;;liten.  'I'he  I'ruit  is 
ohlnn^,  one  lialf  to  tliree  (|uarters  of  an  ineii  in  len^tli,  tip|)ed  witli  tlie  remnants  of  tiie  style,  and  dark 
]iur|)i(>;  it  eonsists  of  a  thicU  tou^rli  skin,  thin  dry  orange-colored  tiesh,  and  a  KUU)()tli  thiek-walleil 
olihiU};  pointed  apieulate  li^ht  lirown  nutlet,  dee|)  oran<;e-eolor  and  lustrous  on  the  inner  surface.  The 
seed  Ih  coveri'd  witli  ii  thin  nieniliranaceous  li^ht  hrown  eoat  marked  at  the  ehalaza  with  a  lar;re  dark 
circular  v,\m*  The  fruit  hanjjs  on  a  slender  stem  one  half  to  three  ((uarters  of  an  inch  lonj;  and  sliffhtly 
eldarjjed  at  the  a  lex,  from  which  it  separates  in  fallin<r ;  it  ripens  in  Septt  nd)er  and  Oetoher,  anil, 
unless  eaten  liy  hii.is,  often  remains  on  the  hranches  durinir  the  wliiter. 

In  ('aiiada,  .vhere  Ct/fi.t  ixriildifd/i.i  is  exeeeilinf;ly  rare  and  local,'  it  is  distrihnted  from  Saint 
Helen's  islam!  in  the  St.  I.awrenre  liiver,  near  .Montreal,  westward  to  southern  Ontario,  and  in  the 
I'nited  .States  from  the  shores  of  .Massachusetts  May  to  northwestein  Neliraska,'  North  Dakota,  southerji 
Idaho,'  eastern  Washington  and  Oregon,*  western  Washin<rtoii,''  the  Kast  llundioldt  Mi.untains  of 
Nevada,"  New  Mexico,"  and  southward  to  the  shores  of  Itay  IJiscayne  and  Cape  Itomano  in  Florida,  and 
to  Missouri,  eastern  Kansas,  Arkansas,  the  Indian  Territory,  and  eastern  Texas.  Rare  east  of  the 
Hudson  Itiver,  C'llti  ixiiili  iihi/is  heconies  more  aliumlant  in  western  New  York  and  the  miildle  states, 
and  attains  its  fjrc.icest  size  on  the  rich  liottom-lands  of  the  lower  Ohio  liasin,  where  it  is  one  of  the 
commonest  trees  in  the  forests  of  Oaks,  Hickories,  and  Walnuts;"  it  i;rows  usuallv  iti  rich  moist  soil, 
and  often,  especial.y  in  the  east,  on  dry  |;ravelly  or  rocky  hillsides.  West  of  the  liciky  Mountains  it 
is  exceedingly  rar.',  and  is  <'onlinei|  to  the  hank.s  of  streams  in  positions  where  it  i-.  fi(M|iiently  inundated 
durinir  periods  jf  liij^h  water,  and  where  it  is  a  small  tree  or  shrid>  rarely  thirty  feet  tali,  with  thick 
ri)^iil  .scahrou*  conspicuously  reticulate  leaves.  On  the  rocky  hanks  of  streams  a  dwarf  sliruhhy  form'' 
with  stems  foiu'  to  ten  f e(  t  tall  an<l  small  usuallv  rut^ose  leaves  is  not  unconnuon  in  the  .south  Athtntic 
states,  from  wiiich  it  ranges  westward  to  .Missouri,  Colorado.  I  tali,  and  Nevada. 

Tin-  wood  of  ( 'i /lis  (iiiiili  iifiili.s  is  heavv,  rather  soft,  not  stroii;;',  and  coarse-jjrained,  containiui;' 
hands  of  several  rows  of  larjje  open  ducts  markin;^  the  l.i\crs  of  annual  ',;rowtii.  numerous  >niall  i^roups 
of  Nnialler  ducts  arraujred  in  int<'nnediate  concentric  riui^s,  and  manv  thin  mcduli.irv  rays  ;  it  is  clear 
lifjht  yelliiw,  with  thii'k  lii;hter  colored  sapwooil.  The  s|iecitie  ijravitv  of  the  alisohitily  dry  -vood  is 
O.T'JST,  a  cuhic  foot  weijrhin;;  l.">.II  pounds.      It  is  lartjely  used  for  fencin',;  and  for  I'hcap  furniture. 

Ci/fis  Diiiili /i/iilin  wiiA  introduced  iulo  Kii'j;lish  j;ardens  hv  the  voimu'er  Tradescant '"  ahont  the 
middle  of  the  seventeenth  ceuturv,  and  the  lirst  description  of  it.  maile  from  a  plant  cultivated  in 
Knjjiand,  was  pidilished  in  ICiSS  in  Kay's  ll'islnr'm  /'/(inlnntiiiJ^ 

\  tall  st.itelv  tree  in  the  hasiii  of  the  Ohio  IJivir,  where  its  >leiii|er  shafts  covered  with  smooth 
pale  hark  enliven  the  forests  which  clothe  tile  liaidcs  of  streams  ami  rich  iMlcr\ale  laii,l>.  thi'  ll.uklierry  '' 


'   Hniiicl.  Cm    IVr/    I.I,/   <;,n    \r,        Miiinnn.  Cit   Cin.  /'/     !:!',• 
'    !(<•»».•»,   H'/i    ,\rl,nl»h,  Sl.ll,-  /;.»ln/  .(./ri<-.   IS'.H,   111.". 

"  CiVk  ,i.iii/rii(ii/i<  w;n  fiMiiiil  In  Dr  ,1.  K.  Wil.iii.  f  .s  A., 
iinir  ll.ii«,<  Cilv,  lihihn,  ii>  ISHl 

•  It  wuH  (tiHi-(ivcn>il  in  tilt'  vullfv  nf  thr  .Snuko  Uivi'r  l,_v  |).4viil 
Doii^LiH  riirly  tii  tlio  preiwiit  oi'iitiirv . 

'  lly  till'  niitimilist!*  uttHrhrtl  to  tho  t'liitoti  .statoH  Kipliiriii^ 
Ki|M'ilith>ii  uihIit  coitiiiiiinil  uf  C'ltiiiiiuKliiro  Wllkrs,  it  wtM  ,1ih«'iiv- 
rn-tl  nil  till'  uliori'  uf  I'li^ct  .SiuikI  { 'rurrt'y,  /''>'.  tt'i/'lf.,  K/plor. 
Eliml.  \r*\). 

•  Wut-s'Hi,  Ktnti'n  litfi.  irjl  (viir.  fiumilti). 
'   Kt'iuiliT,  I'lnniiT  Stua-M^'tuiiwr,  No.  77.'. 

•  Kiil),'Wiiv,  I'ru-.  r.  S.  Sill.  Miui.  ISM'J,  7-'. 

•  ( \tti.i  iH-1-ttirntidtH,  viir.  fiitmilii,  I  Iniy,  .t/dn.  vt\. '-,  a*.l7  ( 18.",tl).  —  , -  - 

Ciirtiii,  Itrfi.  (ieolog.  Surr.  iV,  (Vir.  IHOO,  iii,  tl'J.  —  i'hapiimii,  FL       Um,  Fi.  yin/tn.  VX> 
417.  —  Koch,  hmilr,  ii.  i;H.  —  Wataoii  &  Ciiiiltcr,  Gray's  Mitn.  I'd, 


(i,  l;!i-.         K.»-lin.-. />.■'<'..*•  /».N./r  i;t7.       \hyi>A.  Il.rulh.  l,„,M,.::i. 
ii    II 

(V,'/M  ;.ui/l..'.l,   I'uisli,  /v.  .I>",  .^''/.^  I.  -I«l  (ISII).-   Itm'llur  ,V 

Si'lmhr.*,  Si/.it.  iii-  IHi"        Kiitiiu-^iiin',  .Xfif  Fi.  iii.  3*>.  —  I.oihIoii, 

.{rli.  r.nl.  iii.  If.'O.        (iniv,    l/.M.  lIHl. 

"'  S'f  i.  '-•O. 

'I   l.'^tiis  tirluT  I'irijininnil  f'nu-lii  rnhrv,  ii.  I'.117. 

'*  In  tlu'  ntHtiTil  stutfH  Ci-ltii  WfiiUutntix  is  soinotiini'.i  i*;ilU'il 
N.'ttlf-tri't'  or  K;ils,'  Kim  ;  a.-*  it  is  iilso  i-ulliMl  llojjlu'rry  ami  llot; 
(■h.rry. 

{\itii  f'nu-tu  oh.imri'  i>iir/>'iritKrtntf, 'Wniruvtort,  lust.  tM'2.  —  Mi\' 
liT,  Dill.  \".  1  ;  I'm.  Ii-im.  i.  ■"''.»,  t.  .S8.  -  Duhiiinil,  V'niid'  i/m 
.\rhm,  i.  ll;l. 

Cilti.*  ;>ro.vnl,  I'lliis  oitlte-lanmililti.-i,  strratit  ;  fruftu  }iuUo,  Cliiy- 


' 


1 

1  Ii 

1  , 

I 

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<ii 


1 1 


H          f* 

70 


SUVA    OF  NOUTJl  AMEItlCA. 


VXMhCZM 


in  ])crlin]is  as  bpnutifiil  in  loss  fiuorod  rcfjioiiH,  witli  its  ttliorter  trunk,  brond  head  of  graceful  hranchcH, 
and  dcnsi!  lijrlit  jrri.(>ii  t'oliago.  Few  Nortii  Anu'i-ican  tn'es  are  better  Hiiitcd  to  adorn  parks  or  high- 
ways;  and  its  value  as  an  ornamental  tree  is  increased  by  its  rapid  growth  under  varied  conditions  of 
climate  and  soil,  its  resistance  to  drought,  nnd  its  freedom  from  serious  diseases  and  the  injuries  caused 
iiy  insects.  The  llacklierry  is  now  often  planted  as  a  shade-tree  in  some  of  the  states  between  the 
Missouri  River  and  the  Kocky  Mountains,  and  occasionally  in  other  parts  of  the  United  States  and  in 
Europe.  It  can  be  raised  from  seed  without  dilliculty  ;  and  its  abundant  iibrous  roots  make  the 
operation  of  transplanting  it  easy  and  safe. 


EXI'LANATION   OF  THE   PI-ATK. 


Plate  CCt'XVII.    Ck.i.th  imcidkntalih. 

1.  A  tldwirin^'  liriiiicli.  iiutiinil  »i/.i'. 

2.  Diafrraiii  of  ii  Howit. 

■V  A  ntain'iiiiiti'  IIouit  lit'foru  tin-  Htrai|;hteninf;  of  ilia 
tiluinoiiU,  iMilar^ttl. 

4.  A  Ktniniimti'  llowiT  i'X|mn<le(l,  <'nlnr);<>(l. 

5.  A  iicrfcrt  tlowiT.  ciiliirni'il. 

C.  Vertical  »n!tion  of  a  |H'i'fi'<l  Hower,  i'iilar^'<l. 

7.  An  iiriilr,  iiiiuh  in*);nilii'<l. 

8.  A  fruiting'  Itraiii'li.  natural  »\ie. 

9.  V»>rti*'al  scclinn  of  a  fruit.  tM»lar(jp(l. 

10.  A  fruit  cut  ojh-n  tranMvtTHi'lv.  rnlarj;ed. 

11.  An  embryo.  pnlar);>Ml. 

I'J.  An  cinlirvo  lartiv  iliii|ilaM'il.  <>nlarj;o<l. 

13.  A  winter  hranclilct.  natural  ki/u. 


I 


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llii 


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i.vAi;r.,» 


i-ii'ik,  hr<mt|  liwul  "f  ^mciji'i:!  Iirattt Iuk 
1  .»•<  (110  W\t\>\  .siiitMil  to  udorn  parkN  ur  luj^d 
'  1'  I  by  itB  rajiiil  gniwrth  lui'lfi'  v  irii'd  i">)iilititint  .if 

^  lri'i>.|iMii  t'roiii  Mirii  UM  Jintsiimm  tuxi  tti<-  IttjtiriitM  uiiuiu«) 
.'liilcl   ;itt  ;»  Mtiailc-tn't'   ii   -^onw  of   tl,  ''"twi't!!!  ttn- 

,   iti.l  0( iMMiouiilly  in  ntbtr  ^iiirl^  of   tlif  .  utM  and  in 

rtitluMit  diflitulty  i    And  xU  u' uudiuii  libiout.    •  -u  iiml<i<  i1ih 
lui  mtJu. 


FXfl.AN  Minv   oK    vnV.    \>\.\\V.. 


I'urt 

1     \  -,  -■> 


ilm 


lihl';,. 

4.  t 

.■>  A 

l>.  \  i-rtic»l  «»i>l. 

».  All  !>»'•'      • 

8.  A  fnii' 

!).  Vurtipai  «. .  i . 

]U.  A  'mil  rut  <•[■ 

II.  An  piulir^vo.  anUr, 

J  2.  An  cmliryt)  |>.'itt|i 

13.  A  wiiiivf  bnUirM*.-, 


.^Ari^***!. 


Silva  fit    Nunh    Amerii.i 


1 


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/  /  yiiUfH  *A-/ 


/.,*t'^,-ri/tt. 


CELTIS    OCCIDENTALIS 


111 


1 


llii^ 


y  .'}'>.  n-t-^AI-  *^rrv  ' 


''•U>      '   '//»««/■    /*%tf'-- 


M{ 


1 


• 


I  •  ■  I 


ULMAC&& 


Lea 
und  rem 

CeltiB  Mis 

(IXIO). 
(■.■;/.  xi. 
De  Clin 
—  Wnt* 
Coulter, 
7>J-<i.«). 
Celtis  lee 
(1811); 

vi.  ;«)0. 
iii.  ;u.- 

ii.  9<,>1. 
Celtis  alb 

iii.  ;v.'. 

HiMiinle 

Celtia  c)C< 

(1H1»). 


A  t 

Hi>r)M<liiij 
8iiuill**r  n 
in  tliicki 
a|i|it'ar,  i 
hriU'lit  I 
hori/ont; 

|Mllllt<'(l, 

iiiul    «'<>V 

|)oiiiti><i, 

I'litirt'  111 

witli  1)111 

nearly  ^ 

(lark  jjri 

ill)  ii\>'li 

half  ol' 

I  lie  iiiiii 

white  a 

nn  slcni 

fjlaitniii 

The   til 

Ktraijjiii 

remain 


ULMACKS. 


SILVA   OF  NOltTU  AMERICA. 


71 


OELTIS    MISSISSIPPIENSIS. 
Sugarberry.     Hackberry. 

Leaves  ovatc-lanccolatc,  ovate,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  occasionally  obscurely 
and  remotely  serrate.     Fruit  small. 


Celtia  Misfiiasippiensis,  Uosc,  Vict.  Agrii:  lumv.  6A.  x.  41 

(1810).  — Spatli, /Ihh.  Sei.  Nat.  »6r.  'J,  xvi.   4'J:   Ilht. 

Veg.  xi.  i;tr..  —  riiiiiclion.  Anii.Si-i.  Nut.  m'r.  ;{,  x.  2«7 ; 

I)e  CiiHtht/l*'  i'n}ttr.  xvii.  170. —  Wii1|mm'k.  Ann.  iii.  3115. 

—  Wntdoii   &   CoultiT,    (Iriiifa    Man.  od.  (I,  ■!•>.'?,  7M4.  — 

CmiltiT,  Contrili.  f.  .S'.  A'ar.  Jln-k  ii.  407  (.!/<(«.   /'/.   »'. 

7>j-<i.»). 
Celtia    leevisata.    \Villi1i>n<iw.    /Itrl.    Uaiimz.    cd.    2,    81 

(ISll);    Ennm.  .Su|i|il.  tiS. —  Kiii'iiicr  &  SohulU's,  .S'7,'i^ 

vi.  ;t(M).  —  S|>ri'ii(;el.  .N'y.»/.  i.  '.>.'(!.'.  —  liiiliiK'8i|Ui-.   ^Viic   /•?. 

iii.  34.  —  LoiiJuii,  Arh.   Urit.'iil  142(1.  —  Diitrii'li,   .V;/)i. 

ii.  9<.)1.  —  Kocli.  /lenilr.  ii.  4H2. 
Celtia  alba,   Iliitinc"i|iu',  h'l.  I.mhrie.  25(1817);   AVie  h'l. 

iii.    32.  —  IMuncliun,    />**    (\iiiiMff    I'nnlr.    xvii.  177    — 

Hciii-U-y.  /(..r  /(/.,/.  .(,„.  fVH^  iii.  13i». 
Celtia  occidentalia.  var.  inteKrifolia,  Niittall,  Oen.  i.  202 

(1818).  —  Chaimian,  Fl.  417. 


Celtis  longifolia.  Riifiiics.|iie,  Fl.  Tw.  22(1833).  — Niittall, 

•Si//rii,  i.  ,'il.  t.  40.  —  I'lanehon,  l>e  CundoUe  Prmlr.  xvii. 

177. 
Celtia  fuacata.  Itiliiipsinie,  Sfir  Fl.  iii.  .33  (18.36). 
Celtia    intoKrifolia,    Nnttall,    Tr.ins.   Am.    I'hil.    .Soc.    n. 

»(■!■.  V.  ICi'.t  (luit   l.uiiiarck)  (1S37). 
Celtia  Berlandieri,  Klut/.sili,   /.inmin,  x\.  .">41    (1847). — 

I'lunchoii,  /''•  V'lnili'lle  I'rm/r.  xvii.  17',t.  —  lluinsley.  Hut. 

Ulnf.  .tin.  CfnI.  iii.  130. 
Celtia  Texona.  .SohueK',  Linnna,  xxii.  140  (1840);  Itoemer 

7Vj'(i.<,  440. 
Celtia  Lindheimeri,  K.uli,  liendr.  ii.  434  (1872). 
Celtia  occidentalis.  Siiri;iiit,    F"n:it    Tiv.'ii   X.  .im.  \Oth 

Ci-nsii.li    r.   .S'.    ix.    12.'>  (ill   part)   (not    l.iiiiia'iis)    (18.S4)  ; 

(tiinlfti  and   Fw.it,  iii.  .30   (in   jiart).  f.  0,  10,  11.  — Ha- 

vuril,  I'ruc.  U.  6'.  Siit.  Mii.i,  viii.  500. 


A  tr('t>,  sixty  to  I'ifjlity  ft'i't  in  Iicif^lit,  with  u  sliort  tniiik  two  or  tlirci'  feet  in  (liami'ttT  and 
N|)ri>ailiii}r  soiiictiincs  |it-iiiliiloiis  liraiiclics  wliicli  fona  a  liro;iil  ami  ot'ti'ii  <;'ni('i'l'ul  lu'ad  ;  often  niiicli 
sniitllcr  and  soim-tiint's  Mliruliliy  in  lialiit.  Tiic  liaik  of  tin-  trunk  is  one  iialf  to  two  thirds  of  an  int-ii 
in  thickness,  hj^lit  hh.'e-jjray,  and  covered  with  prominent  excrescences.  Tiie  hranddets,  when  they  lir.st 
appear,  itre  lifj;lit  jjreen  and  f;l;ilirons  or  covered  witii  pah'  pidiescence.  .ind  in  their  first  winter  are 
hright  reddish  hrown,  nitlier  Instrons  and  marked  witli  ohloiif^  p;de  leiiticels  and  narrow  eh'vateil 
horizontal  h';»f-scars  in  whicii  appe.ir  the  ends  of  tliree  lihro-vascular  hundh's.  Tile  liiids  are  ovate, 
pointed,  Ihittened  liy  the  pressure  of  the  stein,  from  one  sixteenth  to  one  eii;litli  of  an  inch  in  len-jtii. 
anil  covered  liy  cheHtmit-lirown  piiheridoiis  sciiles.  The  leaves  are  ovate  or  oliloiii;-lanceohite.  lonij- 
pointed,  more  or  less  falcate,  nnei|ii;illy  roiindeil  and  very  olili(|ne,  or  iine(|iially  w('di;-e-shaped  at  the  hase, 
fUtire  or  occasionally  ohscnrely  serrate  with  minute  incurved  teeth,  or  rarely  furnished  aliove  the  middle 
with  one  or  two  hroad  shiirp  teeth.  ;iiid  three-rililied  ;  when  they  unfold  they  are  lif^ht  yellow-ijreen  and 
nearly  jjlahrons  or  coated  with  pale  piiheseence.  and  at  matiirilv  tlie\  are  linn,  smooth,  and  ;;laliroiis, 
dark  ;j;reen  on  the  upper,  and  p;ile  on  the  lower  surface,  three  or  four  inches  loiif;  and  three  ((iiarters  of 
an  inch  to  three  inches  liroad,  with  slender  petioles  slij;litlv  j;roo\ed  aliove  ;iiid  from  one  i|iiarter  to  <iiie 
half  of  an  inch  in  length,  narrow  yellow  rihs  impressed  aliove,  and  slender  veins  arcnate  and  united  near 
the  mari^ins  and  connected  liy  conspicuous  reticulate  vi'inlcts.  The  stipules  are  linear-stra|>-sha]iecl. 
white  and  scarions,  and  coated  with  soft  white  hairs.  The  llowers  appear  in  early  spring;  and  are  home 
on  slender  hirsute  pedicels.  'I"he  calyx  is  jrreenish  yellow,  divided  to  the  liase  into  live  ovate  lanceolate 
frIahrouH  or  pidn'riiloiis  sc:irions  lohes  which  are  furnished  at  the  apex  with  tufts  of  lon<r  white  hairs. 
The  tllaiiieiits  are  incurved  in  the  hud,  slijrhtly  llatteneil  and  ^laiiroiis ;  in  the  sterile  tlower  they 
Htrai^hten  themselves  ahriiptly  and  heconie  exserted  ;  ami  in  the  |ierlcct  tlower  they  are  shorter  and 
reinniti  ini'iirved,  the  antiiers  after  unthesis  heiii^r  included  or  slijrhtly  ex.serted.     The  ovary  is  ovate, 


t 

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1  . 

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If 

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If' 


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t\     i 


72 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMEliTCA. 


ULMACEiE. 


ULMACE^. 


I« 


c 


glabrous,  green,  and  luHtrous,  and  is  crowned  with  the  spreading  wliite  stigmas  which  open  before  tlie 
stamens  of  tiie  sterile  flowers  shed  their  pollen.  The  frnit  is  ovate,  one  eighth  to  one  qnartur  of  an 
inch  Ion",  and  l)ri"-lit  orange-red,  with  thin  dry  flesh  and  a  smooth  light  brown  nut.  The  seed  is  light 
brown  and  marked  with  a  large  durk  spot  at  the  ehalaza. 

Ccltis  jMl.-<siKsij)jiieii!<is  iidiabits  rich  botttnn-lands  and  the  bnnks  of  streams  or  occasionally  dry 
limestone  hills,  and  is  (listrii)uted  from  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois  through  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and 
.Mabaina  to  the  shores  of  Hay  Hiseayne  in  Floritbi,"  and  through  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  Texas  to 
Nnevo  Ticon  ;  it  also  inhabits  Bermuda.'-  In  the  basin  of  the  lower  Ohio  River,  where  it  is  abundant 
and  tjrows  to  its  largest  size.'  it  is  often  ftnind  ass(H'iated  with  Cdtis  orridcntdlis,  from  which  it  may 
be  distinguisheil  by  its  smaller  size  and  ])roportionately  shorter  trunk,  by  the  larger  and  more  numerous 
excrescences  wliicii  cover  its  bark,  by  its  narrower  and  usually  entire  leaves,  and  its  smaller  bright 
orange-red  fruit.  In  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  (V/^s  Minsinsi/ijiiciisis  is  the  most  common  species  ; 
rare  in  the  tiulf  states,  it  is  exceedingly  common  west  of  the  Mississippi  River,  especially  in  Arkansas, 
Louiniana,  Texas,  and  Nuevo  Leon,  where  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  it  forms  broad  heads  of 
long  graceful  pendulous  branches. 

The  wood  ofCtllix  MIssiKsi/i/iitiisin  is  rather  soft,  not  strong,  and  close-grained,  and  contains 
bands  of  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts  marking  the  layers  of  annual  gniwth,  groups  of  smaller  ducts 
arranged  in  intermediate  concentric  rings,  and  thin  nuMluliary  rays ;  it  is  light  clear  yellow,  with  thick 
lighter  colored  sapwood.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  ().7!>.">('>,  a  cubic  foot 
weighing  W.r>~  pounds,  C'onfoundeil  in  commerce  with  the  wood  of  CiIHk  ucridoiluliK,  it  is  used  for 
the  s;»me  jnirposes. 

In  '\\-\;is  Celtii  ^fiKll!l<H!pp!rllnl:lt  gradually  ])asHe8  into  the  variety  n'liculn(ii\*  this  is  a  small 
bushy  tree  forty  to  fifty  feet  in  height,  with  stout  branches  and  a  short  trunk  covered  with  smooth 
bliie-grav  bark  on  which  the  excrescences  are  sometimes  over  an  inch  high  and  are  usnallv  interrupted 
or  lii'oken  into  sluut  lengths  ;  or  in  arid  regions  it  is  often  reduced  to  a  low  shrub.  The  leaves  are 
l>roadly  ov.ite,  acute  lU'  rarely  acinninat<',  rounded  or  cordate  an<l  usually  oblicpie  and  very  uneipial  at 
the  Itase.  entire  or  rarely  furnished  above  the  niiildl  with  a  few  large  teeth,  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark 
green  and  glabrous  or  seabrate  on  the  up|H'r  surface,  and  pale  and  yellow-green,  glabrous  or  hirsute  on 
the  lower  surface,  which  is  covereil  with  a  network  of  prominent  yellow  veinlets  im|)ressed  on  the  upjM'r 
side.      The  fruit  viiries  from  oiu'  ipiarter  to  one  hidf  of  an  inch  in  length  and  is  dark  orange-red. 

Ci/tis  Mis.iixsi/i/iii  iisi.i,  var.  n  lifiiliilit,  is  distributed  from  the  neighborhood  of  Dalliks  in  Texiw 
to  the  Ikio  (irandc.  .ind  westward  through  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  southern  ('tab  and  Nevada  and 
the  western  rim  of  the  Colorado  Desert  in  California,  reappearing  in  Lower  California."  In  eastern 
Texas  it  grows  iLsually  on  dry  linu-stone  hills,  and  farther  west  near  the  banks  of  streams  and  in 
mountain  canons. 

The  s|iecilic  gravity  <tf  the  absolutely  dry  wood  of  dllis  Mls/<i,'<sij)j)iiiislii,vnr.  nticuldta,  is 
It.T'-'T.").  a  cubic  foot  weighing  i'l.'M  pounds. 


'   A    II.  C'lirtiM,  .\arrh  .Imrricim  I'InnIt,  ISSl,  No.  17'.'. 

'  l.<fr.iy,  liutl.  I'  S.  Sill.  .»/««.  Xu.  !!.■>.  41  (/(«(.  Ilrmrulii). 

'I'lii-ri*  iirt*  u  iiiiih)M-r  iif  ('•■)tU-trf«'t.  in  tUt*  W'HUiii^liain  'IViit  t  in 
lit  rtiiuitii,  ill  fiililiiinii  to  t)i(>.Hi>  iiifiitioiiiil  )iv  Ki'ttrrul  Li-fniv.  In 
till'  hhii|H>,  •.i/.i>,  liiid  ti-itiiri'  of  till'  IriiM-s,  Mliirli  Hrt>  rutin-  or  ih cii- 
siiiiLill\  fiiriii^hiMl  with  oni*  or  two  litr;;!'  tei'tli.  iiih)  in  the  ki/i'  of 
lli<-  friiit,  tlii'v  HpiH'ar  idrntiriil  with  the  tn't't  ot  liny  HiNrityiu*. 

'   l(iil({wnv.  I'm:  I '.  .S.  .Vri(.  .l/ii...  IHH'J,  7.'. 

*  (  V//i«  .i/iJijiij»»i/i^n'rnj»w,  var.  rftu-ulafa. 
Cellu  rrtu-uliUii,  Tiirr<7,  Anu.  /,».■.  .V.  )'  ii.  'HI  (IS'JS).       Ilii- 

t)m-iii|up,  .iVrir  Ft.  lii.  :W>.  —  NutUill,  .S'y/m,  i.   i:i,'l.  t.  :i'.).  -  PUii- 

I'hoii,   Ann.   Sri.  Sat.  w*r.  .'i,  i.  liilli ;  />c  fnmliMr  /'rinlr.  %\i'i. 

ITS    -  Wnlpon,  Ann.  lii.  IMW.  —  Torn7  &  Cimv, /'nW/iV  H    II. 

Jtrf,    ii    17.-..         Will (  .!(.  /'/    Hhrrlfi;  Itl.  —  UotlinKlc,   l»  *fW- 


er't  ll'/i.  VI.   'JIW.  —  Kii«hy,  Hull.    Torrri/   /!«/.    CM,   ii.   W.  — 

CuiiUir,  Conlnh.  U.  S.  Sm.  Ilrrh  ii.  407  (.l/<in.  /7    »'    Triiu). 
I'rllii  Itrrni-rt,  WuIboii,   I'riif.  Am.  Arn.l.  iiv   '.117  (IS71>). 
(WlU  i^t'riitrntnliA,  var.  retirntaht,  Siirf^'tit,  Furrtt   Trfm  .V.  Am. 

10(A  Crntui  r.  .v.  u    \M  (IStiJ)  ;    liilrdm  nwl    lorril,   iii.    40,   f. 

I-.'    -  Km-hiif,  Drnltivhr  /Vm/r.  I.IS.  —  l>i|>|...l,  ll,mM.  I.i,hM,-I;1. 

il.  4.5.    -Ciivilll-,   Cimlnh.  r.  S.   \iil.   Ilerh.   iv.    I'.r.  (/i,i(    Ihillll 

VitUrif  K.rpr(t. ), 

'  f'f//i<  .l/ioiHi/i/iimiK,  vnr  rrrini/iiia,  wm  ilini-nvi'rcil  on  CrrniH 
Nliinil  off  lliii  cout  of  l.tiwi'r  Citliftirniii,  in  1S7'.*,  Iiy  l)r  ,1  .\. 
\'i'ut(>li  ;  HiKJ  in  till*  Stii  tliilio  Cafinn  on  tlie  niiiinliuul  in  April. 
is.si),  liy  .Mr.  T.  S  Itninilfg.u'  (/Vk-.  Cii;  .I.,i./  mr  ■!,  ii.  '.'O.'i  (/'/. 
IU,j,i  r.WI). 


ULMACEiK. 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


73 


Celtia  Mississippiensla  was  described  from  a  plant  cultivated  in  Paris,  where  it  was  probably 
introduced  by  the  elder  Michaux,'  who  was  the  first  botanist  to  explore  the  forests  of  that  part  of  the 
Mississippi  basin  where  this  tree  abounds.  Its  rapid  growth,  excellent  habit,  and  cheerful  foliage, 
which  remains  on  the  branches  with  slight  change  of  color  until  the  beginning  of  winter,  make  it  a 
desirable  ornamental  tref,  and  it  is  now  generally  used  to  shade  the  streets  of  the  cities  and  towns  of 
central  and  western  Texas. 

'  Sec  i.  fix. 


1      : 


i 


\  '-^ 


iv 


M! 


i  I 


lii :  111 


m 


l-  f 


! 


.     \ 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


Platk 

1. 

A 

o 

A 

;!. 

A 

4. 

A 

5. 

A 

6. 

A 

7. 

A 

8. 

A 

9. 

A 

10. 

A 

11. 

A 

12. 

A 

i;». 

A 

■  '  CXV'MI.     Cki.tis  Mi.'Wismifimhssis 
Howerin;,'  Imincli,  nntural  sire, 
staiiiinati'  flower  just  ex|ianiling,  eiiliirKed. 
staniinuti'  HowiT  after  aiitlieaia,  enlarged, 
liistillate  flower,  eiilargeil. 
friiitiiijt  liraiicli,  natural  hi/.e. 
fruit  rut  transversely,  enlarged, 
nutlet,  enlarged. 
Beetl.  enlarged. 

Iiranrlilet  with  lanceolate  entire  leaven,  natural  size, 
le.  *,  natural  wiie. 
leaf,  natural  si/e. 
winter  brandilel.  natural  »i/.e. 
winter-liud  and  leaf-siar,  enlarged. 


r 


Platk  (TCXIX.     Cei.tis  Mi.'Wissii'Iifnsis.  ntr.  hktk  ilata. 

1.  A  tliiwerini;  liranrh.  lutttirMl  xi/e. 

2.  A  slaniinate  Hiiwer  ex|KiiiiUng,  enlarged, 
.'i.   A  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

4.   A  fruiting  Iraneli.  natur il  «i;.e. 

6.   Vertieal  neetion  of  a  friiil.  eidarged. 

6.  .\  !*eed,  enlarged. 

7.  I'nder  surfaee  of  a  leaf,  natural  si/.e. 

8.  A  « inter  lirani'Idet,  natural  f\/.e. 

9.  A  winter-liud.  and  leaf-Mar,  inlan;ed. 
10.  Side  Tiew  of  a  winter-liud.  enlarged. 


\J^- 


f 


/ 


ipr 


1^ 


A' 


/ 


> 


:> 


\ 


V 


■;> 


X 


\. 


I 

s 


''% 


V 


1 


M     I: 


iMi^^ 


li 


i^i 


EXPLANATION   el-     TIIK    ri.ATKS 


I  I  Ml.  til  Ivv  ■!■.     II  .  UK  M!siiiiwn'i'ii'-~i«. 
I .  A  tlaw(*Hrie  limiirh.  natural  nitc. 

.  i  1  :u,!'|.•l.;^,  eiilariiKl. 


•  t 

A 
\ 

.V 

Hum 

11 

)i 

fi. 

A 

1  . 

|0  \    I.m!     II*!   .1  -1 

II.  A  ll'«X.  f>at<"»l  • 

I'J.  A  l»illt<T 

l:'..  A  \%'iu.-i- 


tiatiiral  »if«'. 


HKTII  (LATA. 


hg.  mi«Tg«<l. 


vt 


10.    f>rj 


SilVel     '.it      Nl;Ilh      AmiTK 


Tab,  CCCXVIII 


CEI.TIS   MlSSlSSlPPlt';NSlS 


A  Hhutfuj    fu*- 


i 


I 


lif 


r 

f   ! 

ii 


'm? 


1^ 


!: 


f* 


Silv, 


StWa  '^r  North    Aim  mx 
V 


^— -^^■""">^ 


^' 


V. 


r 


^%  4^ 


/ 


'  f 

■4 


^ 


> 


^f-.i**'**-* 


Tab,  CCCX'.X 


,:ii|*' 


■  1^ 

■^ 

■   i  ! 

"  i 

1 

!  ^ 

1 

P 

,     1 

j      • 

i 

! 

! 

I 

!      ■ 

I 
1 

I 
( 

■;    ! 


il; ;  1 

1 


i 


1 

t 

' 

T' 

1- 

. 

1    ( 

1 

i 
1 

■/. 

i 

1 

if'  I 


if 


^ 


^^ 


^ 


*1l 


i'.iivs  of  Noith  Arm  nc 


,  n 

I     j  |l 

! 

i      ■ 

!     ■ 

!              i 

1 

1 

:    f 

1 

^     ^ 

CELTIS  MISSISSIPPIENSIS         RETICULATA 


/"f/-      '   Kui.itr 


Muff'f.t.u. 


Mi 


■r 


V 


MORACRA 


Fl-OV 

vatioii ;  ( 
ovule  »<)1 
LcavcH  ill 

Moms,  Liiii 
:t77.  —  / 
;!7N.  — » 


rootx.  Ml 
iiiwuril,  til 
wars.  lit 
tliu  hii.si',  I 
lateral,  lai 
vuiluuouH 
ilrical  s|iil 
Mpiki^s ;  tl 
or  the  tw< 
four  eipia 
riidiiiii'iitj 
aiitluTs  at 
to  the  orl 
ovate  or 
succulent 
crowned  ' 
villouM  Ht 
inicropyli 
the  HUtTU 

HubHUCCIll 

iiai'cous  ; 
radicle  iu 
Mor 
/  -lU'rica, 
Americtt, 

I  The  N 

of  Morus  .1 
jtliil  fallinK 
nxilUry   liii 


MOHACKiK. 


.S/Z-r.l   OF  NOltTII  AMKlilCA. 


15 


MOKUS. 

Flowkhs  ntoiKTcioiis  or  (lid-cious  ;  calyx  l-piirtcil,  the  divisions  imbricated  in  iKsti- 
vation ;  corolla  0;  stamens  I,  incurved  in  the  hud;  disk  0 ;  ovary  superior,  l-cclled  ; 
(tvule  solitary,  suspended.  Fruit  drupaceous,  inchvsed  in  the  thickened  succulent  calyx. 
Leaves  alternate,  stipulate,  deciduous. 


MoruH,  I.lnnipim,  f/cH. '.'8.M  (1737). —  \<laniic>n,  Fmn.  I'/,  ii.  ncnlliniii  ik  Ilonkir.   (irn.  iii.   ,'ir>4.  —  Kiij;lir,  I'.injli-r  A- 

;I77.  —  A.    I.,   ilu  .luiwiuii.    <len.    II)'.' KiiillicluT,    <lr>i.  rriiiilll'lliiii.-;iiijUm.\'\\.\A.\,~'i. 

■-'78.  —  Mi'UiiiT,  dm.  ;ir>l.  —  llailliin,  ItUl.  I'l.  vi.  l'Jt».  —      Morophoruin.  .Nfikur,  AV.m.  IM.  iii.  2.">  (17'.K)). 


Trt't'H  or  sliriilis,  uitli  lliick  milky  jiiict',  slciidtT  tcri'tf  iiniinncil  liniiiclii'M,  sc;ily  hark,  ami  lihruiis 
niots.  MikIh  '  t'ovt'rcil  witli  ovate  mmIcs  rloHcly  iiiiltriiMtiMJ  in  two  ranks,  increasing  in  hi/e  from  without 
iiiwuril,  thu  inner  iievrt'Het'nt,  cathicou.H,  marking  in  falling  the  liase  of  the  hranch  witli  narrow  rin^-likt^ 
sears.  Leaves  ('omhi])lieate  in  the  Inul,  alternate,  serrate,  entire  or  three-lohe(l,  tiiree  to  livi"nerveil  at 
the  ha.se,  petioLtte,  memiiranaeeoii.s  or  snlieoriaceoiis,  ijeeiijiions  ;  stipules  inelosini;  tiieir  leaf  in  the  huil, 
laturai,  litneciilute,  »uuti>,  (-adueous.  Flowers  minute,  vernal,  in  |)e<luiu'nktte  ehisters  from  the  axils  of  tiie 
eailueouH  hud-seales,  or  of  tile  lower  leaves  of  the  year;  the  males  shorl-peilieellate,  in  elon<;ateil  eylin- 
ilrieal  spikes ;  the  females  sessile,  in  short  ohion)^  or  snhjrlohose,  or  rarely  elongated  deiis^'ly  (lowered 
spikes;  the  males  .and  females  on  dilTerent  hr.inehes  of  the  s^tme  imlividn.d  or  on  dilTerent  inilividuals, 
t»r  the  two  sexes  rarely  mixed  in  the  same  inflore.sj'enee.  Calyx  of  the  sterile  llower  deejily  divided  into 
four  eipial  ovate  rounded  lohes.  Stamt-ns  four,  inserted  opposite  the  lulies  of  the  ealyx  under  the  minute 
rudimentary  ovary  ;  tilameuts  tiliform,  incurved  in  the  hud.  in  anthcsis  str.iij^liteiiinj;  elastically,  exserted  ; 
anthers  uttaehed  on  the  hiu-k  l>eluw  the  mi<ldle,  erect,  two-celled,  the  ceils  reniform,  attached  laterally 
to  the  orhicular  connective,  openini;  longitudinally.  Calyx  of  the  pistillate  llower  four-pan  ■<!,  the  lohes 
ovate  or  ohovate,  thiekeneil.  often  une<pial,  the  two  outer  hroider  than  the  others,  persistent,  hi'cominjj 
succulent,  and  inclosing  the  fruit.  Ovary  ovoid  or  sulij;lol(oHe,  hessile,  inelmled  in  the  calyx,  oiu>-eelled, 
crowned  with  u  central  style  divided  nearly  to  the  hase  into  two  eipial  spreading;  tiliform  or  suhulate 
villous  sti^matic  hranches ;  ovule  :U)litarv,  suspended  from  tin-  apex  of  the  cell,  campylotropous ; 
micropyh-  superior.  Drupes  ovate  or  ohovate.  crowned  with  tln'  remnants  of  the  styh's,  inclosed  in 
the  succulent  thickened  colored  |)erianths  and  more  or  less  united  into  an  cdihle  juicy  syncarp ;  exocarp 
suhsucculent,  thin;  endoearp  thin  or  thick,  crustaceous.-  Seeil  oi)lonij.  pendulous;  testa  thin,  meinhra- 
naceous  ;  hilum  minute,  apical.  Knd)ryo  incurved  in  thick  lli>shy  allunnen  ;  cotyledons  olilon^,  ecpial ; 
radicle  ascending,  incumhent. 

.Morus,  of  which  six  or  seven  Bixvies  can  he  di.stin^uished.  is  contlned  to  e.istern  temperate  North 
/  'uerica,  where  two  species  occur,  the  elevated  rei;i(Uis  of  Mexico.  Central  Auu'rica  and  western  South 
Aniericu,  western  Asia,  India,  China,  Japan,  and  the  hi<;h  UKuuitains  of  the  Indian  Archipelago.     The 

*  The  North  American,  IVrHiiin,  Chiiir'*,',  niul  .TjipKiirKo  »iM'cip«  fur.  xiii.  'M)k\  t.  28.  -  -  Foorstp,  Hull.   Ttirret^  Hot.  Cluh,  xx.  1G3,  t. 

of  Moru.i  lid  nut  form  u  ti-riiitiml  lutil,  tht*  cml  of  tlin  limiu'h  <lvii>^  lt7,  f.   t). 

ami  fitUiii);  off  iluriii);  i\w  Niiinnicr,  li'nviii^  a  iti<ar  t't<M,>  to  thi'  u)i{H-r  ^  iiiiiltuli,  Atiansimitl,  i.  'Jl  1,  t.  S,  f.  1-1'J. 

niilUry  bud,  which  pruloii^i  the  branch  (lleurj',  .Vur.  .It(.  A'li.'. 


i! 


II  !! 


r 


■  I 

In 


^r 

ii 

7G 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


HORACES. 


most  valuable  species,  Jforus  ctlha,^  a  native  of  northern  China  and  the  island  of  Yezo,  is  cultivated  in 
China  and  Japan,  northwestern  India,  western  Asia,  and  the  countries  surrounding  the  Mediterranean, 


1  Liiiriu'iis,  Spec.  nS*»  (17r»3).  —  Keichcnbiuh,  Icon.  FL  derm. 
xii.  t.  i;j'J7.— Striiipf,  Drscr.  tt  Cult.  .\fur,  llU*  Atlas,  t.  l-lrt.— 
Bureau,  /V  CandoUe  Prodr.  xvii.  iiiW.  —  Hoissit-r,  FL  Orient,  iv. 
lir»;».  —  Kiiiiiclift,  Xoui'..irch.  Mun.  »6r.  2,  v.  liTO  (/'/.  Ihiciii.  i. ).  — 
Korbfs  &  Ilt'iiLsley,  Juur.  Linn.  Sue.  xxv't.  4r»i>. 

.Vorti.'i  Titlttrica,  Uniurns,  /.  c  (17311).  —  Pallas,  Fl.  IIikoh.  i. 

pt.  ii.  t»,  t.  oii. 

Aforiki  Constimtinofioliltinii,  roirrt,  Lum.  lUct.  iv.  !W1  (171(7).  — 

A**"<rfrtN   I).ihtvnd,  iv.  'J'J,  t.  '1\.  —  Ma\inu)\vii-z,  l*rim.  Fl.  Amur, 

477. 

Tlii"  \\\\i\  .MulI«Trv-tr(M'  with  iK'cply  InU-d,  irrt-jjularly  sluiptMl 
li'avi's  ami  dark  rt-il  ur  iinirlv  Mark  fruit,  (li-n-nvcrt'il  l»y  tin-  IVfiH-h 
missionary  Uaviil  on  i\\c  tin uin tains  of  hnutlifrii  Mniignlia.  and 
connnnti  in  tin*  inountain<"  n-ponn  of  uortlirrn  China,  is  U'licvi-d 
to  Ik-  t)i(>  ttri^iiial  typo  from  wliicli  have  Hpnittg  ttu>  nunuTtiiis  vuri- 
etif-t  of  thiit  trt>e  which  itre  nuw  ciiltivHti'd  whtTc  Herieiilttire  ih 
pr.iiiii'i'd  (Jiilieu,  Uisum^  den  Prinri/Hinj  TraitU  Chinnix  $Hr  in 
Culture  des  Muricrs, —  Brt'tschni'idi-r.  .hmr.  Sorth-China  Hnvuh 
Hoynl  Asiatic  Soc.  ii.  ser.  xxv  ;i'Jl»  [liotanimn  Sinicum,  \\.])  ;  and 
tlu'  Wliiti'  MullH'rry  in  a  form  with  U-ss  tinifonnly  divided  leaves 
than  tliose  ttf  the  north  China  tree  is  t-crtaitily  wild  in  the  primeval 
forests  whirh  I'over  the  hills  nf  rcntml  Yezo. 

Nil  oth'T  tree  furnishes  I'mploynieiit,  lUreetly  ami  indirectly,  to 
Mt  lar^e  a  numbor  of  the  human  rai'e,  or  has  U>eti  .>>()  i-arefnlly 
Mudieit  from  thi?  cultunil  point  uf  view  ;  and  no  oilier  tree  ha.>* 
given  rise  to  »»ch  a  volimiiuous  literature.  The  eultivatiou  of  the 
White  Mulherry-trec  in  China  to  furnish  food  for  the  nilk-worni 
(/iumliiix  .l/cri',  LiuiiiL'us)  is  lui  old  t\s  tlie  civilization  of  the  Chinese 
race  ;  and  there  is  a  tradititm  printed  in  the  HrMt  century  lieftin' 
the  Chri.^tian  era  that  "~'liri;,%  wife  of  the  Kmperor  Ilminj;  Ti  (h.  i". 
2Cl>7),  lirst  instructed  the  people  in  (he  art  .if  rearinjj  silk-wumis. 
I^in^  and  jealously  jjuarditl  hy  the  (  liiiM'M',  the  seeret  of  the  art 
of  hilk-niakin^f  tirst  reached  .lapaii  through  Cure;*  in  the  ihinl  cen- 
tury of  our  era  ;  during  tlie  n-i^n  of  the  t  wenty-tii-^t  Mikadu  (  J.'i"  ■ 
47l*  \.  I>. )  the  planting  of  MullM?rry-trees  whs  eni'our;i^e<l,  ahhou^h 
it  was  not  until  the  >ieond  half  of  the  sixth  century  th.at  itilk-cul< 
ture  iK'came  a  great  nutional  industry  in  Japan  (  Kein,  Indnstnes  ff 
JufMvi,  IH8).  The  art  of  serieultun*  carried  from  China  to  India 
wait  first  estalili.nhed  there  in  the  vnlh-y  of  the  Hrahmaputra,  and 
the  earliest  account  of  the  silk-worm  in  KurofH-un  literature  .-ippeani 
in  .\ri»to'le  (iitft.  Auijn.  v.  I'.t  [17J  ;  11  [i\]),  who  may  have  derived 
hi^  scanty  knowledge  of  it  fnim  the  (Ireek  soldiers  wlio  aceompa- 
nieil  Alexamler  to  India-  In  the  \ear  .V»<)  two  Nesturian  monkH 
carried  eggs  t.f  the  silk-uorui  fnun  Khotan  to  the  Court  of  Justin- 
ian  in  Conslantintiple,  and  >ilk-cu]turi',  gnulually  cbtahlished  in  \Uf 
Hy7.antine  Knipire,  spread  through  southern  Kuro|M<,  aItlioii}r|i  nnld 
the  fourteenth  century  the  Hlack  and  n<it  the  White  Mulln-rry-tree 
wiL-  plaitti-d  in  the  countries  l«)rdering  the  Meiliterranean  to  »iui>- 
ply  the  silk-worm  with  foo«l.  (See  I^udon,  .Irfc.  lint.  iii.  i;t4S. — 
Antonio  Targioni-Tozzetti,  Cenui  ■SVoriW  aulln  /ntntdiuione  di  vnne 
Piante  nf II'  A  >/rt-ulf um  ed  (htitoitttm  Tuscunat  188.  —  A.  I)e  Can- 
doUe, Orifp'if  d(»  Plnntrf  Cultivie.^,  l!!t.) 

Knrly  in  the  sixteenth  ci-ntury  (he  SpanianU  maile  an  unsurcessfid 
attempt  to  eHtalilif>h  sericulture  in  Mexico,  and  MullHTry-trces  and 
the  e^'i^  of  the  wilk-wonn  were  »cnt  from  Spain  for  the  purpose  ; 
a  century  lat.-r  >lanM  s  I.  endeavored  to  introduce  it  into  the  Kii|r- 
lish  eiloiiies  in  \orth  America,  and,  until  the  breaking  out  of  the 
\Var  of  the  UeMibitiun,  persis'.eut  <>fTi'rtf4  were  made  by  the  British 
government  to  encourage  the  rearing  of  silk^wurms,  especially  in 


Virginia,  which  seenu-d  to  offer  ])articular  advantages  for  this 
indii.stry  (see  a  pamphlet  published  in  Ixindon  in  1053,  entitled 
The  fif/nrmed  yirijininn  .SiVI- H'on/i,  or  n  rare  and  new  IHgcoierif  of 
a  sfwedy  waif,  and  ea.iie  nieamyfoiiud  out  by  a  youmj  Lady  in  ICng- 
land,  she  having  made  full  proof  thereof  in  May  anno  IGTj'J.  For 
fcedinff  of  Silk-wormn  in  the  WootLn,  on  the  Mulherry-tnc  Iraren  in 
Virijiuia  [Force,  Coll.  Hint.  Tract*,  iii.  X»>.  \'.\])  ;  and  in  (Jeorgia, 
where  every  grant  of  Crown  laml  was  coupled  with  the  condition 
that  one  humlred  White  Mullierry-trees  should  be  planted  on  each 
ten  acres  of  ground.  (See  an  .Iccorju/,  shewiu(j  the  Proqrenn  of  the 
Colony  of'  (ieoiffia,  in  .imrrica,from  its  first  estahluhment,  7,  London, 
1711  [Force.  /.  c.  i.  N,i   o].) 

The  White  MullHTry-lrec  Hoiirishe^  in  all  the  eastern  I'liited 
States,  iiiul  by  its  hanliness  in  the  severe  cliniate  of  New  F.nghuid 
shows  its  northern  origin.  In  a  dcHcriplion  of  the  province  of  South 
Carolina  in  17IU,  a  White  MullKTry-tree  seven  or  eight  vears  old^ 
growing  at  iVrt  Koyal,  is  said  to  have  had  a  trunk  tivc  feet  in  eir- 
cuinfereuce,  ami  several  other  trees  only  five  years  old  with  trunks 
a  fiMit  in  diameter  are  dcscrilM-d.  (See  Force, /.  r,  ii.  No.  10.)  .Seri- 
culture, however,  has  never  become  an  .Vmerican  industry,  although 
varion.s  attempts  to  niakr  it  so  have  Ih'cii  tried  in  the  Cnited  States 
by  inili\  idiials  or  thn>u^h  iMMinties  offered  by  lite  state  t^uvern- 
ments.  Climatic  conditions  favor  the  iniluslry,  but  the  lngh  price 
ot  lalHir  has  made  it  unprotitaMc.  Sixty  \eiu-s  ago  the  Impe  of 
ehlablishiiij;  it  in  the  I'mleil  States  cjius4>d  the  greatest  hortu-ultu- 
nil  »iK*culation  the  country  lia.s  known,  and  ruined  thouHaiuIs  tif 
|K>ople.  In  1824  a  Frt>nch  traveler  bniu^'ht  to  France  under  the 
name  of  .\foruji  multiiytulis  (Perrottet,  .Inn.  .S'(»r.  /.inn.  Paris.  IS'JU, 
liil*.  —  Si*ringe,  /.  c. 'JKl,  t.  18)  a  variety  of  the  White  MulU-rry- 
tree  wbieh  he  liml  found  in  the  Philippine  Ulamls,  when>  it  hail 
Im'cu  carried  by  a  Portuguese  priest  towan)  the  emi  of  the  sixteenth 
century.  The  rapi<i  growth  of  this  tn-c,  its  large  ami  succulent 
Icavet,  and  the  ea.M'  with  which  it  c<juld  U-  multiplied,  stMUi  at* 
tracted  the  attention  of  F.uri>{H>an  sericultiirists  ;  ami  in  18*j7  tt 
was  intrtKlueed  into  the  l'nit4>d  States  through  the  Prince  Niir- 
sery  on  Kong  Island.  A  year  later  it  was  carried  (o  Massachusetts 
by  William  Kt'ndrick,  a  nurscrymHU  of  Newton,  and  gradually 
marvelous  stones  of  its  value  spn^nd  from  town  tu  town  and  fnini 
state  to  stale.  Nurserymen  gave  up  all  other  business  to  pm|Mgal« 
tlie  Siuth  Sea  novelty  ;  fanners  coven'd  their  laml  with  the  in-es, 
and  all  eastern  .Vnierica,  couvertc<t  into  one  great  .MullKTry  plan- 
tation, was  to  biM-nme  the  rival  of  the  Orient  and  of  Ktirojie  in  Iho 
pru<)uction  of  silk.  Plants  bniu^lit  fabulous  prices,  and  the  north, 
the  Htiutli,  and  the  west  struggled  with  each  other  tti  secure  them  in 
the  auction  rooms  of  eastern  cities.  Hut  the  n'action  so4>n  caiue  ; 
tlie  climate  of  the  luirlhern  stati-s  was  found  to  Ih'  tmi  sevens  for 
this  variety,  and  trees  were  killed  by  cold  or  by  the  diseases  which 
ajipeared  among  them  ;  and  nurserymen  and  farmers  were  ruined. 
In  1S31I  the  bubble  burst  ;  and  of  the  millions  that  were  planted 
hardly  one  tree  now  n'mains  in  any  of  the  northern  states.  {Svo 
Kendrick,  .{mrriiiin  Sdk  firatrrrs*  Guide,  'J<t.  —  I,.  l\.  lUiley,  fiuU. 
Ifort.  Ihv.  Citrntll  .Ij/nc.  Ksftrr.  Stat.  No.  4<i  ;  aUo  nunienms  arti- 
cles in  the  Xew  England  Farmrr,  ix.-xviii.) 

The  stwalled  Uussian  MulU-rry  ( .l/<iri*ji  alha  Tnt'iriia,  Fx)udon) 
was  iiitrotluced  by  Russian  Mennoniles  into  the  ueslern  states  in 
1H7<') ;  although  of  comparatively  little  value  as  a  fruit-tn'r,  it  is 
very  hardy,  and  useful  in  forming  wind-bn'aks  on  the  pniirii-s  or 
as  an  (trnami-ntal  hedge-plant,  and  several  varieties,  valued  for 
their  large  fruit  or  iwudiilous  branches,  have  twen  raised  in  this 


MOUACEj£. 

in  many  varie 
many  teinpen 
and  seniitropi 
little  known 
perhaps  two  < 

Moms  p 
used  for  furn; 
sweet  and  aci 
or  color  inetli 
the  fruit,  froi 

The  Noi 
fungal  discas 

country  (I*.  H. 
No.  40,  -J^'J). 

From  the  leavi 
CauciLHUS,  used  i 
inner  bark  and 
made  fnim  the 
mountain  trilM-s 
The  w.mhI  of  : 
or  yellow.     In  n 
for  furniture  am 
are  us«'d  as  curd 
dis,  Fort^t  /  V.  Ii 
is  administen-tl 
Ckifirse  Mat.  M 

>  LtMidon,  At 
ll»8.  —  Bureau, 
Ja/mn^  lUl. 

>  KinmiMis. 
1'J9. —  Sotti-'ii'i 
15l»,  t.  IM».~  1 
(itrm.  xii.  t.  K 
Parlalore,  Fl. 

iv.  ii:)a. 

'Hie  lilack  M 

Pliintri  I'uilti't 

the  Caucasus  i 

(ireeka,  who  ii 

gniws  spt-ntam 

IWfuru  the   i^n 

»ilk-worms  wa! 

U-rry  for  this  ] 

nsed  Bpectes    ( 

Iwrry,  which  i 

aionally  plant 

value  as  a  frui 

is  larger  than 

U'tter  thiYor  ; 

civilised  coun 

fur  poultry  or 

•  Of  the  Ii 

a  shnib  or  sm 

frtim  Cashiuo 

gal,  Uurmah, 

worm  (Hraui 

tariety  of  tbf 

eifteally  disti 


cd  in 
nean, 

thin 
rititled 
tcrtj  of 

''".7- 

For 

nre.1  in 

iJition 
I  oach 
of  the 


MOUACEiE. 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


77 


in  many  varieties'  for  its  leaves,  which  are  the  best  food  of  the  silk-worm.  Morns  nigral  valued  in 
many  temperate  regions  as  a  fruit-tree,  is  believed  to  have  originated  in  Persia;  in  the  temperate 
and  semitropieal  mountainous  regions  of  India  two  or  three  species  are  recognized ;  ^  two  or  three 
little  known  and  doubtful  species  inhabit  the  mountains  of  the  Indian  Archipelago/  and  one  and 
perhaps  two  others  those  of  central  and  western  South  America.^ 

Morns  produces  straight-grained  durable  handsome  light  brown  or  orange-colored  wood  sometimes 
used  for  furniture,  agricultural  implements,  and  fencing,  and  in  boat-building.  The  fruit  of  Morus  is 
sweet  and  acidulous,  and  possesses  slightly  laxative  properties  ;  syrups  made  from  it  are  used  to  flavor 
or  color  medicines,  or  in  the  preparation  of  refrigerant  l)everages.''  Vinegar  is  occasionally  made  from 
the  fruit,  from  which  a  mild  spirit  is  sometimes  distilledJ 

The  North  American  species  of  Morns  are  not  seriously  injured  by  insects^  or  by  the  ravages  of 
fungal  diseases.'"* 


country  (I..  H.  Bailey,  Ihtll.  Hurt.  Div.  Cornell  Agric.  Kxper.  Stat, 
No.  4*i,  l'3'J)- 

From  till"  Iciivcrt  of  .\fttnti  afhn  n  yvlUiw  dye  is  ulitaiiird  in  this 
CuticiiMii.'*,  iiscil  ill  i-olnriii^  wdnl  itml  xilk  ;  the  \'iiii>  in  tit'il  with  its 
iniier  hark  aiitl  Htukctl  witli  its  hniiicht't  ;  itiul  in  Turkestan  Ituiir 
iiiailc  fn>ni  tin-  fruit,  whii-h  is  tmth  wliitf  timl  hlai-k,  sii|)[inrt  tht* 
nidiintain  trilx-s  in  winter  {T/if  huittAlrte.*  "/  /iu-xvfi,  jii.  ['.U't,  UV2). 

The  wtMMl  iif  Morn.*  aihn  Ih  nnxli-ratt'ly  liarti,  lijjht  vt'lluw,  hrowii, 
ur  yt'thiw.  In  northern  In<tia  it  in  eniphiveil  in  hout-hiiililin^'  and 
f(ir  furniture  ami  a^nrultiiral  iinplementH.  The  tmi^li  hraitt  tilet.i 
Art)  UM>(t  a:i  ennlK,  anil  thu  h'aveft  are  fed  tn  nheeji  and  ^ikiIs  ( Itnm- 
dis,  Forest  Fl.  /irtt.  /ru/tii,  lOS)  ;  and  in  China  the  hark  <>f  the  rtKitx 
ii  luliniiiifltored  in  tho  treatment  <if  many  human  malmlieH  (Smith, 
Chiftrae  Mat.  MM.  151). 

>  Loudon.  Arh,  Hnt.  iii.  KVM. -- Srin^e.  l>tnrr.  ft  l\lt,  Mur. 
11*8, —  Iluri'au,  Ih  CmnittlU  Pnnir.  wit.  'JiW.  —  Uein,  Itulti,itnes  of 
Jitftttrif  I'Jl. 

»  LiniuiMis,  >';)rt-.  '.»StJ  (I7.*»:i)  —  W.MMlville.  .Mf,i.  Hot.  ii.  ItVJ,  t. 
129.  —  .VoiJi'^'iu  Ihihtinwl,  IV.  IM»,  t.  --. —  Watsun,  />rn*/r.  Hnt.  ii. 
15l»,  t.  l.W.  -Iliiyne,  Arzn.  liii.  t.  III.  —  Itichenhaeh,  Icon.  Fl. 
(term.  xii.  t.  UWH.  —  Srinne,  /.  .-.  J'M,  Atla-n,  t.  «1.  l".  I,  t.  I'l  — 
Furlatore,  Fl.  Ital.  iv.  lUill.  ~  Hiinau,  /.  i'. —  UoinHier,  Fl.  t*netu. 
iv.  li:>3. 

Tho  liloek  Mulberry  is  l>elicved  by  A.  I>e  Caniluliti  {Ortginr  dfn 
PUtntea  ('u//it-t»,  I'Jl)  to  have  tin^inated  iu  the  eiiuntry  wiiith  of 
the  CauL'oauA  aiid  the  (.'iu|nan  Sea  ;  it  wati  well  kmiwu  tt>  the 
(treckA,  who  intrtNlueeil  it  into  l''uni|M>,  wheru  it  now  fliunetimeii 
grown  n|M>ntancoii.<fly  ni  the  conntne.H  iMir^lenri^  the  Mediterranean. 
lU-fori'  the  ^(realer  valui»  of  the  leaves  of  Moru.i  iiif^t  for  feeding; 
nilk-womi.H  wiit  known  to  Ktiro)H-ani,  they  planted  the  llhuk  Mul- 
U'rry  for  thi.s  pitrjKi^^e  ;  and  intireeee  it  ii  ntill  the  nion'  euniinonlv 
n!ud  BpecieA  (lleJdreieh,  .\utz.  Pjln'iirn,  \\)).  The  HIaek  Mul- 
l>erry,  whiili  ih  not  hardy  in  the  northern  I'nited  Stut<-4,  i.s  m-ea- 
Riimally  planted  in  the  southern  and  I'aeiHe  statcti,  although  itH 
value  IU  a  fruit-tn't*  i«  not  apprvciAted  in  thin  country.  Tho  fruit 
it  larger  than  that  of  the  other  ii|H>eiei  of  Moniit,  aiut  |H)NHeR8es  a 
lH>tter  Uavt>r  ;  Htill  oi'eiiHioiiNlly  uiietl  for  deMertn,  it  ii*  now  in  mont 
eivilized  emintrieA  mon>  valued  aH  a  palatalile  ami  whtilenotne  fmnl 
fur  poultry  or  ait  an  ingretlient  for  etMiling  lH'verage<<. 

•  Of  the  Indian  speeien  of  MoruH,  Morua  Iwlini  (I.iiimeus  /.  r.), 
%  shnth  or  ■mall  tree  of  the  teiii|M'nite  and  nuhtropieal  IJinialayat, 
frtun  l'u«hmi're  to  Sikkiin,  ii*  the  MnlU'rry  u.iually  planted  in  Hen- 
gal,  Itiirnuih,  aiul  the  Malay  IVniiirtnla,  to  supply  fiHHl  for  the  Hilk- 
worm  (MrandiN.  /.  c.  -tOl').  Hy  aonie  authorN  it  in  eoiiHiden'd  a 
variety  of  the  ChineHO  ^tl>rus  alfxi,  while  ottieni  titill  n>gard  it  im  Hpe- 
oiAonlly  distinet  fruni  that  plant  (lluuker  f.  /■'/.  lint.  Iml.  v.  ItTJ). 


Moms  .irrnttd  (Utixhurgh,  Fl.  /m/.  cd.  2,  iii.  596)  is  an  inhiibit- 
ant  of  the  northwer<tern  llimalayaH,  where  it  suuictime.H  ascends  to 
eli'vatiim^  uf  nine  thousand  feet  ahovi>  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  is  a 
tree  .sixty  or  seventy  feet  in  hei^'ht.  with  a  sttnit  trunk.  It  is  culti- 
vated in  Kuiiawiir;  the  wonti  is  employed  for  af;ricuUunil  imple- 
ineiitH  and  many  househnld  articles,  and  the  lirunehes  are  uaed  for 
fiMlder  (liramlis.  /.  .-.). 

M.irns  (irvi'fuUt  (nraiidis,  /.  c. )  inh;d>ils  the  everj;rt'en  I'orcst.s  of 
the  lower  Ilitiialayrts  from  the  valley  of  the  Indu.s  to  A.ssain,  am!  is 
iK'casioiially  cultivated. 

*  Mi.piel.  FL  Jum/h.  V2;  Fl.  AV(/.  /;<-/.  i.  pt.  ii.  "JBO ;  Suppl. 
414. —  Hureaii,/.  Clin. 

»  iSureau,/.  c.  JUJ, 'Jl?. 

■  I'oreher,  li'iourm  of  Southmi  F'lelih  and  Fore.it.t,  liOii. — 
Flueki>;er  A;  ilanhury,  I'hannacoi/raphia,  489. — .luhnsun,  Man. 
J/rf/.  IU.  \.  .1.  -JU.—  (/.  S.  iM.^pfHs.  ed.  10,  9S<). 

'    I^hf  Intiti-itrtfa  of  Hiuiia,  iii.  4;i*J.  —  t'oreoran,    Gani.   i'hron, 

§er.  a,  XV.  aiw. 

'  Few  Hpei  ie.H  of  injects  feed  upon  the  American  Mulherry-trees, 
and  even  the  .--dk-worm.s  refn.se  to  eat  or  thrive  on  Moms  rubra 
(Hiley.  Si^rruil  Uff,.  iKj.t.  .lynV.  Xo.  11.  ed.  L',  M  ;  Hull.  Nu.9.  ed. 
(),  />ir.  Enhmoliujfj  V.  S.  Pcpt,  .lyric  IHSti,  'A)).  The  Fall  Weh- 
worm,  Ilfffihantria  cutwttt  l^rury,  is  often  abundant  on  Monut  mfmt, 
ami  the  larvte  of  uther  iiiMects  an'  ueca-Hiunally  sut^icicutly  abundant 
on  the  foliage  to  attr.iet  attention.  No  borers  are  recorded  oa 
affecting  the  living  wtHwl. 

^  Tho  fungiil  para.siteH  of  the  Mulberry  have  Iwen  carefully 
Htudied  in  Italy,  Mhere  tlii^  tree  is  of  great  eeomunical  importmiec. 
In  hi.-*  <'la>sic  wtirk  on  the  subject,  Funi/t  .Mi»nri>lir,  published  iu 
I'adua  in  IS.S',1,  Iterlese  ha.s  described  all  the  species  of  fungi  known 
to  infest  the  Mulberry  up  to  that  date,  and  Iia.s  given  figures  illus- 
trating most  of  them.  A  ctuisiderable  number  of  the  s|>ecies  are 
known  in  this  eountry.  and  Home  of  them  are  jH'culiar  to  North 
America.  The  greater  part,  however,  art?  Rpeeies  which  grow  on 
the  trunk.t,  es|>ecially  the  dead  trunks,  ami  are  not  the  oanso  uf 
special  disea.He!i,  nor  an)  they  contlned  to  species  of  Mulberry.  A 
leaf -mildew,  l.^nrinu'a  yeniculata,  Cierartl,  has  iH'en  observed  on 
Mom,*  ruhrit  in  New  York,  but  not  I'l.-^ewhere,  ultluuigh  it  piidiably 
oeeunt  in  other  places.  .Ma.*K(iria  efiilmru,  Uerkeley  &  Curtis, 
which  causes  black  pustules  on  the  branches,  al.^o  iH'Curs  on  Momx 
mhra,  and  is  not  kni>wn  on  other  siH'cies.  The  leaves  of  MulWrries 
are  attacketl  by  si'veral  spot  iliseases.  Cercospora  MoricoUu  t'ooko, 
i.s  reconlcd  on  l>oth  .Monui  alha  and  Momx  mhra.  PhUo-ifwra 
Mori,  Saceanlo,  a  fungus  prtHlncing  brownish  ttptits  on  the  leaves, 
has  been  known  to  cause  much  trouble  in  Italy,  and  is  iH-'casioiuilly 
Beeti  iu  this  euuntry. 


ilin 


V  \ 


i 

j 

i 

') 


iU 


iJ' 


bl-t; 


'  ,  i 


78 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


MOBACE^. 


Mulberry-trees  can  be  easily  raised  from  seeds  whicb  germinate  during  the  spring,  and  the  varieties 
can  be  increased  by  tiittings  made  from  tlie  mature  wood  or  from  the  roots,  by  root  and  crown-grafting, 
and  by  budding  in  early  spring  with  dormant  buds. 

Morns,  the  classical  name  of  the  Mulberry-tree,  was  adopted  for  this  genus  by  Tournefort,'  and 

afterward  by  Liuniuus. 

>  /tu(.  S8t),  t.  362. 


SYNOPSIS  OF  THE   NOUTH  AMERICAN   SPECIES. 

lycavi's  oviilo.  smontli  or  sraliratc  i>n  tlu"  iiiii>er.  coated  with  pale  puln-sccnce  uii  tin-  lower  8urfuee  i 

fruit  ol.lnni;.  dark  purple 1-  MoKtw  miBRA. 

licaves  ovate,  smooth  or  scahrate  on  the  upjier,  glabrous  or  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface  :  fruit 
subglobose  or  short-ovate,  nearly  black '-'•  MoBira  UKLTimroLU. 


;l: 


>  The  larRi"! 
yeheniblu  trei 


GRACES. 

varieties 
jr.iftiug, 


HORACEiG. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


MORUS   RUBRA. 

Red  Mulberrr. 


79 


Leaves  ovate,  smooth  or  scabratc  on  the  upper,  coated  with  pale  pubescence  on 
the  lower  surface.     Fruit  oblong,  dark  purple. 


Morus  rubra,  Linnicus,  Spec.  98G  (1753).  —  Miller,  Dirr. 

ed.  H,  No.  ;{ Kalin,  Trureln,  Knglish  etl.  iii.  04. —  I)ii 

Koi,  Ohs.  32  ;  lltirbk.  Jlaninz.  i.  430.  —  ^\■angenlleim, 
Jiesehreib.  Nortlam.  Jloh.  95;  Nordam.  Iloh.  37,  t.  15, 
f.  35.  —  Moencli,  Biiume  WeUa.  0;J ;  Meth.  343.  —  Miir- 
(hall,  Arbust.  Am.  93.  —  Walter,  Fl.  Car.  241.  — Will- 
clenow,  Herl.  Baiimx.  197;  Spec.  iv.  pt.  i.  <3(i9  ;  Enum. 
9*17.  —  I'oiret,  Lnm.  Dirt.  iv.  377.  —  Al)bot,  In.ieett  nf 
Gmrrjiii,  ii.  t.  7I>.  —  Ciuiti(;lioni,  IViiy.  nfijli  .Stuti  Vniti, 
ii.  301.  —  Borkhsiuen,  Hanilh.  Forstboi.  i.  6.37.  —  Mi- 
clinux,  Fl.  Uor.-Am.  ii.  179.  —  Snuvfuu  Duhamel.  iv.  91, 
t.  23.  —  PfmiMm.  Syn.  ii.  .">S. —  DcHfuntainvK,  Hi.it.  Arb. 
ii.  410.  —  l)ii  Mont  do  CimrHet.  Uot.  Ciitt.  cd.  2,  vi. 
304.  —  Miclmiix  f.  l/iat.  Arb.  A  m.  iii.  2,32,  t  10.  —  I'anh, 
Fl.  A  VI.  .SV/iMi.  (h39.  — Nultall,  OVh.  ii,  209.  —  Hajiie, 

I>endr.  Fl.   IS,') Klliott,  .S't.  ii.  574.  —  Sprcngel,  .S'i/.«r 

1.492.-  ,laume  .St.  Ildairn.  TniitS  dea  Arbm,  t.  40. — 
KaOiieaqtio,  Am.  Mnn.  Mulbfrry  Trefx.  27.  —  Oii'trich, 
Syn.  i.  5.">1.  —  S|kk'1i,  Hist.  t'nj.  xi.  48.  —  Miirotli,  t'nxir. 
Monog.  Moriif,  20.  —  FhiitTaim,  Trfi:i  Ma»a.  280.  —  Dar- 
lingtun,  Fl.  Cfitr.  ed.  ,3,  2H,").  —  Svt'miie,  Ihnrr.  et  Cult. 
Mur.  223,  Allan,  t.  20. — C"iirli».  AV/i.  tlnilmj.  Surv.  N. 
Car.  ISOO,  iii.  71.  —  C'Impiiiaii.  Fl.  115.  —  KiK'li,  l>eii'lr. 
ii.  447.  —  Kureaii,  I>r  Candollr  I'rixlr.  xvii.  24.'">.  —  Uidg- 
w»y,  /Vw.  C  .•>'.  .Vi(/.  Min.  1882,  73.  —  l,aii<-lip,  Ihuttrlie 
Dttulr.  343.  —  Sargent,  Forest  Trrea  .V.  .Irn.  lOM  Crnum 
U.  S.  ix.  127;  (hirdrn  ami  Fureat,  ii.  448.  —  WaUiun  & 


Coulter,  Gnii/'H  Man.  ed.  G,  464,  —  Dippel,  Ifandb.  Laitb- 
hoUk.  ii.  14,  f.  5.  —  Kochne,  Deutsche  Dendr.  1,39. — 
Coulter,  Conlrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  ii.  408  {Man.  Fl.  W. 
Texas). 

Morus  Canadensis,  Poiret,  Lam.  Diet,  iv,  380  (1797),  — 
.Seringc.  Dearr.  et  Cult.  Mur.  224.  —  Rafinesque,  New  Fl, 
iii.  47  (1830) ;  Am.  Man.  Mulberry  Trees.  29. 

Morus  scabra,  WlUdenow,  Enum.  907  (1809);  lierl. 
ISaumz.  ed.  2.  2."i2.  —  Nuttall,  (Jen.  ii,  209.  —  Ilatinesqiie, 
New  Fl.  iii.  47  (183(i)  ;  Am.  Man.  Mulberry  Trees, 
29.  —  llayne.  Ih'wlr.  Fl.  154.  —  S|)rengel,  Syst.  i.  492. 

Morus  tomentosa.  UalineHi|uc,  Fl.  Ludorir.  113  (1817); 
New  Fl.  47  ;   Am.  .V<in.  .Mulberry  Trees.  30. 

Morus  rubra,  var.  pallida,  Kalincwpie,  New  Fl.  iii.  46 
(18,30)  ;  Am.  Man.  Mulberry  Trees,  28, 

Morus  rubra,  var.  hoterophylla,  !{alineK(|ue,  New  Fl.  iii, 
40  (18,30)  ;  Am.  .)lun.  Mullrrry  Trers.  28. 

Morus  ripnria,  Uufine«(iue,  New  Fl.  iii,  40  (1830);  Am. 
Man.  Mulberry  Trers.  .'il. 

Morus  rubra,  var.  purpurea,  Itatincwiue,  Am.  Man.  Mul- 
berry Trees.  2.S  (183;t,. 

Morus  reticulata,  Itulinesciue.  ,l»i.  Man.  Mulberry  Trees, 
28  (18.39). 

Morus  rubra,  var.  tomentosa,  Iliireau,  Dc  CamloUe 
Vrndr.  xvii,  210  (1873). 

Morus  rubra,  var.  incisn,  l)e  Caiidolle,  I'rwlr.  xvii.  247 
(1873). 


A  tree,  Hixty  to  seventy  feet  in  height,  with  a  siiort  trunk  rarely  cxffiMlino;  tlirce  or  four  feet  in 
diameter,  and  Htout  spreadin);  Hinoutli  brandies  whicli  form  a  dense  broad  roinul-topped  tiliapely  head,' 
The  l>arii  of  the  trunk,  which  i.s  one  lialf  to  thret-  (|narters  of  an  inch  in  tliickncss,  i.s  (hirk  brown  tinged 
witli  red,  and  diviih'd  into  irregular  elongated  plates  .separating  on  the  surface  into  thick  appressed 
seales.  The  brancidets  are  slender  and  slightly  zigwig,  and,  when  they  hrst  appear,  are  dark  green  often 
tinged  with  red,  glabrous,  or  more  or  less  coated  with  pale  pubescence,  and  covered  with  oblong  straw- 
colored  spots ;  in  their  first  winter  they  are  light  red-l)rown  to  orange-color  and  marked  by  pale  l<">ticcls 
and  hirge  elevated  horizontal  nearly  orbicidar  concave  leaf-scars,  in  which  a  row  of  prominent  fibro- 
vascnlar  bundle-scars  appears ;  in  their  second  or  third  year  they  turn  dark  brown  faintly  tinged  with 
red.  The  buds  are  ovate,  rounded  or  pointed  at  the  apex,  covered  by  six  or  seven  chestnut-brown 
scales,  and  a  ipiarter  of  an  inch  in  length  ;  the  scales  of  the  two  or  three  outer  rows  are  broadly  ovate, 
rounded  anil  slightly  thickened  on  the  back,  pnbernlous,  ciliate  on  the  margins  with  sliort  pale  hairs, 
and  much  shorter  than  those  of  the  nest  rows ;  these  are  ovate-oblong,  thick  and  rounc.ed  on  the  back, 


!ii 


1 1 


!  "    ( 


% 


'  The  Inrgrit  trunk  of  Morns  rubra  I  have  neen  wan  llnit  nf  a       Augusta,  ('ti'ori;iii.  nliicli  in  1880  had  a  dian  cter  of  seven  feet  one 
veni'mhli'  Ini'  growing  iin  tliv  eatata  of  Mr.   I'.  J.  llerukiuuna  in       inch,  three  feet  aliove  the  aurfuee  nf  the  ground. 


4 


*. .' 


w  ■ 

]   Mi 

80 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


MORACEiE. 


MORACE^. 


and  very  lustrous,  inclosing  the  inner  scales,  which  are  scarious,  coated  with  palo  hairs,  oblung- lanceolate, 
rouncied  or  acute  at  the  apox,  and  one  half  to  two  tliirds  of  an  inch  long  at  maturity.  The  leaves  are 
ovatu,  oblon "■-ovate,  or  semi<rbicular,  abruptly  contracted  into  long  broad  points  or  acute  at  the  apex, 
more  or  less  deei)lv  cordate  or  occasionally  truncate  at  the  base,  coarsely  and  occasionally  doubly  serrate 
witli  incuivi'd  tectli  ending  in  minute  callous  tips,  and  sometimes,  especially  on  vigorous  young  shoots, 
three-lobcd  liv  broad  deep  ()lili(pie  rounded  lateral  sinuses,  entire  in  the  bottom,  the  lower  lobes  being 
aoain  sometimes  slightly  lobe<l ;  when  they  unfold  they  are  yellow-green,  slightly  pilose  on  the  uj)per 
surface,  and  coated  r)n  the  lower  surface  and  on  the  petioles  with  thick  white  tomentum,  which  soon 
begins  to  c'.is,i|)|icar.  and  at  maturity  hey  are  thin  and  membranaceous,  dark  bluish  green,  glabrous, 
smooth  or  scaiuate  above,  and  pale  and  more  or  less  pubescent  below  with  short  white  hairs,  which  are 
thickest  on  the  narrow  orangi>-colored  ribs  and  prim;  ry  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins,  and 
connected  by  reticulate  veiidets,  or  sometimes  in  Louisiana  and  'i'exas  the  lower  surface  is  covered  with 
a  tliii  ii  coat  of  white  tomentum ;  they  are  three  to  live  inches  long,  two  and  one  half  to  four  inches 
broad,  anil  are  borne  on  stout  terete  jietioles  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  one  (piarter  in 
length.  The  stii)nlfs  are  lanceolate,  acute,  abruptly  enlarged  and  thickened  at  the  base,  sometimes 
tingeil  with  red  above  the  middle,  coated  with  long  white  hairs,  and  often  an  inch  long.  The  leaves 
turn  bright  yellow,  .ind  fall  early  in  the  a,  mnn.  'I'lie  flowers  a])pear  with  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves 
from  the  middle  of  March  in  Texas  to  the  midilK'  of  .Inne  in  western  New  York  ;  the  males  are  borne 
in  narrow  s]iikes  two  to  two  and  a  half  incluv-  long  on  stout  light  green  peduncles  covered  with  pale 
hairs,  and  produced  in  the  axils  of  the  inner  bud-scales  or  of  the  tirst  leaves,  and  the  females,  with 
wliii'h  a  few  male  (lowers  arc  .sonu'times  mixed,  in  oblong  densely  flowered  sjiikes  an  inch  long  on  short 
hairy  peilnncli>  in  the  axils  of  later  leaves.  The  bud  of  the  staminate  flower  is  conspicuously  four- 
lobcd,  depressed  at  the  apex,  green  below  ami  dark  red  above  the  mid. lie.  covered  with  pale  hairs,  and 
gr.idnally  narrowed  into  a  sl.^rt  hairy  pedicel;  after  authesis  the  calyx  is  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into 
four  oblong  concave  lobes  roniuied  at  the  .apex,  slightly  thickened  on  the  back,  and  hirsute  oti  the  outer 
surface.  The  filaments  arc  inserted  uniier  the  ni.irgin  of  the  slender  minute  ]>ointeil  rudimentary  ovary, 
and  are  >lightlv  tlattene(i,  narrowed  from  the  base  to  the  apex,  abruptly  infolded  above  the  middle  in 
the  bud  and  exserted  after  anthesis ;  the  anthers  are  bright  green,  with  con.spicuous  bright  green 
orbicular  connectives.  The  binl  of  the  pistillate  th)wer  is  obovati;,  four-lobed,  pilose,  slightly  depressed 
and  hirsute  at  the  apex,  bright  green  below  and  dark  red  above  the  middle,  ami  sessile  on  the  stout 
h.iiry  rachis ;  after  anthesis  the  calyx  is  divicleil  nearly  to  the  base  into  four  thick  co  leave  lobes, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  and  rouinled  or  slightly  angled  on  the  back,  the  two  outer  lobes  being  nearly  twice 
as  wide  as  the  others;  it  is  as  long  as  the  ovary,  wiiich  it  closely  invests,  anil  which  is  ovate,  flattened, 
glabrous,  light  gr<-  •!  and  lustrous,  and  crowned  with  a  short  style,  divided  into  two  long  white 
.stigmatic  lobes.  Tin-  compound  fruit,  rthich  at  first  is  bright  red  when  it  is  fully  grown,  ripei.s  from 
May  to  July  ;  it  is  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  ipiarter  long,  dark  purple  or  nearly  black,  and  sweet  and 
juicy  when  fidly  r!,;e  ;  tiie  drui>es  are  about  one  thirty-second  of  an  inch  in  length,  with  a  thin  fleshy 
outer  coat  ami  a  light  brown  nutlet.  The  seed  is  ovate,  acute,  and  covered  with  a  thin  membranaceous 
light  brown  coat. 

Mnius  nilirii  is  distribnt<^d  fr.)m  western  Mass;ichusetts  and  Long  Island,  New  York,  to  southern 
Ontario'  and  central  .Michigan,  westwaril  to  southeastern  Nebra.ska  ^  and  eastern  Kansjis,  and  southward 
to  the  shores  of  ]Say  Hiscayne  and  Cape  Uouiano  in  Florida  and  the  valley  of  the  ('olorado  Uiver  in 
Texas.  An  inhabitant  of  the  rich  soil  of  intervale  lands  and  low  hills,  Munin  riihra  is  most  abundant, 
and  attains  its  largest  si/.e  in  the  biLsin  of  the  lower  Ohio  Kiver  anil  on  the  foothills  of  the  southern 
Appalachian  Mountains. 

The  wo(m1  of  MoruK  rubra  is  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  tough,  eoarse-grainel,  and  very  durable 
when  placed  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  it  contains  may  thin  medullary  rays  and  broad  bands  of  largo 

'  .MiR'ouii,  Cal.  Can.  J'l.  i.  430.  '  Itt'uc}',  AV/i.  Mehratla  Siair  lUmr'l  .l;/rir.  181)1,  105. 


MORACKJE. 


MORACEJE. 


SILVA   OF  NORTn  AMERICA. 


81 


open  ducts  marking  the  layers  of  annual  j^ro'vih,  and  is  li<jfht  orange-color,  with  thick  lighter  colored 
nearly  white  sapwood.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.5898,  a  cubic  foot  weighing 
3G.7o  pounds.  Its  durability  makes  it  valuable  for  fencing,  for  which  it  is  largely  used,  as  wcjU  as  in 
cooperage,  and  in  the  southern  states  it  is  often  employed  in  ship  ctud  boat  building.  From  the  inner 
bark  the  Indians  of  the  southern  states  obtained  a  fibre  witli  which  they  wove  coarse  cloth. ^ 

Moms  rubra  was  introduced  into  English  gardens  early  in  the  seventeenth  century,"  and  was  first 
described  from  a  cukivated  plant  in  Parkinson's  PdraiUal  In  sole  I^arftdisittf  7\'rrestrl.s;^  published  in 
London  in  1()2!),  although  the  eiforts  of  the  Crown  to  establish  sericulture  in  North  America  had  much 
earlier  drawn  tlie  attei»tion  of  travelers  in  the  colonies  to  the  native  Mull  erry-tree,  which  is  often 
mentioned  in  their  narratives,^ 

Tile  Ived  Mull)erry  is  occasionally  planted  in  orchards  in  the  southern  states  for  the  sako  of  its 
fruit,  which  is  c«)nsidered  valuai)le  f(»r  fattening  hogs  and  as  food  for  poultry  ;  but,  as  a  fruit-tree,  it 
lias  be(>n  generally  neglected  by  horticulturists  who  have,  however,  multi[)lied  two  or  three  natural 
varieties  distinguished  for  the  large  size  and  good  (piality  of  their  fruits  or  for  their  productiveness." 

The  size  of  the  lied  Mulberry,  surpassing  as  it  does  in  jiciglit  and  beauty  all  Mulberry-trees  of 
temperate  regions,  the  dense  shade  afforded  by  its  broad  compact  erown  of  dark  blu(»-green  leaves,  its 
freedom  from  disease  and  the  attacks  oi  'disfiguring  insects,  its  prolificness,  its  hanlitiess  except  in  its 
earliest  years,  and  the  rapidity  of  its  growth  in  gofid  soil,  make  it  a  most  desirable  ornamental  tree. 


*  "  A  foiirtli  chii'fi'  cniiitiiiMlitir  wi't*  may  iM*(-niiiit  tn  lie  tin*  ^Ti'itt 
iiutnlMT  of  MiillitTrif  triTH,  apt  tn  fri-ilr  Silki'-wnrin-*  to  in.iki^ 
Hilkf*  :  wh'Tfof  (luTi*  wax  hih-Ii  plt-titii'  tit  many  pliriM.  that,  tlioii;;!) 
thi'V  foiitul  tniiif  lii'tiipt'  ill  till-  (-uimtrir,  tlii>  SpanianlH  miule  '■opm 
(if  thi>  lt»rk-4  of  thrill  for  thoir  hri^aii<litii'H,  wht>n  thi'y  were  to  Htit 
to  Hvv  for  Nona  Ilinpaiiia."  (I'l  i/inut  richltf  vulurd.  Written  by  u 
l*ortU(;iill  ^iMitliMimn  of  Klua$^  emploifil  in  all  thi^  iictioa,  and  tniiis- 
hited  out  of  l*ortii^ut>iH'>,  by  Uichunl  llakhiU,  I^pisMc  Drillcnton*, 
|>.  :t  [KoriT,  (\>il.  IliMt.  7'm<N,  iv.  No.  Ij.) 

"  ThiK  tri'i>  (the  MiiltxTry )  in  found  in  iihundanrr  in  tht>  North 
Wi'ntrrn  p.irtH  of  Florida  :  the  that-taws  put  it*  iiiiicr  hark  in  hot 
wiiti  aloii^  with  a  ipiantity  of  a-thcn  nml  obtain  lilainfitts,  v  th 
whii-li  tlicy  wravr  h  kind  itf  idoth  not  utdike  tf.  foar<it>  bempM) 
cloth."  ( UoniaiiH,  \at.  Uisl.  I'Uiruiti,  \\1.  S-e,  also,  l,e  I'a^e  du 
I'rat*.  l/uttnrr  >if  Iti  /.ounifinf,  ti.  Mti.) 

*  Aitoii,  //.Iff.  AVir.  iii    ;H;t.        London,  Arh.  flrit.  iii.  !V»!>,  t. 
'  Mornt   I'lr'/iniiimt,  .V.tt>,  f,  \  ;    Thratr.  HffJ. 

Cor^lits  nuuima  /a.L  latisMimo  Virtfiniana,  Hiiy,  Hut.  PL  ii.  1709. 

.\t<rr[f'(iiui  VirijifiiffisU  nrhur,  Lati  arhorui  itutar  ntnuun,  /tkiit 
ampluumm,  I'lukem-t,  t'hyt.  t.  *J  W,  f.  4  ;  Aim.  IkU.  'i:>.\.  —  Miller, 
Ihct.  No.  0. 

MnrxiM  t'lr^mifinii,  fulas  iiUunmu  util/ru^  j'rwtu  rufiro  /wiyii/ri, 
Muter,  Otcl.  Nu.  5. 


Morui  f'ttliiy  iimjilis.iiinis  /■'«■'  simtlihtu*,  fntrho  Umyo  nigra  jiur- 
fiuno,  Clayton,  Fl.   Viri/m.  I'JU'. 

*  William  Stracln'v,  who  visited  the  eoloiiy  nn  tlip  .lames  Uiver 
in  Virginia  in  llJl(»,  found  hy  the  houses  of  the  .settlers  "some  great 
niullHTrye  tn-es,  and  these  in  .some  j-urt-H  of  the  country  are  found 
growing  naturally  in  pretty  groves  ;  tliere  waa  an  a.ssay  made  to 
make  silke.  and  itnrely  the  wormed  prospered  exeellently  well  until 
the  master  workman  fell  ^iek,  during  wbieh  tyme  they  were  eaten 
with  ratt.H,  and  Ihi^  willw  a  eouinioditie  not  ineanely  prohtahte.'* 
(  i'ftf  Hi.<ti>r}f  of  Tnit  title  into  VinfiHin  Unlnuntii,  ed.  .Major,  117  ) 

S«'e,  aUo,  .Vdfti  liritiinnitt :  Oiffrimf  nwit  eirelleyit  frnitfn  for  P'unt- 
ini/  i»i  Virifinio.  Loiulon,  TtHK*,  p.  Iti  (I'one,  /.  c.  i.  Xo.  (i)  ;  .1 
pTf'n-t  Df-irrifititm  of  Viniiniit,  London,  U'tVJ,  in  which  among  tho 
natural  pnMtut-ts  <if  the  Colony  are  mentioned  "  Mulbery-ln-es,  tlio 
nalurul  and  i>ro|M'r  ftH^l  for  .Sii'if -u'ormr",  they  have  abundance  in 
the  wo«nN,  anil  Homo  ho  large  that  one  tree  cnntainM  ha  many  leaven 
OA  will  feed  SUii'-uijnitf^  that  will  make  as  miteh  Silk  aa  may  l>e 
worth  tWe  pounds  sterling  money,  tliis  8(tnu>  /■VeucA  men  afiirm," 
p.  0  (  Koree,  /.  c.  ii.  Nu.  8) ;  aiul  Vinjxnin :  more  e.*fifrinlly  the  South 
f¥irt  thfrrof\  Richlff  nnd  trnhj  vnUiftl,  ed.  -,  by  K.  W.  (Jent,  London, 
MuA.)  (Koree,  /.  «•.  iii.  No.  \U. 

*  L.  IL   llailey,  tlu'd.  Uort.  Die.  Conwll  A<jrir.  Kxptr.  S'al.  No. 

U),  •j;w. 


/- 


I 

1:1 


II 


■M 


^i 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE   PLATE. 


i    i 


3. 
4. 
C. 
6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
l.S. 
14. 
15. 
IC. 
17. 


Plate  CCCXX.     Mokis  hitbba. 
A  flowering  brancli  witji  aUminiiU*  Howeni,  natural  niic. 
A  Howi'ring  lirancli  with  pistillate  flowers,  natural  siic. 
Diagram  of  a  Ktaininate  llowir. 
Diagram  of  a  pistillate  flower. 

A  sUminate  (i.)\ver  before  the  exsertion  of  the  stamens,  enlarged. 
Vertical  section  of  a  staminoto  flower  with  one  stjunen  jiartly  cxserted, 

enlargeil. 
A  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 
A  pistil,  enlarged. 

Vertical  section  of  a  pistil,  enlarged. 
An  ovule,  much  magnilied. 
A  fruiting  hranch,  n.ttur.al  size. 
A  fruit  inclosed  in  the  flifihy  calyi,  enlarged. 
A  nutlet,  enlarged. 
Vertical  section  of  a  nutlet,  enlarged. 
A  s<H!d,  enlarged. 
An  emlirj'o,  much  magnified. 
A  winter  brauchlet,  natural  siie. 


rth  Afii 


Ncrtn  ATiW 


MQVr 


i 


lit 


'    !< 


i*^ 


1 1 


"•IXMANATlOJi'   'tr    1KB  PLATE. 


1. 

A  (i,"  . 

'J 

A  til,.. 

ri 

I>i:t^jr. 

4. 

IH^. 

*• 

A  uteliii:;  il- 

*;. 

Vfrtiritl  »*rl 

cu]«r^«l 

7, 

A  |tiftti]hi*. 

S. 

A,.>: 

i». 

veo-. 

10 

A.,  n- 

rwen,  luttunl  utr. 


1  tiu'  iTftiJtfV.'*.  aulnrji^-il. 


Tab    CCCXX 


Touiet 


MORK-^.    RUBRA    ;, 


A  .'{u».  .-tVur  iiirt\r  ' 


'"i/>  V  ."ii/tt'ur  ."u/v. 


i         < 


u 


) 


1       1 


iij 


MORACBA. 


Lea 

surfaco. 


Morus  oe 
(Jen.  et 
i.  :i70.  - 
Dirtridi 
xvii.  '~i 
Sargent 

A  tr 
fourteen 
Mexico  fi 
iilthou^li 
surface  ii 
luiirs  ;  tl 
marked  ' 

wllicll    !k| 

covered  ^ 

inner  roi 

puln'scen 

the  a|)ex 

especially 

wrrato  1( 

on  the  p 

in   textu 

paler,  sn 

and  ofte 

which  a 

wild  tre 

(juarten* 

inch  Ion 

tivo  iuci 

falcate, 

leaves  ti 

to  April 

borne  o 

the  mall 

lonj,',  ai 

The  cal 

deeply 

under  t 

brijjlit 


MORACRiB. 


aiLVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


\  .^il 


MORUS   OELTIDIPOLIA. 

Mulberry.     Mexican  Mulberry. 

Lkaves  ovnto,  smooth  or  scabrous  on  the  upper,  glabrous  or  pubescent  on  the  lower 
surface.     Fruit  subglobose  or  short-ovute,  nearly  black. 


Morus  celtidifolia,  HuiiiIhiIiU,  Konplaiul  dc  Kiinth,  tfof. 
Oen.  et  S/>tf.  ii.  .'13  (1H17).  —  Kuntli,  Ni/ii.  I'!.  .K'/iiiii. 
i.  ;)70.  —  Itafineiqup,  Am.  Man.  Mulherrij  Tree),  \Vi.  — 
Dii'trirh,  Syn.  i.  551.  —  Hiireaii,  De  ('nnJolle  I'milr. 
xvii.  •••0.  —  llennlpy,  lint,  li'ml.  Am.  Cent.  iii.  Ml. — 
Ssrgent,  (ianten  and  Furett,  ii.  4IM. 


Morus  Mexioana,  Hoiitham,  PI.  Hartweg.  71  (18,19).— 
lyirhiniinii.  Iliiniil,.    I'ii/eniik.  Selnli.  Slr'ifl.  Her.  5,  ii.  Iil«l. 

Morus  mlorophylla,  Ituekley,  I'roe.  I'hil.  Acad.  18C2, 
H.  — Uruv,  /•/•/«■.  Phil.  Arad.  18C2,  1G7. —  Sargent,  For- 
ent  Trees  .V.  Am.  U)t/i  Cenmiii  I'.  S.  ix.  1 28.  —  Coiilter, 
Ciintrib.  r.  S.  .\at.  Herb.  ii.  108  (.l/,i;i.  PL   ]V.  Te.rnii), 


A  tret»,  sometimes  tliirty  feet  in  liei^ht  in  the  United  StateH,  witli  ii  trunk  occasionally  twelve  to 
fourteen  inches  in  diiinieter,  or  usually  much  smaller,  anil  often  reduced  to  a  low  slirul) ;  or  in  northern 
Mexico  fre(|uently  much  larjjer.  The  hark  of  the  trunk  is  smooth,  sometimes  nearly  half  an  inch  thick, 
olthoujjh  usually  thinner,  light  fjray,  slijjhtly  tinfjed  witii  red,  deeply  furrowed  and  hroken  on  the 
surface  into  small  api'icssed  scah's.  The  hranchlets,  when  they  first  appear,  are  covered  with  soft  wiiito 
hairs  ;  they  soon  become  jrlahrous  or  nearly  so.  and  durinjj  their  first  winter  are  lifjht  oranjje-red 
marked  with  small  lenticels,  and  with  small  horizontal  nearly  orliicular  elevated  concave  leaf-scars  in 
which  ap|M>ars  a  rinj;  of  fibro-va.scular  hundle-scars.  The  liuds  are  ovate,  acute,  shar]>-pointed,  and 
covered  with  thin  lustrous  chestnut-hrown  ovate  rounded  scales,  scarious  on  the  margins  ;  those  of  the 
inner  rows  are  accrescent,  ovate-ohlong,  rounded  at  the  apex,  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  pale 
pulR'scence,  and  nearly  an  inch  hinjj  when  fully  grown.  The  leaves  are  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at 
the  a|H!X,  rounded  or  rarely  truncate  at  the  hroad  haw,  and  coarsely  ami  sharply  serrate,  or  often, 
especially  on  vigorous  shoots,  they  are  three-Iohed  with  shallow  lateral  sinuses  and  hroad  coarsely 
s<!rrato  lohes,  and  are  then  freipieiitly  cordate  at  the  base;  when  they  untold  they  are  coiited  lielow  and 
on  the  petioles  with  pale  tomentum,  and  are  pul>erulous  aliove  ;  and  at  maturity  they  are  thin  and  firm 
in  texture,  dark  green  and  often  roughened  on  the  upper  surface  with  minute  pule  tubercles,  and 
paler,  smooth  or  scahrate  on  the  lower  surface,  which  is  glabrous  or  coated  with  soft  pale  pubescence, 
and  often  hirsute  with  short  stiff  pale  hairs  on  the  hroad  orange-colored  rihs  and  on  the  primary  veins, 
which  are  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins,  and  connected  hy  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets ;  oil 
wild  trees  in  the  United  Stjites  they  are  rarely  more  than  an  inch  and  u  half  in  length  and  three 
(piarteni  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  width,  and  are  home  on  slender  pubescent  petioles,  one  third  of  an 
inch  long  ;  on  trees  cultivated  in  northern  Mexico  tln'  leaves  are  thinner,  smoother,  and  often  four  or 
five  inches  long,  and  two  to  three  inches  wide.  The  stipules  are  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  sometimes 
falcate,  white  and  scarious,  co.ited  with  soft  pale  tomentuin,  and  ahout  half  an  inch  in  length.  The 
leaves  turn  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling.  The  flowers  open  from  .March  in  the  Texas  lowlands 
to  April  and  May  on  the  mountains  of  Chihuahua  and  New  .Nb-xico  ;  they  are  usually  didrious,  and  are 
borne  on  slender  hairy  peduncles  produced  in  the  axils  of  the  caducous  hud-scales  or  of  the  first  leaves, 
the  males  being  Hhort-|M'dicellate  in  short  m.iny-flowered  spikes  one  half  to  three  (juarters  of  an  inch 
long,  and  the  females  sessile  in  few-flowered  spikes,  which  rarely  exceed  one  third  of  an  inch  in  length. 
The  calyx  of  the  staminate  flower  is  dark  green,  covered  on  the  outer  surface  with  soft  pale  hairs,  and 
deeply  divided  into  four  eijual  rounded  lohes,  reddish  toward  the  apex.  The  stamens  are  inserted 
under  the  margin  of  the  minute  rudimentary  ovary,  and  are  composed  of  slender  slightly  tlattciunl 
bright  yellow  anthers,  with  cons;  '.cuous  darker  green  connectives.     The  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  is 


!.!      I! 


Ii 


P     ' 

' 

' 

'■ '      ! 

1 


M 


sr/A'A  OF  NoiiTii  A  mi: UK 'A. 


MORACCA, 


I 


(lividt'il  to  tlic  liaM(>  into  four  thick  roiiiuloil  IoIwh,  tlio  two  oiit<<r  IuIioh  \w\n\r  much  hroaihtr  than  tlie 
othi'i's,  iind  is  liaik  ^iccn,  iinil  covcrfil  with  pule  MMttcrt'il  liaii'H,  which  arc  niont  aliunilant  on  tho 
inar<<'iiiH  of  the  iolics.  The  ovai'\  is  tiatlcneil.  p'ecn  anil  );lal)i-miH,  anil  \h  rtiirinounteil  hy  a  short 
Mtjh',  iliviilcil  into  two  short  white  stijfinatic  iiranches.  'I'he  fruit,  which  ripens  from  May  to  July,  und 
is  Hpai'in<r|y  proiliu'cil  on  wilil  trees,  is  half  an  inch  Ion;;,  dark  pnr|ile  or  nearly  hiaek,  ami  sweet  and 
palatalile.  Tiie  dnipe  is  two  lines  lon^',  ovate,  roinnled  at  Imlii  ends,  with  a  thin  llcshy  outer  covering 
and  a  thii  k-wallcd  ii^iit  hrown  nutlet.  The  seed  is  ovate,  pointed,  and  covered  with  a  mendiranaeeouH 
|)iilu  yellow  testa. 

Ill  the  I'liited  States  Miintri  rt  Hiilifiilld  is  distriliiiteil  from  the  valley  of  the  (Jiliirado  Kiver 
hoiitliward  in  Texas,  .ind  tlii'oii<;h  the  mountain  rc;;ions  of  western  Texas  and  southern  New  Mexico  to 
the  .'^aiita  Kita  Mountains  of  Ariiiona  ;  in  the  east  it  ^rows  on  dry  limesloiiu  hills,  where  it  usually 
ajipears  as  a  lnw  slinili,  nr  on  the  liaiiks  of  streams,  wliere  it  is  associated  with  the  Itlack  Walnut,  the 
Ash-leaved  Ma|i!e,  the  .'■Spanish  Itiickcye,  and  the  Texas  Oak,  often  developing  into  a  shapely  tree; 
farther  west  it  is  found  only  in  elevated  mountain  eanons  in  the  neiL^hhorhood  of  striams.  It  is 
conniioii  oil  the  mountain  ranu^es  of  northern  Mexico  from  Niievo  Leon  to  Chihuahua,  and  ranges 
Boutlnvard  tliioiii^'h  soiithcrn  Mexico  and  Central  .America  to  Peru. 

The  Wood  111'  MiiiKH  II  Itidi/ii/iii  is  heavy,  h.ird,  close-drained,  and  cunlains  nnnierouH  thin  meilul* 
larv  lavs  ami  hands  of  small  open  dmts  marking  the  layem  of  annual  growth  ;  it  is  dark  uran)r(>-eolor 
»ir  siinictiiii'.'s  dark  hrown,  with  thick  li;;lit  yellow  sapwood.  'I'he  speeilic  gravity  of  the  ahsolutely  dry 
wood  is  0.77  l.'i,  a  culiic  foot  weighing  IS.tKS  pounds,  it  was  formerly  iis«'d  for  hows  hy  the  Indians  of 
western  Texas.' 

Disi'overed  liy  nuniholdt  anion;;  the  .\mles  of  Kciiador.  Minn*  n lliilifnllii  was  first  noticed  in 
Texas  in  the  iiciglihorhiKMl  of  the  (iernian  colony  of  New  Hraiinfels  liy  Kerdiiiaml  landheimer.'  In 
the  countries  south  of  the  I'nited  States  it  is  freipuMitly  pl.iiitcd  as  a  fruit-tree.'  although  the  fruit 
which  it  produces  is  inferior  in  size  und  flavor  to  that  uf  the  lU-d  and  Itlack  .Mulberry-trees. 


'  IlavnnI,  Proe.  b.  S.  Siil.  Mm.  viii.  .">07. 
•  ijee  i.  7-1. 


•  Kiioth,  A'yn.  I't.  .fc'fuin.  i.  UTU. 


KXrLANATU)N   (»K  TIIK   I'LATK. 


I'l-ATK   ('("('XXI.      MoKfs  I  I  I  TIDlrOI.IA. 

1.  A  l.riiiK'h  uitit  Mtaiiiinatf  tlnwt'i-i*.  iiBtiiml  (tiic. 

".  A  liruiii'li  wiili  |ii«lilUU'  lt»w<'r»,  lutUiral  uu. 

3.  A  HUiiiiinuti*  Hdwit.  ciilur^iHl. 

4.  A  |>ii>llllate  lluwvr,  i'iilar;;i'(l. 

a.  Vertical  MK'tion  uf  a  piitil.  rnlarged. 

6.  A  fruitlii;;  lirundi.  iintural  nite. 

7.  Vcrtii'iil  xTtiiiii  of  a  friiil,  c'iilari;i-il. 

8.  A  nutli't  rut  uiirii  traimwrMly,  vnUrgcd. 

9.  An  eiiiltr}*n.  entar^ml. 

10.  A  winter  braiicUlot,  natural  nize. 


^^^d^.^ 


>.} 


/ 


.r  ". 


3^ 


V- 


V 


I  •' 


H!M 


Minn  a  A. 


.M(iIIA(T„t 


.   >iiter  IoImm  bting  mii<  h  broader  tliitn  tin 

most  ulniudaiit  on  i\w 

.  .    .ii  iirmouutitii    by  a  short 

iiuit,  wliicli  ripens  from  Miiy  to  July,  uiid 

■.   .»!.  uii-li  loiio-,  ilail;  piirii'li' or  iieurh'  l)Iai'k,  ami  iiwitet  and 

vtit«,  roiiiidcd  lit  liotli  I'lidh,  with  a  thin  tUshy  oiitfr  ciiveriii;"- 

■11^  sci'd  is  ovat*,  iM(iiUt>d.  and  (■oveied  with   :i  mciiihran'H'ooiH 


*  ! 


■/  ■••<   ,;ii,ii(Ji-/i't  Is  distiilmtt'd    from   the   valley   of   tiic  (Joluiudo   Uv.cr 

itrh  ilu^  luountain  re^rions  of  west«rn  Tcx-is  and  soiitliern  N,'\v  M.xica  to 

'  '     ii>  till'  Ortst  it  ^rows  on  dry  hmustono  hiik  «!  n.dlv 


11  on  tlsi'  li.mlvs  of  sti' 


'loiciitaiii   nint; 


•  !.  v,;i!i  tiuijiv  ii^-:.;    ' 
-       fool    ttciirliiu;',    tS'i.-    . 

pi-AoVcn-.l    l,y  JIui)lhoti!t   amotlfj   ihi'  Au'^ 
'-'  '       "•    "''•'   I..;..!  I-.,.!..,od  of  th«   Gyniiiii; 

.    thi'   t'»iit<«l  St.ifis 
which  It  prodooM  is  iufcriu: 


iM  it  is  assoeiiiti'd  with  the  Black  Walnut,  iJio 
••  O'tk,  often  dcvolojiing  into  a  (ili;i|)i'v  '-■■ 
ill  tbo  npiyjhhorhood  of  streuTu 

'  'hihimhua,  and   rangt^s 

'it  ij. 

.luud,  and  cont.'iinH  niiin(.-r(m.s  thin  niodul- 

■if  aiuuiftl  growth  ;  it  is  diirk  oriiup[e-i<dor 

•  ^prrifii'  jjntvity  of  the  ahsolutidy  dry 

...ill'  ii^.-d    f'.r  Imiwm  I.,    till'   iiiilifios  of 

i'fliidijhiia  was  first  notio^d  in 
hy  Kenlinand   Liudhcinji.T.-     In 
a  fruit-trt'f,'  Hlthoufih  thi-  fruit 
'ltd  iJlaek  Muil>erry-trw's. 

'  Kiutlh,  S'jn,  /v.  -Kjum.  i.  3Ttt 


I'LAIK. 


natural  tut. 


7  \ 

i»  A  , 

'I  A' 

1').  A  V. 


ulATKHi. 


Silva,  of  North   kmtrKSi 


IVb    C'l'-/:/.! 


^^^ 


^      ©) 


r  K  f't>j"t  .*•<■ 


MORUS     CEITIDIFOLIA 


.H.ir:', 


I  ,       i 


^1 


I 

nil 


A  .'fu^  ■/  rt4./ 


I'tfi  .'  7a^^*f  :'*tr}^ 


tjiMi 


1  '< 


1 

g 

; 

I 

I 

U 

\ 

MOIl<VCEiB. 


MOnACE^ 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


85 


• 


TOXYLON. 


Flowers  dioecious ;  calyx  4-lobo(l,  the  lohes  imbricated  in  aestivation ;  corolla  0 ; 
stamens  4,  incurved  before  anthesis ;  disk  pulvinate,  minute  ;  ovary  superior,  1-celled ; 
ovule  solitary,  suspended.  Fruits  drupaceous,  united  into  a  globose  syncarp.  Leaves 
nltcrnate,  entire,  stipulate,  deciduous. 


Toxylon  (loxylon),  Iliilineiiqiic,  Am.  Slonthl.  Mug.  and 

Crlt.  h'en.  ii.  118  (1817);   A'.;w  Vl.  iii.  l'.'. 
Madura,  Nuttall,  Gen.  ii.  2;i3  (1818).  —  Kndliclicr,  O'en. 


278.  —  Mi'isner,  Gen.  351.  —  Biillon,  Ifist.  PI.  vi.  m.'j.  — 
lieiitliaiii  &  Hooker,  Gen.  iii.  .'i03.  —  Eiigier,  JUnyler  it 
I'riiiil/  J'jl(iiir.enj\im.  iii.  pt.  i.  174. 


A  tree,  witli  thick  milky  .slifjlitiy  acrid  jiiiee,  thick  deciily  furrowed  dark  oranjije-colored  bark, 
stout  tough  terete  liexihle  pale  branches,  with  thick  orauge-colored  pith,  marked  witii  rai.sed  orange- 
colorod  leriticels,  often  armed  with  stout  straijjht  a.xiliary  spines,  sliort  stout  spur-like  hranchlet.s  devel- 
oped from  lateral  buds  at  the  base  of  the  spines,  and  tiiick  fleshy  flexible  roots  covered  with  bright 
orange-colored  bark  exfoliating  freely  in  long  thin  papery  j)ersistent  .scales.  lJud.s'  formed  in  summer, 
depre.ssed-globo.se,  partly  immersed  in  the  bark,  covered  with  a  few  closely  imbricated  ovate  rounded 
light  cliestnut-brown  caducous  scales,  ciliate  on  the  margins.  Leaves  involute  in  vernation,  ovate  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  acuniin.ite  and  apiculate  at  the  apex,  rounded,  wedge-shajjed  or  subcordate  at  the 
base,  entire,  penniveined,  the  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins  and  connecied  by  inconspicuous 
reticidate  veinlets,  petiolate  with  elongated  slender  terete  pubescent  petioles  obscurely  grooved  on  the 
upper  side,  at  first  pubescent  on  the  n|)per  surface,  and  coated  on  the  lower  with  soft  white  tomentum, 
at  maturity  glabrous,  or  j)ubescent  on  the  under  surface  of  the  prominent  midribs  and  veins,  thick  and 
firm,  dark  green  and  very  lustrous  above,  paler  and  dull  below,  deciduous,  marking  the  branchlets  in 
falling  with  large  pale  elevated  concave  leaf-scars  displaying  a  central  ring  of  small  fibro-vascular  bundle 
scars  ;  stipules  lateral,  nearly  triangular,  minute,  coated  with  pale  tomentum,  caducous.  Fh)wers  light 
green,  minute,  ap|M'aring  in  early  sunnner,  the  staminate  long-pedicellate  in  short  or  ultimately  elongated 
racemes  borne  on  long  slender  drooping  {)eduncles  developed  from  the  axils  of  crowded  leaves  oil  the 
spur-lik  branchlets  of  the  previous  year,  the  pistillate  .sessile  in  dense  globose  many-tlowered  heads  on 
short  stout  peduncles  axillary  on  shoots  of  the  year.  Calyx  of  the  st.iminate  flower  ovate,  gradually 
narrowed  into  the  slender  pubescent  jKidicel,  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  pale  hairs,  divided  to  the 
midillc  into  four  eipial  acute  boat-shaped  lobes.  Stamens  four,  inserted  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  calys 
on  the  margin  of  a  minute  thin  pulvinate  disk;  wanting  in  the  pistillate  flower ;  filaments  flattened, 
light  green,  glabrous,  infolded  above  the  middle  in  the  bud,  with  the  anthers  inverted  and  back  to 
back,  straightening  abrujitly  in  anthcsi.s,  cxserteil ;  anthers  oblong,  attached  on  the  back  near  the 
middle,  introrse,  two-celled,  the  cells  attached  laterally  to  a  minute  oblong  or  semiorbicular  comiective, 
free  and  spreading  above  and  below,  opening  by  longitudinal  lateral  slits.  Calyx  of  the  pistillate  Hower 
ovate,  divided  to  thi'  b.i.se  into  four  oblong  thick  concave  lobes,  rounded,  thickened  and  covered  with 
pale  hairs  at  the  apex,  longer  than  the  ovary  and  closely  investing  it.  the  two  outer  lobes  much  broader 
than  the  others,  accrescent,  persistent,  and  inclosing  the  fruit.  Ovary  ovate,  compressed,  sessile,  green 
and  glabrous,  crowned  by  a  long  slender  filiform  style  covered  with  white  stigmatic  hairs  ;  wanting  in 

*  'I'o-yloii  diM'!i  not  fomi  H  U'rmiiml  Imil,  the  fiui  of  ilit*  Imuu-h  hmiu'li  tlii'a  roiiiuiiiiti^  rmif;li  luiil  thii-keiit'd  (luring  soviTiil  yeara 

withorin^  iiiul  fullirif;  off  lu'fort'  iiiiilHiitntnrr  ;  tlic  following  spring  liy  tin'  [K'nisti'iit  t'rowtit'il  sours  loft  by  tho  Iciivi'.s  of  tlio  braiu'lilot. 

it  is  i»roIonj;tMl  liy  iiii  u|iiH'r  lixillary  bud  op  oftni  by  tin  axillary  (Ko4>r8to,  iJuil.  V'ofTcy  iii't,  CUUi,  xi.  lti;i,  t.  147,  f.  1.) 
biut  on  ono  of  tlic  last  lateral  •pur-liko  brauclilvtJi,  tlii'  ba.so  of  the 


'i  ; 


.    J: 


H\< 


m 

' 

'''h 

1 '  1 

f 

rf 

86 


SILVA   OF  NOB  Til  AMERICA. 


MOKACE^. 


Ni 


tLii  ^tamiiiiitf  flower;  ovule  bolitary,  suspemkHl  from  the  apex  of  the  cell,  auatiopimi.  Fruit  iliupa- 
foous,  obu  ii"-,  c'omprcssed,  rounded  iiud  often  notched  at  the  apex,  ucuto  at  the  brisp;  i  ,aciirp  ilju;  and 
succulent ;  endocarp  thin,  urustuceous,  light  brown.  Seed  oblong,  compress'd,  iouiid'-:t  al  tl'c  base, 
ol)li(iue  and  marked  at  the  apex  by  the  conspicuous  oblong  p.ile  hilum,  destitute  of  albumen ;  testa 
nu'uibranaceous.  light  chestnut-brown.  Embryo  recurved  ;  cotyledons  oblong,  nearly  equal ;  radicle 
eloniTiited,  incumbent,  ascending.  Syncarp  formed  by  the  union  of  the  thickened  and  much  elongated 
strini'v  toimli  jjeriantlis,  gloljose,  saturated  with  milky  juice,  mammillate  on  the  surface  by  their 
thiclcencd  rounded  summits,  light  yellow-green ;  usually  of  full  rize  but  seedless  on  isolated  pislillate 
individuals. 

Tlie  wood  of  Toxylon  is  heavy,  exceedingly  iiard,  very  strong,  flexible,  coarse-grained,  with  a 
satiny  .surface  su.sceptible  of  receiving  a  beautiful  polish,  and  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  ground  ; 
it  contains  numerous  tliin  conspicuous  medullary  rays,  many  small  open  ducts  and  broad  bands  of  larger 
ducts  marking  the  layers  of  annual  growth.  It  is  bright  orange-colored,  turning  brown  on  exposure  to 
the  atniosi)liere,  with  thin  light  yellow  siipwood  composed  of  five  to  ten  layers  of  annual  growth.  The 
specifics  gravity  of  tlu'  absolutely  dry  wood  is  ().77I{(),  a  cubic  foot  weighing  48.'21  pounds.  It  is 
largelv  used  for  fence-posts,  pavement-blocks,  railway  ties.'  and  wheel-stock,  and  as  a  substitute  for  Olive 
wood  in  the  manufactuie  of  many  small  artid's;  fornu-rly  it  was  employed  by  the  Osage  and  other 
Indians  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  for  bows  and  war-clubs. 

The  bark  of  the  roots  of  Toxylon,  which  contains  ntoric  and  morintannic  acid,'  has  some  valu«  as  b 
yellow  dye,'  and  that  of  the  trunk  is  sometimes  used  in  tanning  leather.' 

The  earliest  account  of  the  Osiige  Orange  ajjpears  in  the  narrative'*  of  Dunbar  and  Hunter's  journey 
made  in  18(>4  from  St.  Cathirine's  Lmding  on  tin'  Mi.ssissippi  to  the  Washita  River.  It  was  first  found 
by  .Mr.  nuni>ar"  .at  the  post  of  the  Wasliiti,  althougii  traders  with  the  Indians  of  tli  ■  Red  River  had 
doubtless  been  familiar  with  their  Hois  d'Arc  before  this,  for  in  li^lO  liradbury  found  two  trees 
growing  in  Pierre  Chouteau's'  garden  in  St.  Louis  old  enough  to  bear  frui^.  In  the  preface  to 
Pursh's  Fiord  Aiinrivit  Sipldilriunnlis.  published  in  ISll,  allusion  is  mad'-  to  its  disi'overy  by 
the  expedition  which  crossed  and  recrossed  the  continent  in  ISOI-lSlHl  undei  command  of  Captains 
Lewis  and  Clark,  although  there  is  no  mention  of  the  tree  in  their  published  ji)un\a!s.  Early  in  this 
century  seeds  of  the  Osiigo  Orange  were  received  in  Philadelpiiia  by  Bernard  Ma'.Mahon"  and  David 


*  "In  lH7.i  wp  proruriMl  fmm  Texas  nonif  railnwa  ties  uf  Osftj^c 
Omiij;«'.  anil  h;wl  tljfin  put  in  tliv  mad-U'il  of  the  New  York  !■(.■ 
HKin  uf  the  IVnnHTlvauia  Itnilntad  alungBiii'?  ^f  uiik,  i-hcKUiut,  .  >.i 
ratalpa.  The  soft  woodii  were  all  torn  out  in  Vn-o  or  thwe  yet  ■. 
but  the  OjHipe  Oraujft-,  afUr  twenty-one  yeaw,  i.s  still  in  pUee, 
after  haviiij;  Unn  turnetl  srveral  times,  and  ntill  an  pt^nl  a-t  the  lirsl 
year"     (IWniet  l^mlreth  in  litt.,  .Inlv,  IH'.Kt.) 

'  King,  Am.  J'mr.  I'harm.  xlvi.  L*7">. 

»  (;»iiM)urt,  //lA/.  Ih-o-f.  «1.  7.  ii.  'A'lTt.  —  liaillon,  Ifitt.  Pi  vi. 
179.  _  V,  S.  JHAf>^fi>.  ed.  IG,  IH4H. 

*  Uevenhon,  tinrdennml  Ft/rrst,  vi.  .'>'J4. 

'  Thf  Afriiiitir  n/lht  l*re.*uimt  t'f  thf  t*uitf(l  Slaten,  Kilnmrv  lit, 
iWKl,  coniniunie:itint;  (liAcoveries  made  in  explunng  the  Mu-souri, 
U<d.  and  Washita  Uivers,  10*1. 

Duiihur  praiHed  the  appearance  of  the  Oiin^  Dranfre,  which  ho 
cunnidered  nne  of  the  mfwt  lM>autifnl  trees  he  had  seen,  HUg)fi'sted 
its  pruliable  value  as  a  hed^.plaut,  and  alluded  tu  tlie  dye  ohtainetl 
by  tlie  IndiiinH  from  its  riMil-s. 

*  Williuiu  I)iiiih:ir  (hImjuI  1740-lHlO)  was  l.uru  in  S'otl.'iinl,  lUid 
educated  id  asyuw  mid  Lnnthin.  Hi;*  protirii-ury  in  nmthfniaticH 
and  astrtMiuniy  made  him  kiiuwn  to  Sir  WiUiuni  Uit^cIii'I,  witli 
wJ  om  he  ('nrn'spon<le<l  for  many  year.  In  1771,  Ihinhar,  U-ini; 
oui  of  ht-alth,  rame  to  I'hiladelpjim  ii'  <.  oarge  of  a  inercautilo  ven- 


ture.    He  visited  rittabnrgh,  and  tlien  joining  >>.  rom{Muiy  formeil  to 

^unize  W'vsi  Klundii,  iNMNtun'  a  planter,  settling  in  Itatou  Uougr, 
H  id  afterward  in  Natehei.  He  wait  a  friend  and  corn  «pondont  uf 
'■  fFerson,  and  reeeived  several  app4>i>itmenU  under  the  Federal 
Government.  He  was  n  nieniU-r  of  the  American  IMiilosnphiral 
Sieiety,  and  contributed  to  tt«  rroeecdiiigH  juipem  on  ethuulogt 
meteorology,  An<l  astronomy. 

'  TrnvfU  oi  the  httmor  of  .\arth  .lmm<-a  i/t  the  Ytan  !M/J^ 
lSW,im,i  isn.  ir>»j. 

Hradluiry  de.serilM'»  the  Imjws  and  war-elubs  made  from  tin-  woikI 
of  the  Ofiage  Oniiigi*  uh  well  us  the  two  lullnnti-d  tn-tMi.  In 
ArkiiiiHas  the  prii"  uf  a  Im>w  made  uf  the  wimhI  wiu  in  his  time  a 
borne  iind  tdanket. 

*  I'lerre  ("houttau  (17ll)-lMIl»).  a  native  uf  New  Orle.'Uip,  waa 
unn  uf  the  wttleni  of  St.  I#ouis,  the  site  uf  whieh  he  ludeeted  with 
his  brother  Angiisto  in  17(^1.  Hy  hunesty  and  inteltigrnee  he 
aequin'd  wealth  in  trading  with  the  Indian'*,  over  whom  he  had 
gn-iit  inlbienee,  and  liveil  to  see  u  great  v\i\  rise  on  the  iininhubitetl 
blutt  \«hi'rf  111'  had  landi'il  u.t  a  }(>ung  man. 

**  IV-rnard  M.u-.Mahon  (ulxuit  177<')' IHlt't)  was  iHirn  in  Ireland, 
anrl  was  of  goiMl  birth  and  forl'ine.  Oliltgrd  to  leave  Ireland 
owinj;  lo  liiseoniieetion  with  our  of  the  iinnueeessfnl  rrlkelliouH  which 
distracted  it  during  the  lost  years  uf  tho  eighti'Piith  eentiiry,  ho 


MOHACK^. 


SILVA   OF  NOETII  AMEiilCA. 


87 


Landretli,"  who  r.iised  plants  from  tliein  ;  it  was  sont  h:  nn^huul  in  181>'' /  and  two  youij  later  v ua  cul- 
tivated in  the  nurseries  of  Jac(|iies  Martin  Cels^  in  Paris/ 

Toxylon  is  remark^ibly  f r<»e  from  the  attacks  of  destructive  insects  °  and  f iibgal  diseases." 
Tiie  {generic  name,  firat  misprinted  loxylon,  from  to^o*'  and  ^vXov,  alludes  to  the  Indian  use  of  the 
wood.' 

The  genus  is  repn-'sented  by  a  single  species. 


I 
!        ,     /.. 

I 

i 

i       I 


came  to  the  I'niti'd  States  in  ITM).  MiicMiihon  enjoyed  the  frieiiil- 
fkhip  cif  .K'fTiTsoii  iind  otiier  (listin^iiished  Aiiif>rieaiis,  and  it  in  snp- 
poHC'd  that  the  arniiip-mrnt  for  the  l.ewU  i&  C'liirk  Kxpcdiuun  vvii.s 
nifide  at  his  huiiMi' in  PhihuU'Iphia.  In  iHO't  he  esluhlislit-d  a  seed 
and  iiiiritery  hii.HtiiesH  in  hi^  giirdent  which  ho  .Hiipplcinciited  by  a 
Bi'ed  utoTC  on  Seeoiid  Street,  near  Marki't.  The  site  of  his  par- 
di'ii  is  now  iH-ciipied  hy  the  yard.t  of  tht>  IMiihid<-lphi:v  &  Heading 
KadroiLd  at  iliiiitiiij^toii  Station  iti  Phihuli-lphia.  Mat-Mahoii  was 
the  iiilhor  of  (lie  Amrriron  fianltuirs*  Culftulitr,  piihlishi'd  in  1K(XJ, 
wliiL-li  HidrHiMpicntly  pa.ssi-d  thriMijjh  srv<Tiil  fdititms,  and  i.s  still  one 
of  the  inoHl  i-onipr<di«-nsivi'  ami  iist'fid  IhkiUs  of  its  class  that  lias 
bten  written,  .\tithoniit,  a  j;t'niis  of  h:utd>oiiii'  i*vcrf»rron  slirulK  nf 
wi'Htrrn  North  Amcricji  and  i-asti-rn  Asia,  now  foitsidcred  ii  section 
of  llcrlM-ris,  was  dcdicaletl  tii  liini  hy  Tlionias  Niittall. 

1  I)hvid  Landn'th  (I7r>*J-lS.'l»i)  wiw  a  native  of  Itrunswick  on  the 
Tweed,  luid  the  Kon  of  a  NorthinnlM-rhind  fanner.  Having  learned 
the  art  of  tn'0-fjn)win|r.  he  cniiKnited  to  Canada  in  IVSI,  removing 
hliortly  afttTwaril  to  l*hiladelphi:i,  when*,  in  17Ht>,  in  partnership 
with  hi*  lirolhcr  ('nthl>ert,  he  c^tahlislied  the  nnrseryiind  seed  lm>i- 
ucss,  which  is  still  carried  on  hy  hi-i  descendants,  who  have  alw:i\s 
occupietl  prominent  anil  honorahlc  positions  in  the  a^ricnttunil  anil 
*!  .iicnlt.iral  industries  nf  the  country.  In  IStVl  or  IHttr*  Pavid 
1<andreth  n<'eive4l  from  ti.e  Lewis  tt  Clark  Kitpedition  seeds  of  the 
(*sujfe  Oranj^i',  which  pr<M|uced  a  nmnhcr  'f  plants.  One  of  these, 
planti'd  in  front  of  the  idd  l^tmlreih  mansion  honsi>  on  the  j^ronnd 
now  iM'ciipied  l»y  the  l^indn'tli  Siduwd,  at  iTJd  and  Fcdenil  Sircet.s, 
Philadelphia,  ilowered  U-fore  the  otherM  ;  it  wa.s  a  pistillate  tnu*. 


and  produced  no  fruit  until  some  years  Ir.ter,  when  tlio  flower- 
were  artilicially  impregnated  hy  pollen  brought  from  another  tree 
supposed  to  have  been  ^jrowing  in  MucMaliuii'^  garden. 

-  London,  (Jard.  Minj.  i.  350. 

3  See  ii.  1. 

*  Delile,  Hull.  Sor.  d\\(jru'.  Ilerault,  1835,  195. 

*  Till*  larva.'  of  a  lar<j<'  beetle,  f hrrhaschtma  Wiltlii,  Cider,  some- 
times hure  into  the  trunk.s  and  injure  or  destroy  Toxylon.  Various 
gra.s^hoppcrs,  crickets,  and  other  insects  sometimes  eat  the  leaves, 
and  the  larva'  of  such  small  moths  as  'i'ira.i  hustiiitut,  Linmcus,  and 
I.i>/i/iiHlrniA  (ri/rranti.^,  Walker,  occasionally  injure  them.  A  I'yra- 
bd,  f.itrii^tfije  Miirl'inr,  Kiley  (ln.*rrt  Li/*',  V.  l'>.">,  f.  11),  appears  tu 
be  peculiar  to  the  gemis.  Scale  inscct.s,  or  Coccids,  like  J'tUvtnaria 
innttmrrnf'ili.'t,  Kathvon,  are  sometimes  found  on  Toxylon.  Silk- 
worms feed  \i\'\  thrive  on  the  leaves  (Kiley,  Hull.  A'o.  *J,  UivUlon  of 
IJntnmologif,  iJ.  S.  Ikpt,  AijrU'.  58). 

*  The  eonnnone.st  parasite  of  Toxylon,  Sphcrrin  roilevfay  Schwei- 
nitz,  appears  in  the  form  of  small  black  pnsMdcs  on  twigs  and 
sniatter  hratu'hes,  wliicl:  it  appears  to  destroy,  althougli  the  fungus 
IS  U'st  seen  <hi  the  twii;s  after  they  ai*e  dead.  I'ulsu  .l/ai'/urfc, 
Herkelcy  &  Curtis.  Cnllinph.rrui  rortirnta.  Kllis  &  Kverbart,  Srplo- 
nfth>rri>i  MiU'l'inr,  I'.llis  \:  K.M'rhart,  and  SphirrtUn  Mnchtrtr,  Kllis 
tt  Kverliart.  are  small  I'yrenomycftcs  sometimes  found  on  Toxy- 
lon ;  and  a  rust  fungus,  I'rflu  dtri,  Cookt ,  has  been  set.-n  onee  ou 
its  leaves. 

'   lialUiesijue,  X-w  i'l.  iii.  -lli. 


11 


Iii 


!ij 


^ini 


<i^i 


'1 

1  '     1 

■ 

1     ' 

I 

i 

1 

i 

1 

«     i     ; 

1 

MOKACEiE. 


Toxylon  ( 

Mm/.  <iii 
ii.  1'.'2. 
Kiii'lint', 
\iit.  lit 
Madura  c 
r/ul.A 
KI'J;  .V, 

ir>.s.  — : 

Ucsfonl 
Troiix, 

Miir.  2 

12.  —  I 
A  tr 

HtoUt  I'l'lM 

head.  T 
irrt'fjiilurl 
liraiK'lilct 

jUllu'SCCIK 

with  oral 
incliea  wi 
turn  a  l>r 
iiicli  to  a 
(liamettT. 
the  ijrDiii 

Tu., 
the  soiitl: 
north, 
{greatest  i 

An 
anil  of  I'l 
anil  in  tl 
the  westi 
{growth,'' 
make  it 
tiie  Ikmii 
(lesiral)ie 

>  M>(;ru 
41H.  —  s.  .\ 
Wanler.  / 
Rtsuurces  « 
the  vuluti  u 
lift  a  timlHT 
ISHl,  10. 


JIOnACBjB. 


SILVA   OF  NOR  r II  AMERICA. 


i      ' 


1i 


TOXYLON   POMIPERUM. 
Osage   Orange.     Bow  Wood. 


Toxylon  (lozylon)  pomiferum.  U;ilino«(|iic'.  Am.  Munlhl. 

Mill/,  iinil   I'rit.  litr.  ii.  IIX  (IM17).  —  (jii'iMii'.   I'iltniiin, 

ii.    r."J.  —  Siidnoitli,    Iti'/i.    Sec.    A'jnr.    W.V'.    ;il.'7.  — 

Kin'lmi',  />i-ii/.whe  Dnidr.  1.".'.).  —  ('miltiT,  Cuiitrih.  ('.  S. 

Xat.  Ilirh.  ii.  lOH  (.)/(/".  I'l.    »'.  Tfxus). 
Mnclura  aurantiaoa.  Niittall,  (Icn.  ii.  'J.'U  (1818)  ;  Jour. 

I'/iil.  Ai'iil.  vii.  |it.  i.  ."I'J  ;    TniiLK.  A»i.  I'liil.  .Sm:  n.  ser.  v. 

100  ;  Si/lr<i,  i.  IL'C,  I.  ;i7,  .'W.  —  Jumes,  i.iH;/.i   h'r/Hi/.  ii. 

lihS.  —  Siiiiliiiij'c-Ilixliii,  .l«ii.  iSV.  ilort.  l'(iris,i.   IHl. — 


47.  —  Loudon,  Ark  lirit.  iii.  1362,  f.  1220-1228.  —  Spacli, 

Jlisl.     (V;/.    xi.    ">;!.—  HluillD.    Mils.     lint.    Lll'Jil.     lint.    Ii. 

S2.  —  .Mi.iiicl,  .Miirtiii.1  I'l.  /Ira.iil.  iv.  pt.  i.  I."i8.  —  Kocli, 
Ilniilf.  ii.  •I.'i7.  —  Itiii'caii,  Uv  Ciuii/nlte  J'roilr.  xvii. 
2-'7.  —  I.;iui'lii',  J leiiturhi:  Demli:  'SM.  f.  I.'iO.  —  .SiUKcnt, 
Fnre.il  Trn:i  ,V.  Am.  \Olh  Census  V.  S.  ix.  128.  —  Wat- 
WMi  &  Criiilti'i'.  (iniif'n  Man.  id.  0,  40 1.  —  Dijipul.  Ilamlb. 
hiHl,l,„l-:k.  ii.  l.".. 
Broussonetia  tinctoria,  Torrcy,  Ann.  Lijr.  N.  ).  ii.  210 
(not  Kiimli)  ( IN'JS). 

ii.    208 


Di'.ifijiitaiiicH,    t'at.   Hurt.    J'ltri.i.  I'd.    .'!,  .'M7.  —  Sciiiijrc, 

Trims.  .Stir. WAi/rii:  Li/ims,  lUii't,  V2'k  l.\  Ih.^ir.et  I'lilt.  Toxylon    aurantiacum.    Kaliiifs'iuc    Miil.    I'l. 

Miir.  2;i2.  t.  27.  —  IVlil.',  Hull.  Sm:   ,1' A'jni:    llirmilt.  (l.s;;i)). 

18.15,  189,  t.— Ijimbprt.   r'!nns.  cd.  •.',  ii.  Appx.  ;i2.  t.  Toxylon   Madura,    Uaflm -.pi.'.   .V.-"'    /'I.  iii.  43   (1830): 

12. —  Di-iisiin,  L'lHiitjii  (iiird.  Mmj.  n.  sit.  i.  .".12,  f.  4,">-  .\iit.  lint.  1  !'.•;  Am.  .Mnn.  .Miilturri/  Trees.  1,'i. 

A  tret",  sonietimi's  fifty  to  sixty  ft'ot  in  licif^lit,  with  a  siiort  trunk  two  to  tliree  feet  in  diameter,  and 
stout  erect  u'tiniiitclv  sjireadin;^  lir.inclies  wiiicli  I'drni  a  handsome  nitiier  ojumi  iirefjular  round-lopiieil 
head.  The  l)ark  of  tlie  trunk  is  two  tliirils  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  tiiickncss,  and  is  deeply  and 
irrejjuiariy  divided  into  hroid  lonndcd  rid;j;es  separatini;  on  the  suif  ice  into  tiiin  a]i]iressed  scales.  The 
liranchlets,  when  they  liist  appear,  are  linht  j^rcen,  often  tin;;ed  with  reil,  and  coated  with  soft  pale 
piihe.s»'eiiee,  which  .soon  disappears,  and  duriiij^  their  tir^t  winter  they  arc  lij;ht  hrown  slij^htly  tiuf^ed 
with  ()rilll<^e-color,  late'  lieeomini^  paler.  'ilie  leavis  are  tiirce  to  live  inches  lonjj,  two  to  three 
inches  wide,  mid  are  lioiue  on  petioles  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inidies  in  leni;th  ;  in  the  autumn  they 
turn  a  hri'^'ht  (dear  yellow  hefore  falling;.  The  racemes  of  slaminate  flowers  with  their  [leduiicles  are  an 
inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  loiii^,  and  the  hca<ls  of  pistillate  (lowers  are  three  ipiarters  of  an  inch  in 
diumeti'r.  The  fruit,  which  i^  four  or  livi'  imdies  in  di.imeter,  ripens  in  the  autumn,  and  soon  falls  to 
the  ijround,  where  it  lies  niidi'r  the  trees  until  it  mts  or  is  eaten  iiy  horses  or  cattle. 

7'ii.ri/liin  jiiiiiiifi  rum  is  distrihuted  from  southern  .\rkaiisas  south  of  the  .\rkansas  IJiver  'lir()Uj;h 
the  southeastern  portions  of  the  Indian  Territory,  and  southward  in  Texas  to  ahout  latitude  ;}.">  f)!)" 
north.  It  is  an  iidialiitaut  of  rich  hottiun-lands,  ami  appears  to  he  most  aliundant  and  to  attain  its 
greatest  size  in  the  valley  of  the  lleil  Kiver  in  the  Indian  Territory. 

All  iidiahitant  of  a  re;4;ioii  of  comparatively  limited  area,  of  lii;;h  winter  and  summer  temperature 
and  of  copious  rainfall,  the  Osage  Orange,  nevertludess,  thmrishes  on  the  dry  soil  of  the  western  prairies 
ami  in  the  severe  climati'  of  New  Kngland  ;  and  during  the  last  forty  years  it  has  hceu  more  use<l  in 
the  western  states  for  making  live  fences,  or  hedges,  than  am  other  plant.'  Its  hardiness  and  rapid 
growth,'  the  toughness  of  its  well-armetl  hranidics,  and  its  freedom  from  diseise  and  insc<t  eiu'inies, 
make  it  valuahle  for  this  purpose.  The  good  hahit,  the  large  lustrous  and  ahniidaitt  leaves,  aiul 
the  heauty  <d'  the  large  fruits  which  in  autumn  eo\er  the  hr  inch  s  of  the  pistillate  trees,  make  them 
desirahle  oniaiiieiits  of  parks  and  gardens. 

'   .Mi'llruw,    AV;i.    < 'ommiatumrr    of   I'nlrnl.t,    lH,'y\,    .\j;ri<Mdluri',  '    I'hf  ln^  ■"pi'cimi'u  of  Toxylon  in  llii' .li'snp  ('ulli'i'linn  "f  Norlh 

41H.  —  .'s.  .\.  I.inill;y.  ll.i<l.  IS,"),  ;ll."i.  — Torn'V,  /'n/    lH."i".  L'l'.'.  —  .Vnuriiiin  WuihIs  in  llu'  AnnTiiMii   Miisinui  of   Xaliiial   lliston  ill 

WanliT,    Itrilijfi    ivui    Krrryrc-f'm.    '.Vi.   t.  .%,   17;l,   -l.^.  —  IVirrluT,  Nt'W  Volk.  i;rtuvn  ill  soutliiTli  .\rkillis;iN,  in   twt'lity-foiir  incllt's  iind 

lti.*ii'irrii  lit  Siiutfxrrn  b'trliU  unit   I'nr'^ii,  tol,     St'e  iiIho  noU'!*  on  a  lialf  in  liiaiitoli'r,  ami  shown  ono  liiiiulrt'd  and  thirty-fonr  layers 

lliu  viilnt'  of  lliu  Ohuj^o  Oniii^n',  witli  dirrction.s  for  iH  iMiltivHtion  of  [uuniul  growtil. 
uH  u  liinlMT-lrfi'  ill  Furtstrij  .Mnnutil  of  llio  Kuniiiu  .Stalo  Uort.  .Soiv 
ISSl.  ID. 


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90 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMEIilCA. 


MOKACEJE. 


The  Osage  Orange  can  be  easily  raiseil  from  seeds  which  germinate  the  first  season,  or  from 
cuttings  of  the  roots. 


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EXl'LANATION   OK  THK   PLATES. 

ri.VTK    CC'CXXII.       ToXVI.dN    I'llMII'KUlM. 

1.  A  tlowiMiii;;  liriiiicli  (if  llio  ^tiiTniimli'  lici',  iwituml  »he. 

2.  A  tloiveririj;  liniiuli  ..f  lla-  pi-lillatt'  Iriv.  iiuturul  i>i/.o. 

3.  I)ia);niiii  uf  n  8tuniin:it<'  tlnwcr, 

4.  Diii^raiii  of  a  |iistiUalt'  tlowtT. 

r>.  A  stamiiittU!  tldWcT  jiiHt  l)i'fi)n'  iiiillii'ni.<,  iiilarijwl. 

C.  A  Ntaiiiiiiati'  tliiwiT.  iMilai)»(Ml. 

7.  ViTlii'al  wrliiMi  of  a  »lainiiiatf  llinver.  eiilarpMl. 

8.  Vfrtical  Bfilion  <if  a  lirail  uf  pistillate  lldwii-i..  iiilurycil. 

9.  A  pislillali'  llowiT,  i'iilari,'<'(l. 

10.  ViTtinil  siTlion  (>f  a  pl'ilillatc  Howor.  enlarged. 

11.  An  (tviile.  niiicli  niagnitieil. 

12.  A  sti|iule,  enltti'|,'e(l. 


f . !  r  ,  : 


Pl.ATi:   ('('('XXin.       rnXVI.^'S    I'OMirKKUM. 
1.   A  friiitini;  Itniricli.  natural  ^l/.e. 
'J.   A  nutlet.  t'nlHi^;r<l. 
W.    ViTtiral  soctiitn  i»f  ii  niitli-t.  cnlarK'tMl. 

4.  An  cinl^ryo  srtii  fmni  tin*  two  (>iih'»,  cnlaif^od. 

5.  Scrlinn  kA  »  wvncarp.  natural  f^'xtx. 
(>.   A  "iut'T  hranrliU't.  iialural  ^i/f- 

7.   INpition  nf  a  winter  hranehlt-t  with  a  spine  and  lateral  bud. 

eidaryi'd. 
H.   A  leaf-star,  enlarged. 


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MOBACEJB. 


SILVA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA, 


01 


FICUS. 

Flowers  mostly  unisexual,  usually  moncrcious  or  dictcious,  collected  on  a  con- 
cave receptacle  closed  at  the  apex ;  calyx  2  to  ({-parted  or  divided,  the  divisions  imbri- 
cated in  (estivation ;  corolla  0 ;  stamens  1  to  3 ;  disk  0 ;  ovary  superior,  1 -celled ; 
ovule  solitary,  suspended.  Fruit  drupaceous,  more  or  less  immersed  in  the  thickened 
fleshy  receptacle.  Leaves  alternate  or  rarely  opposite,  stipulate,  persistent,  or 
deciduous. 


Fioua,  Linnmuii,  Oen.  .121   (17.37).  —  Adannon.  Fam.  PL  ii. 

ii77.  —  A.   L.  lie  .luHsli'U,  <}en.  400. —  Kndlirlior,   Gen. 

278.  —  Jloliner.  Gen.  3.50.  —  Httilloii.  UiM.  VI.  vi.  208.  — 

licntliain  &,  Hooker.  Gen.  iii.  3(>7.  —  G.  Kiii){,  ./uiir.  Linn. 

Sue.  xxiv.  42.  —  KiigltT  ifc  I'raiiU,  I'jiansenj'am.  iii.  pt.  i. 

89. 
Oonoauke,  Riifinesquc.  Sijlen  Telliir.  58  (1838). 
Varinda,  Uoflni'»qii.>,  Si/tea  Telliir.  M  (ISIW). 
Neoalistis,  Kalim-xiue.  Sylm  Tellnr.  .IS  (18;)8). 
Oluntos,  Itafiiu'wiuf.  .sy,.rt  Teltitr.M  (18:;8). 
Ferula.  Rifiiu'wiue.  Sylva  Tellnr.  68  (1838). 
Repheais,  Uafliii'><|ut',  Sijlea  Tellnr.  m  (1838). 
Tremotis,  UiitlncHiiue.  Sylnt  Tellnr.  6t>  (1838). 
Maatosuke,  Uofinexiiie,  Sylra  Tellnr.  ."><>  (I8:i8). 
Capriflcus,  Ciuii)mrini,  Nov.  Gen.  Fir.  d  (184-1). 
Uroatigma,  Oaiparini,  Xoo.  Gen.  Fir.  II  (1844). 
Visiania,  Uuparini.  A'of.  Gen.  Fir.  'J  (1844). 
OoveUis,  Guparini,  Xor.  Gen.  Fir.  10  (1844). 


Oaloglychia.  Oaspurini,  Nou.  Oen.  Fie.  10  (1844). 
Sycomorphe.  Miipii'l.  Ann.  Sri.  ynl.  a6r.  3,  i.  ;$."(  (1844). 
Macrophtholma,   Guspuriiii,   liinrrh.    Caprif.    83,    t.    7 

(181,-.). 
Erythrotryne,    Visiaiii ;     Ganjuirini    Hieerch.   Capri/.  86 

(181.5). 
Bycomonia.  Gasparini,  Ilirerrh.  Caprif.  80  (1845). 
Plagioatigma,  Zuicarini.  Ah/iaml.  Arail.  Milnch.  iv.  pt.  i. 

l.';4  (184,-.). 
Tenorea.  (Jasparini,  ,1/ih.  ^SVi.  y,il.  srr.  3,  iii.  342  (1845). 
Cyato^ne,    Gasparini,    Ann.    Sii.   Sat.   sir.   3.    iii.   34.5 

(1845). 
BynoBCia.  Miipiol,  tlnol.-er  Lmnl.  Jour.  lint.  vi.  525  (1847). 
Pharmacoaycea,  Mlipifl,  Ilmiker  L'ind.  Jonr.  liot.  vii.  04 

(1818). 
PoBonotrophe.  Mlipiel,  Hooker  Land.  Jonr   Hot.  vii.  72 

(1848). 


Trees  or  shrubs,  somotiinos  si'aiulent,  often  epipliytal,  with  thick  milky  juico,  naked  or  rarely  scaly 
buds,  and  thick  tU'sliy  rvots  which  are  frc(|uently  produced  from  the  branciies,  and,  enterin<j  the  ground, 
enlarge  and  form  supplcnientury  stems,  so  that  an  individual  often  gradually  spreads  over  a  large  area, 
and  lives  to  <\  great  age.  Ijeaves  alternate  or  rarely  opposite,  entire,  .se  rate,  dentiite,  or  sometimes 
lobed,  penniveined,  persistent  or  deciduous  ;  stipules  deciduous,  often  fugacious,  interpetiolar,  embracing 
the  leaf-bearing  axis  and  inclosing  the  young  leaves,  or  lateral  in  pairs  ut  the  ba.so  of  the  petiole,  or 
tarely  in  aorae  annual-leaved  sja'cies  scale-like,  minute,  covering  the  leaf-buds.  Flower-bearing  recep- 
tacle IiomorphouH  or  rarely  dimorphous,  globose,  ovoid,  ellipsoiilal,  obovate,  or  pyriform,  narrowed,  and 
often  contracted  at  the  ba.so  into  a  short  sti])e,  sessile  or  pedunculate,  solitary  by  abortion,  or  in  pairs, 
iu  the  axils  of  existing  or  fallen  leaves,  or  in  axillary  fascicles  or  on  abbreviated  leafless  lateral  branchlets 
from  the  trunk  or  large  branches,  or  in  long  nearly  leafless  branches  close  to  the  ground,  and  more  or 
less  hypogieus,  or  very  rarely  in  dense  heads  arranged  on  long  pendulous  leafless  branches ;  sometimes 
inclosed  while  young  in  a  posterior  hood-like  caducous  involucre,  usually  surrounded  at  the  basr,  by 
three  anterior  bracts,  distinct  or  united  into  an  involucral  cup,  bear'ug  on  the  interior  at  th'i  apnx 
numerous  rows  of  minute  triangular  vi.scid  bracts  closing  the  oritice,  those  of  the  lower  rows  turned 
downward  into  the  cavity  of  the  receptacle  and  infolding  the  upper  flowers,  those  immediately  above 
tliese  horizontal,  and  the  upper  rows  projecting  from  the  oritice  and  forming  a  more  or  less  prominent 
umbilicus,  or  occasionally  united  into  a  ring  surrounding  the  orifice.  Flowers  sessile  or  pedicellate,  the 
pedicela  thickening  and   becoming   succulent  with  the  ripening  of  the  fruit,  unisexual,  occasionally 


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02 


SI  LI  A    OF  XOIiTIl  AMUniCA. 


MOUACK.V.. 


IK'rt'i'i't,  i^.ill.'  iir  rarely  !i8«>xiiiil,  often  Heparateil  liy  clialTy  seuIeH  or  lijiirs ;  the  Mtumiiiate,  >;;all,  iiiul  fertile 
lliiwt'i's  I  (illi'cti'ii  on  till'  same  ri'ci'iitacli'.  or  the  staiiiiiiate  ami  ^all  llowers  on  ilintinet  reeeptieleH,  with 
the  |H'ilV<l  ami  asi'Mial  tlowers  on  t  tlieis,  or  tin  st  iininale  and  f^all  lluwers  on  oni'  set  of  receptacles, 
and  the  |iistillal<'  on  a'lotlier  set.  Calw  of  the  staininate  flower  iisnally  divided  into  two  to  six  Hopals, 
or  ^aniopetalons  and  two  to  six-lol>ed.  or  wantinjj.  Stamens  one  or  two,  or  rarely  lliree  ;  lilanients 
short,  eiei  t,  or  rarely  eloni;aleil,  when  more  than  one  unitud  throUL^Iiont  their  leii}i;th  ;  i.'iithers  innate 
or  ranly  adiiale.  ovate,  liroad  and  xubrutund,  two-celled,  the  eelU  openin<r  lon^rjtndinally  ;  wanting  \.\ 
the  iii>tillale  and  '^M  (lowers.  .Sepals  or  lohes  of  the  calyx  <>f  the  fertile  and  fjall  flowers  nsnally 
narrower  than  those  of  the  staniinate  flower.  Ovary  sessile,  ereet,  or  oltliijue,  siirmonnted  liy  the  elon- 
jfated  lateral  style,  crowned  with  a  tdavate  eyiindric  |)ellate,  or  two-lohe  I  stii^nia  ;  waiitin;;  in  the  pistil- 
late llower;  o\  nle  .-.olitary,  snspeiided  fnnn  the  ajiex  or  laterally  lielow  the  ai)ex  of  tho  cell,  anatropoiis. 
(iall  flower  ioni^-jiedicellate,  the  ovary  ovoid  or  i;'.oliid.ir,  crowiu-i|  with  a  nsnally  aldireviated  often 
central  style,  occup.ed  liy  the  pnpa  <d'  a  liymenopterons  inject.  Frnit  drnpaceons,  mostly  inunerseii  in 
the  thickened  snccnli'nt  receptacle,  ohovoiil  or  renif'orin,  rarely  ^lolinlar ;  exocarp  thin,  mucilaginous  ; 
endocarp  thin,  crustaceons,  niinnti'ly  tnliercniale.  .>eed  suspended;  testa  ineinhranaeeous.  Emhryo 
curved  in  thin  fleshy  alhunien  ;  cotylt'd(nis  e<pial  or  uneipial.  Ion;;,  i  than  the  ineinnlieiit  radicle.' 

Ficus,  of  which  uhout  six  hundred  species  '  have  heen  de.scrilied,  is  widely  (h.'^tri'mted   through  tllu 


I 


f' 


*  The  term  jfiUI  tlowcr,  propuM-il  \\y  SnlinN.I^iilmch  {liitt.  /.rU. 

xtiii.  Nos.  .M;*,  ."..*.►,  .%!,".,  .Vil  \^t'\f  (iffMrrHtrrilithrrnzinniiJ  hri  dru 
Fri;ffuli'lumen])  fur  ocrlaiii  |'i»tilliiti'  tlnWiTH  uf  Ku'iih  tinol  by  iiiAi-itii 
nji  riP-its  in  wliioh  t<)  (Ii'in»«tit  tln*ir»-j;j;-.,  lia.H  Ih'i'II  itil<>plf<l  h,-  (J.  Kinj; 
ill  his  >'/<<^  (V <  <i/'  Firtuf  of  the  Iiitlo-.^fa!nif<irt  tiwi  fhiufir  i'lmulnr* 
(.\un.  Jii<t.  (i>irtl.  Calmtlat  i.).  As  (ifwriln-ti  I->  Dr.  Kiiip.  the 
^■.i\\  (lowers  rfM>iii)ili'  ill  iniiiiy  vsise*  tin*  fertilt*  pi  ttillatc  Mi>wi>r<t, 
Willi  »  ••innlar  Ciil>T,  aiitl  an  oviiry  unci  fivli*,  'ilthoiij^Ji  the  styh'  i» 
niurt'  trrniiiui),  shorter,  fitrKi^hter,  uiu\  lirnmlly  dhttiMl  nt  the  apex, 
which  in  fi)if;litly  if  at  all  Mtignia  if.  In  their  lati'r  iitagftt  pill 
Howen  can  l>t'  iliHtinf^uislHMl  from  the  fertile  fruit  by  their  longer 
pedii'ctii  iuiil  iiior>>  ^lolirlar  Aliap<',  and  by  tliu  miiooth  not  tulMTcu- 
latt*  [K'rii'arp  wilhimt  tlcsliy  I'overinjj.  Their  pt'f'lirtritie.i  of  Htrne- 
tun*  art*  not  bolii'ved  to  he  the  re<tultii  uf  itiiteet  vmitation.^,  lint  to 
have  led  to  thrir  Neleetioi:  Ity  inNecta  a<(  their  neiif...  In  many 
»pt>ci»!i  of  Ficiif,  eN|M><-i»lly  in  thoHc  of  the  neotinn  rro<itigiiiii,  no 
oxlenml  ditTereiit'e  iH-twcen  the  fi-rtile  feniaie  and  the  ^U  tluwers 
oxfftt,  Aiu\  it  ii  only  po.sjiihle  to  distint^iiiidi  tliM  female  by  opening 
t'le  urarie.t. 

No  inveatiKntionB  of  the  tlowpm  of  tho  two  FloriiU  Bpccica  of 
V"\v\i%  with  refen-nce  to  their  fertilization  by  iniwetA  have  U'eu 
mode  ;  and  v/e  have  lyi-n  unable  to  find  in  t*:.-  receptaclen  pro- 
§rrved  in  the  herbarinm  any  traeex  uf  the  r,ii|>in  uf  inHeets  in  the 
feMiiiI"  iiowera,  wliich  in  Uith  «|M*eief  va'V  in  the  lenj^th  of  the 
|KMiiefU,  or  in  the  fruit,  whieh  in  fretjuen'.ly  hollow, 

'  Hv  (i.  Kinjf  (/.  '•■  I)  FicMH  is  dividv'd  into  the  fullowinfif  bpo 
ti'um,  several  of  whieh  were  lint  characterized  by  Miipiel  (.Inn. 
Mwi   I.uffd.  fi'it.  iii.  'J14.  tiliO)  :  — 

l*Ai..f:oMi>Ki'iiK.  Staniinate  and  pvU  flowrni  in  different  recefv 
tA<-leH  from  those  containing  the  pittillate  tlowem,  the  staminate 
with  a  Hiii^lo  htamen  and  a  rudimentAry  pistil.  Small  tree.i  or 
(■reft  or  subHcandent  shrubs. 

I'ltosTiiiMv.  Kluwcnt  unisexual  ;  reeoptacles  usually  tribrao- 
teate  Jii  the  base,  axillary  ;  Htaminate,  pistillate,  and  gall  Howers  in 
the  Hame  receptiU'le  ;  stamen  I  or  randy  2  ;  stigmas  elongate{l, 
nsuullv  acute  ;  leaves  alternat*-*,  entin-,  eoriaceons,  sulH-oriaceous, 
or  rarely  meinbmnaceouB.  I'sualiy  trees  or  large  climbing  shrubs, 
epipliytal  in  youth. 

Synikcia.     Flowert  uniiezual  or  uezual,  the  stamuiate  and  gall 


Howers  in  one  M't  of  roceptaides,  the  ptHlillatc  and  asexual  Howers  in 
another;  .itamen  1  or  v  ry  riifely  'J  ;  leave**  te«M-lliite  on  the  lower 
surfiiee  ;  II  .'rpi,ifb-i  lar^e  iind  eoloreit.     ( 'limbing  «hriibs. 

Sv<  ihli'M.  KlowerM  ■  iiiiM'iiml,  the  Htainiuate  and  gall  tlowen>  in 
one  »et  of  ret'i-piiM'lei,  Oie  pi-itdlate  llower  in  another  :  utameii  1 
or  very  rarely  -  ;  n-i'epi  leles  gi'ncntlly  axtllary,  mon>  or  lemt  »ea- 
brnte.    Small  treen  or  .ihrubs,  sometimet  tlind>ing,  ran-ly  epiphytal. 

Co\'KI.UA.  Klowem  uniHexual  ;  staminate  and  gall  tlowers  ti>- 
gether  in  one  set  uf  rreeptaides,  the  pintiltate  Howrrs  in  another  ; 
rulyx  of  the  staniinate  Hower  divided  into  thn>e  or  l.iiir  sepals  ; 
stamen  1  ;  ck'^x  of  the  piiitillate  Hower  gatnoph) lions  •  r  randy  *-•'. 
four  nr  live  sepitU  much  Hhi-iter  than  the  rvary.  or  wantii  g  ;  rree|^ 
tach'!!  <iii  long  aplivlloiis  bniiirhes  pnHliietMl  ne>ir  the  bn  e  tif  the 
stem,  often  Kiibliy|M>giiMii,  or  oti  abbn'viated  braiuh!i>ls  from  ths 
stein  or  large  hrauches,  or  aidlary.  Tn>eii  or  shrulis,  not  climbing 
or  epiphytal. 

Kt?*VCK.  HowefB  unisexual,  the  male  and  gull  Howers  in  one  set 
of  n'ceptacleH,  the  pistillate  llowent  in  'mother  ;  staineiiH  U!t*uilly  2, 
mndv  1  or  !i ;  receptael-s  axillary  ;  leaves  alternate,  villous  or 
glabnHi>(.  deeidiiuus  or  (HTsiHteut.  Small  trees  or  shrubs,  tcandenl 
or  erect,  rundy  epiphytal. 

NKuMtiHriiK.  Flowers  uniseximl,  the  male  and  gall  Howers  in 
one  set  of  n>ceptacles,  the  pistillate  Howers  in  another  and  smaller  ; 
calyx  inHated  into  three  or  four  membranaceous  se(iaU  ;  stamens  '2  ; 
n-ceptacles  large,  fKM'icIed  on  abbn'viat^Ml  branchlet.«  fnnn  the  stem 
or  large  hmnches.     Th'ch,  usually  scandent,  not  epiphytal. 

■  HumUddt,  Uonpland  &  Kunth,  A'or.  dm.  ft  St^r.  ii.  117.— 
Bli-me,  litj.lr.  Ft.  Xed.  Imt.  ii.  4iW.  —  Mitpiel,  Ann.  Sri.  A'u/.  srfr. 
3,  i.  31  ;  Honhr  hmri.  Jour,  liot.  vi.  TiH  ;  vii.  i^tJIi  ;  Verh.  A  rati. 
Amt.  i.  Ill  {A/rik  Vijg«-fioo.n.)  ;  Murtnts  Fi.  !intut.  iv.  pt.  i.  100  ; 
Ann.  Mum.  Lugd.  Bat.  iii. '.'14,  1!GU.  —  LiebmanUt /'miii-.  Vide*i*k. 
SeUL.  SLrifl.  wr.  3,  ii.  319.  —  Hi^nthaw,  Fl.  Awilral.  vi.  100  — 
fmstlMuh.  FL  lint.  H'.  Ind.  150.  —  Seemanii.  hi.  Vxt.  247.  — 
Frani'iet  &  Savatier,  Knum.  VI.  Jap.  i.  4iM.  —  Uukcr,  Fl.  Maur.  ^ 
SetjifiH.  283.  —  Kurz,  Fore*t  Fl.  lirit.  liurm.  ii.  435.  —  Parodi,  Ann. 
Sic.  Cirnc.  Arfjrnt.  v.  87  ((\mtriti.  Fl.  Famg.  35).  ~  .Hoissier,  Fl. 
'Jrient.  iv.  11.13.  —  llensley,  Hoi.  Biol.  Am.  Cmt.  iii.  U3.  —  G. 
King,  /.  c.  ;  Ihoker  f.  Fl.  Brit.  Ind.  t.  401.  —  WaUon,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  XXIV.  77  ;  xzvi.  150. 


MOKACEJC. 


8ILVA   OF  NOnril  AMERICA. 


<>3 


tropic'H  of  both  heniifiphorcH,  tlio  largest  nuinlxT  Ix'iii^  found  on  the  Uhindj  of  the  Malay  Arehipchi^u 
and  the  Pacific  Ocean  ;  a  few  Hpccies  extend  heyoad  the  tropics  into  Me.:ioo,  Hoiithern  Florida,  wiiicli  is 
inlialiitcd  hy  tw<»  in(li;j;enous  Fij;-trceH,  Argentina,  sontht'in  Japan  ant!  Cliina,  the  countries  bordering; 
the  Mediterr  iieaii,  tlie  Canary  iHlands,  and  soutlicrn  Africa.  Tlie  t\|)e  is  an  ancient  one,  having 
existed  in  the  cretju-eons  aj;e,  when  several  Hpecies  i»f  Ficus  tlonrished  in  Europe,'  and  during  tertiary 
times  in  North  Anierica,  where  Ficus  tln-n  abounded  with  i.umy  species  in  the  northern  UiJcUy  Mountain 
region  ^  and  ran^^ed  to  the  shores  of  the  Pacilie  Oeean.^ 

Some  of  the  Hpecies  (»f  Ficus  pn)duce  edibh*  fruit,  the  uuist  valuable  as  fruit-trees  bein^  FIvhh 
C(tri(fi^*  the  type  of  the  p-nus,  and  Fivus  Stfi-ontontsJ'  Frtni'.  tlie  thick  milky  juice  of  others  Indij* 
rubber  is  nuule.*^     All  the  :«pecies  produce  soft  li^ht  perishablj  wood. 


*  SapiirU,  Origine  PalionloJ'tgiijue  fle$  Arhres,  uO'l.  ~  /Itti'l, 
Ha'uih.  r<l!-ror,tol,>,/.   I7H,  f.  'JS;*  •^HT,. 

'  lrf<ft<|iirriMix,  f.  S.  fifiHi.,j.  Surr.  vii.  1!U,  t.  -H  .'l.*»,  (1  4u\  ;  viii. 
-Ifi.  t.  I,  f.  IL'.  i;i,  t.  14,  f.  I.  t.  10,  f.  .%,  t.  i7,  f.  V  i;  (r„ntnh.  /W*. 
FI.  Wmtrm  'I'ernlorieii,  ii.,  iti.).  —  I..  F.  Wunl,  *'>lh  Ann.  lif/t.  I'.  S. 
(intUiij.  S;rr.  |H.H|-.Vi,  /io.',  t.  U-t«i  (>'y't.  /■'/.  I.timmif  (imuf*). 

*  I^'ii()iirn>ii!i,  .Uf-m.  .W»«.  Comp.  /.oOl.  vi,  pt.  ii.  17,  X.  t,  f.  U-ll 
(f  (iMi^  I'UiufM  o/thf  A<  rifernuM  fr'rai'rl  PrpntiU  of  th*  S terra  AVivi'/  i  ) 

*  LinnnMiii,  N/wc.  lOiVJ  (H-kJ).  —  lliiyrn-,  Ann.  iz.  t.  Ml  —  TarU- 
toTt\  FI.  /tilt.  iv.  'MM.  —  Himrdiji,  Forest  I'l  lirit.  fmi.  US.  —  Uui*- 
•ier,  Fl.  i'rierU.  iv.  1I.V4. 

Co;>ri/.>iiji  imechfrru  t.HApHrini,  Sov.  <ien.  Fir,  t\  (1H(-|^ 
Firm  t'nru-it,  wIiimu>  micculeiit  rt'rrptrtclr*  an*  tho  nlililt'  ti>;t  of 
oimiinprci',  him  t>ot>n  riiltivatcii  from  ui)i>it-i)t  tiinri,  iirul  immv  );r(iuH 
wpontani'oiDily  rroiii  Ar^liniiinUii  ami  ciutU'rii  IVniit  tliriMi);h  all  tlic 
Mi'tlr'i'rnint'aii  M->(i(>n  to  tlii>  Ciiiiary  I  laiul.H,  iK'iii^  -irn'<it(>(l  tu  tlin 
north  hy  the  iiKniiitaiiis  of  the  i'aiu'amn  ami  wcittcrn  Kiirop*'.  Th« 
•vitU'Don  rolh-i'tiMl  by  A.  <lo  Caiulullo  ((htijinr  lUa  FUvUfS  Cu/ZiVf V.», 
S£3r>)  KctMnR  tu  III  it!(  prvl.i.torif  hiuiit"  in  tho  Mfilitt<rraimaii  hattiii 
fniii)  Syria  tu  the  Canary  IniaiKU,  aUh<Mi{(h  in  thi^  i'aae  uf  a  plant 
like  thti  KiK-tre*'.  nilttvatfil  fnr  ctMituriiit  fur  itt  f<HNl,  with  niinuto 
•eetU  whii'ti  tlu  nut  luMt  vitality  in  thn  prm'i'HN  of  iiniinal  ili>(<  ttion, 
it  is  not  t'a.iy  tt'  dcciili'  tu  what  Kitent  its  tiahitat  luu  been  vxtemlt'd 
hy  the  agtMiry  of  man. 

The  Fij;-tree  was  known  an<l  cnltivated  hy  thr  anciiMit  K^yp- 
tuuif,  ami  in  nicntionnl  in  thv  ohlmt  Inxika  of  the  lli-hrrw  race. 
NuniertHis  variftir^  werv  uri^inate<l  and  Taliird  hy  tht*  (iret'k^.  i>nr 
of  these  from  Carta  in  .Asia  Minor  furnishing  the  Kigtreo  with  its 
■cicntirti'  luime.  I'irxu  i'arxca,  which  is  now  .'.iltivattMt  in  innu- 
inerable  viirieties  in  all  tenijirnite  ouuntrif.,  supplif*  the  people 
of  southern  Kurope  ainl  western  Asia  with  one  uf  thfir  most  im[H)r- 
t&nt  articles  of  ftMMl  ;  the  fruit  is  eaten  freiih  antl  tlried,  and  tlricd 
Itga  are  now  exported  fnim  Asia  Minor,  which  is  the  f^reat  Fig- 
prod  '"^g  region,  tu  North  AmeriuA  and  all  the  countriei  of 
Kurop«,  I'i^  ure  slightly  laza**'  .  and  are  S4)nit>times  used  in  the 
treatment  of  chrunic  cunsti|>ation  (Fliickiger  &  llanbury,  PKarma- 
cogmphia,  487.  —  U.  S.  DinpetiM.  cd.  1«.  711). 

'l*he  ataminate  and  gall  Howera  of  Firtu  Caricn  occupy  elongated 
receptacles  borne  on  une  individ-iftl,  and  the  pistillate  Huwera  a  glo- 
boao  or  pyriform  receptacle  on  another.  The  difference  in  the 
ahai>e,  size,  and  general  iippearance  of  the  twu  receptacles  in  so 
gr^iit  that  the  trees  prtMhuting  them  were  long  considered  distinct, 
that  with  the  staminato  and  gall  tluwcrt  l>eing  caUed  tho  Caprit.;,' 
and  the  other  the  Fig,  Vague  ideas  uf  the  itexual  relations  uf  tlio 
two  plants  led  to  the  practice  uf  caprittcation,  which  was  originated 
by  the  Cin>eks,  and  is  still  used  in  Asia  Minor  and  in  sunie  parts  uf 
southern  Europe,  and  has  la  ily  t>een  introduced  into  California. 
It  consists  in  placing  tho  receptacle-bearing  bnuiohes  uf  the  Capri- 


*li{  on  Fig-tni'H  at  tho  fruitir  ;  season  or  in  planting  m-casional 
C.pritij'-i  in  Ki^  urchiinU  in  i  •»!  -  'hut  the  frmale  in.s?cts  which 
ti-e  hati'lii'd  frniii  e^i^n  liiid  in  tui'  giilt  tliiwcrtt  of  the  CapriMg  may 
-Mittr  till"  nicpliuh-H  iif  the  Fij^-trcc.  and  insure  tlie  fertllizatiun  of 
the  piHiill:it)-  tluv\i-r>  with  puUrn  carried  fruui  tho  stamiiiate  tluweni 
of  tlu'  Ciipritif;. 

I>.  1>.  Ctinniiighaui,  from  inve^stigiitiun.H  made  on  Ficm  Rox- 
finrtjhti,  Mitpii'l,  in  the  Hutauic  (itirden  uf  Calcutta  (/Inn.  Hot. 
finnt.  Ctil'tiiut,  i.  .\ppx.  1,  t.  \~o)  reached  the  cuncluiiiuu  tbat  the 
fertiliziitiuM  of  thi-«  itpecieA  at  h-iut  in  ittexnal,  ilie  femali'  Hower 
t -'iiig  pruiilic  without  pnilcu  when  vi.sitcd  tiy  Hhi.Htu|ihHga,  whose 
vixit  to  tlh*  Htiiniinutf  ttnwiT  i.t  also  m-civsiary  tu  iiii^nn)  the  pro- 
duition  uf  |M>|]i'ii.  Althoti^jh  l.imm'us  {Hurt.  CUlf.  47'.)  P-cugnizcd 
thi^  (m-I  that  the  l-'i^  and  thii  Capritig  were  Miit't'  and  femiiio 
furniM  uf  tht'  tiiinie  spi't-icH,  later  iHitunists  cuntiitued  to  cuuttider 
them  Hpccitii-alty  distinct,  unit  (ia.Hpiirini  phu-eil  the  twu  trees  in 
distinct  gcncrit,  Ficu.-t  ami  CHpritii-us  (.Vijc.  frftt.  Ftc.  0),  the  view 
which  was  maintained  by  the  Dutch  botanist  Miguel  (llouker, 
Limit.  Jintr.  Hot.  vii.  'J'J-).  By  ulhcrs  the  Caprihg  has  been  conaid- 
frod  the  wild  type  from  which  the  cultiviited  Fig  ha.H  been  derived 
(Sulm.H-I*aubiU-h,  .ihhanfil.  (ieiirll.  Win.  (i>-tt.  [7>(V  iirrhotj}.  Domes- 
tirntuffi  urui  VeHirritung  »ler  tjncyhtUirhru  Fvii/rttfniuth])  Fritz  MUl- 
Icr  (A'*>»m'M,  li.  3tXi),  Iiowcvit,  established  tln^  fact,  nuw  generally 
recugnizcd,  that  the  two  pLints  wen*  .'•exunl  furniii  of  one  Hpecies  ; 
and  while  the  actiuii  of  tin- insect  { lllnstiijihatja  yru«orum,  (iraven- 
horat)  ApiHam  to  U'  neccssiry  tu  insure  the  fertilization  of  the 
ovaries  and  the  prodiirtiun  of  aet  Jti,  cuprilication  from  an  ecunomio 
ptiinl  of  view  in  the  case  uf  Kotne  varit  ties,  at  least,  ha.H  prubably 
little  practical  aignitlciUicc,  as  tlic  receptacles  cunKiining  tbo  female 
Huwers,  which  are  the  edible  fig!*,  uften  grow  without  reference  to 
the  prfiductiun  uf  seed.n.  (Sim',  ulao,  1*huI  Meyer,  Mitikeil.  Xoi'dog, 
Stat.  AVj/j.  iii.  .Vii  [iiur  yiturgefrhichte  iter  Feigemmecten']). — 
Ilemaley,  Xature,  xxvii.  oS^t.  —  Hermann  Midler,  The  Fertilization 
of  Flottrr.i,  F.nglish  ed.  o\il.  —  Annual  Hep.  Cali/omia  State  Boani 
Agrintlture,  1S91,  L»*J7). 

»  I.innajus,  L  c.  (I7r»3).  —  Forskal,  Fl.  .€ggt)t-Amb.  180.  ~ 
iloissier,  /.  c.  1155. 

SycomoruA  antt'ptorum,   Miquel,   Ili>oler  Loml.  Jour,  Bot.  vii. 

10l>.  — (tHSparini,  fiirerrh.  Capri/.  8*>. 

A  nati*  e  of  Kgypt  and  AbysHin'ii,  Firu^  Sycomorus^  which  is  a 
largo  tree  with  a  dense  spreading  crown,  is  often  planted  in  Kgypt 
in  avenues.  The  fruit,  which  is  very  inferior  to  that  of  Ficu$ 
Cariiii,  ifi  fre(|ueutly  ustetl  by  t'-'  wiiil  triU-a,  and  is  eaten  by  ani- 
nuila.  From  tho  wood  the  mummy  cases  uf  the  ancient  Kgyptians 
were  made. 

*  Aa  a  rubbc reproducing  plant,  Fit*ui  elaitica  (Ulume,  Bijdr.  M, 
Ne<Llnd.i.44ij.  —  Roxburgh,  Fl.  Ind.  ed.*-*,  iii.  541.  —  G.King, /Inn, 
Bot.  (ianU  CaUiuta,  i.  45,  t.  64  ;  Hooker  /.  Fl.  Brit.  hid.  v.  509),  a 


» 


I   1 


r!  ■■ 


w 


I   ' 


m 


1 1 


i 


Ii 


J 


94 


SILVA   OF  NOHTII  AMKIilCA. 


MOHACKA 


In  all  trnpioal  (■(iiintrioH  Ki^i^trroH,  iiHimlly  of  tiio  Hoction  TroHtif^n,  nro  cultivntod  for  Hlmdu  and 
ornanuMit ;  ami  in  India,  (Vyion,  and  llurinali  FifH»  nH'j' ...i,'  sacred  to  Huddlm,  In  plunttid  near  his 
toinpli's.  and  ciu'iisliiMl  l>y  liin  foilowcrs. 

The  North  American  H|H>('ifM  uF  Fieus  are  nut  known  to  suffer  from  the  attacks  of  insects  or  fungal 
ditcaMfs. 

Kims,  fnini  avxnv,  the  classical  name  of  the  Fijy-trcc,  was  adopted  by  Tournefort '  and  afterward 
bv  l.iniM'Us. 


iiiitiii'  >•(  (III'  I'li'liTii  lliiiiiiluviia,  Aaiuiiii,  lliiriiiiili,  ,iiul  M»la,v».  ii 
pniliiililv  (ho  iiioitt  viiliiuMf  HjH't'ii'H  nf  ilio  p'im»,  nllliiMiKlt  tin*  rtiU 
Imt  It  vii-liU  U  If'tt  vitliiithlr  thiiii  tlijit  iililiiitii'il  (nun  lu'Vrrul  N|>4>i'i«>ii 
of  ll<'\)ji  of  tro|ti('iil  Aiiii'rii'n.  It  im  ii  iiolili'  trci',  Hoiiirtiiiii-'*  a 
Ininilrt-il  fi  I't  In^li,  Mitli  I'lionnouM  trunks  iiikI  loii^^  riHitji,  nliich 
fortn  A  iii'tMork  oil  till'  MirfHL'i'  of  tlli'  j;roiititi  (fiunlin  itmi  Furrat^ 
II.  .VH,  f.  ii:i). 

A'k-ik  liiitlirii  in  |>]itntcil  ».« II  h)iii(1i>  mill  iivrliilf  tn'i>  in  nil  tropiial 
ciiiititrh"*,  mill  in  liiri;t-tv  iiM-d  imt.<tii)e  tlir  tro|)ii-<i  for  tlir  ilt>t>oriitioii 
t'f  coiiHiTviiloricA  Hiiil  li^iii^-rooiiiK.  In  Akmiiii  Iiir^i<  |iliiiitjit ioii.h  of 
tliiM  tri'i*  lijivo  In'pii  iiiailt*  ■inev  IHT.'t  for  Ihi*  {inKliu-tion  of  rulilirr 
(Maiiii,  h'orfft  Afitniniitratitm  m  .intiim,  1H7I  T."!,  'JM  [lirp.  F»rr$t 
Ihfit.  Iiuliti,  IH".**].  —  Itrniiiiiii,  Sui/ifftli'inj  rrtfanli'i)/  h'ortut  ,-li/mi«- 
ittnUinu  in  .l<.*'t"t,(tt  [If'iit.  IS7i*j.  -Stri'tU'l.  Thf  FirtLt  Flitfttrti  in 
Burma  l^rnfttr  [Kjui^niii,  IHTtlj). 

'I'lic  -tiiii  in  rttnit-tt-d  liy  illl'l^iotM  inihli*  nlHtiit  i  fiHit  ii|iart  tliroii^h 
tlir  liiirk  of  till-  trunk  iiiul  priiit-i|i,il  ImuifhrH  up  to  tlir  top  of  thi< 
tn'o.  i)ii  I'lpoMiri*  to  tin-  air  tin-  juii-c  Hi-parnti-*  iiHuitiuiroimlv  into 
a  liani  (-la^ti('  iiitistaiu'i'  iiimI  into  a  frtiij  wliry-likc  nilorU'iiH  tiijuiil. 
iSfi'  Ualfiuir,  Knci/cloptflia  i>/  Imliii,  nl.  .1,  i.  lUllW.) 


'  l.inniriiii,  .S';"'-  •"•"'O  (KM).  —  Bliime,  llijilr.  FI.  Kfil.  Iml.  i. 
VM\.  -  Uoil.iirKli,  /■?.  hut.  nl.  M,  iii.  M7.  —  Knn,  FortH  FI.  Ilril. 
liiirmiih,  ii.  41H.  — (;.  Kinu,  .Inn.  lUtl.  linnl.  Ciilrulla,  i.  W,  t.  07,  A. 
XI,  V.  ;  i/.«ilrr/   (7.  Ilnl.  In,l.  v.  ftl.'l 

Fiiiu  njhnwr,  lirinitli,  .\nii,l.  iv.  WW,  t.  .Vkl  (1H.M). 
Firut  niHilnIn,  Stokin.  /(.,(.  .Mm  M„l  iv.  :iV(  (IHia). 
I'rmlii/mn  rfliijifuum,  (iivupArini,   llvrrrh.  Cttprif.  H'J,  t.  7,  f.  1 
(l»H.'i)  -  Mi,pi.-1,  ll.ukrr  /..ml.Jour.  Hit.  vi.  fici;)  ;  H.  Iml.  Ilat. 

i.  pt.  ii  :i:i.'i,  I.  '.'It. 

CnnlHjmn    njhnr,   Miipirl,   lliHilrr    IahiiI.    Jimr.   Hut.    vi.    riG4 

(1*»7). 

llif  Pijittl  tn*<*  in  R  nfttivi*  of  IWnf^l  ami  central  India,  anil  U 
cotninonly  pUntfil  tliroiiKli  all  ilio  wamirr  r--|;ioii»  of  Mtutbem 
Afiia.  It  in  till*  uMMt  Mtt-rril  tret*  of  tin*  ItuililluAtA,  anil  ia  alau  von- 
rmti'tl  by  tlii'  HimliMitt  U'l-aioif*  \'iMhnu  in  Wlievi'il  to  liavr  In-en 
Uirn  iiiiilcr  tin'  nliailr  of  it«  wiili>*ftpn<a(lin);  Itranrhi'H.  Stlk-wurma 
an-  Kjiiil  to  tlonriili  tin  it«  Icavro  ;  tli«<  liark  in  tonic  ;  and  lar  of 
f^iHxl  ipiality  ia  olitaini'd  fruiu  it  (Urandia,  Fonil  Ft.  bril.  Jnd.  41A. 
—  Halfour,  f.  < .  1101). 

»  Tournefort,  Init.  Otf.',  t.  WO. 


CONSPKCTI'S  OF  TIIK   NOUTll   AMKHICAN   SPKCIES. 


Urodtidma.  Flowrm  iiiiinrxiial,  niiitisl  in  the  naiiii-  rprcjiUrlc ;  utami'ii  1  ;  anther  ulnatsi  rrreptaelcs 
uxillary.  inrloHoil  in  ii  railuruii?*  rurullati'  lirart,  iritirai'tcati'  at  tlni  lifiM* ;  Icnven  alternate,  entire, 
roriai'i'uns,  inrlimcil  in  tho  liud  in  the  iiiter|H'tiolur  railiiiuun  iiti|iuli'!i  inarkiii)(  tho  brancliea  in  falling 
witli  iiarmw  rin);-like  arani. 

liei'iptai'les  iiiilif;lul>o!H>,  sesiiile.  or  iihort-|i<>diineiilato :  lo.irp«  ohionf;,  umially  |K>intp<l  at  botli  enda  ■ 


1. 


lit-T^  jitaclf!!  uhuvate,  lun^;  or  iiliurt-|H'<lunculate  ;  U>a"oa  broadly  ovate,  cordate 2. 


F.    AtTRRA. 

F.  roruLNBA. 


m()kack;r. 


MOnACRA. 


aiLVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


1)5 


it  I 


J.mr.   IM.    vi.    nM 


PIOUS    AUREA. 

Rkceptaci-kh  Hub^l()boso,  sessile,  or  short-peiluneulate.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
UNUully  pointed  at  both  ends. 

Fioua  BuroA,  Niittall,  Si/lfi,  ii.  4.  t.   ill  (1H4»).  —  Clia|>-      Fioua  aurea.  var.  latifolia,  Niittall.  Sylca,  ii.  4  (1849). 
man,  Fl.  415.  —  Nar|;ent,  t'orett  Trees  y.  Am.  lOM  Cen- 
sus U.  S.  ix.  i:>6. 

A  round  liroad-toppcd  parnHitic  trin*,  fifty  or  sixty  foot  in  luijjlit,  Rorniinatinp  and  growing  at  first 
on  tho  trunkH  or  branohoM  of  otiior  trues,  and  sending  down  to  tlio  ground  stout  aerial  roots,  wiiicli, 
{;ra<hially  ^rowin^r  to^rtlior  an<l  Htran^lin}r  its  host,  form  a  trunk  often  tliroc  or  four  foot  in  dianivtcr, 
while  other  riMitH  p-oduoo<l  from  thu  branches  fix  themselves  in  the  )rround,  grow  into  trunkH,  and 
extend  the  tree  over  a  lar^e  area.  The  hark  of  the  trunk  is  half  an  itieii  thick,  snuxith,  ashy  (fray,  or 
lighl  hrown  slightly  tinged  with  orange,  and  hroken  ou  the  surface  into  minute  appresscd  scales  which, 
iii  falling,  disclose  the  nearly  hiack  inner  liaik.  The  hranchlets  are  stout,  terete,  pithy,  Hglit  orange- 
colore<l,  uiul  marked  with  pale  lenticels,  conspicuous  stijtular  scars,  large  slightly  elevated  horizontal 
oval  leaf-searH  in  whicii  appear  a  marginal  ring  of  large  pale  liiiro-vascular  hundle-scars,  and  smaller 
elevated  oonrave  circular  scars  left  hy  the  reee|>tacles  in  falling.  Thu  leaves  are  involute  in  vernation, 
ohiong,  usually  narrowed  at  both  ends,  acute,  t.r  acuminate  with  short  broad  points  at  the  apex,  wedge- 
Hha|H>d  or  rarely  broad  and  rounded  at  the  bane,  two  to  five  inches  long,  an  inch  and  a  half  to  three 
inches  wide,  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  yellow-green  and  lustrous  above,  and  paler  and  rather  less 
luHtrouH  below,  with  broad  light  yellow  midribs  slightly  grooved  un  the  upper  side,  and  numerous 
obscure  primary  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins  and  connected  by  line  closely  reticulated 
veinlets ;  they  are  borne  on  stout  slightly  grooved  {H'tioles,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length,  and, 
continuing  to  unfohl  during  a  hirge  part  of  the  year,  usually  fall  during  their  second  season.  The 
stipules,  whicli  are  ovati>-lanceolate,  thick  and  firm,  tinged  with  red,  and  about  an  inch  long,  inclose  the 
leaf  in  a  slender  Hhar|>-pointed  bud-like  covering.  The  receptacles,  which  develop  in  succession  as  the 
brunch  lengthens,  are  axillary,  subglobose,  Hessilc,  or  short-i>edunculate,  and  solitary  or  often  in  pairs, 
with  u  lateral  orifice  marked  by  a  small  point  formed  by  the  union  of  the  minute  bracts  with  which  it  is 
closed  ;  when  they  first  appear  they  are  partly  inclosed  by  a  thin  broatlly  ovate  membranaceous  light 
brown  hoo<l-like  caducous  posterior  bract,  and  are  furnished  at  tho  base  with  three  ovate  rounded 
persistent  anterior  bractM,  tho  central  one  being  outside  the  others,  and  rather  smaller  ;  when  they  are 
fully  grown,  they  ore  about  one  third  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  yellow,  but  ultimately  turn  bright 
red.  The  tlowera  are  reddish  purple,  separated  by  minute  reddish  cbalT-like  scales,  more  or  less 
kciniate  at  tho  apex,  and  are  sessile  or  long-|iedicellate.  The  calyx  of  tho  sUtminate  flower  is  divided 
to  below  the  middle  into  two  or  three  broad  lobes  rather  shorter  than  tho  stout  ilattened  filament.  The 
lobes  of  the  anther  are  oblong,  and  attached  laterally  to  thu  broad  connective.  The  calyx  of  the  pistil- 
late Hower  is  divided  to  the  middle  into  four  or  five  narrow  lobes,  and  closely  invests  the  ovate  sessile 
ovary  surmounted  by  a  slender  lateral  clavato  style  two-lipped  at  the  ajK-x.  The  fruit  is  ovate,  inclosed 
at  tho  base  by  the  pursistent  calyx,  crowned  with  the  remnants  of  the  style,  and  immersed  ia  the 
thickened  reddish-purple  walls  of  the  receptacle ;  it  has  a  thin  Hoshy  outer  covering  and  a  thick-walled 
light  brown  crustaceous  nutlet.  The  seed  is  ovate  and  rounded  at  both  ends,  with  a  thin  ligh'  brown 
testa,  and  a  large  lateral  oblong  pale  hiluni. 

F'tcun  (lurea  is  a  common  inhabitant  of  woody  hummocks  on  the  shores  and  islands  of  sontbern 
Florida,  where  it  is  distribute<l  from  the  Indian  River  on  the  east  coast  and  from  the  shores  and  islands 


;   < 


1:1        ' 


i 


n\  i 


4 


i ' 


^il) 


j 

.      j. 

1  1 

'!   1 

■i|    ! 

f 


» 


. 


96 


.SILVA    OF  NOltTII  AMKKICA. 


MORACILX. 


of  Tiiini)n  Buy  (Hi  tlio  wont  coniit '  to  tlic  noiitlinni  kcyH,  uf tttiniiiK  itn  liir);"it  hIzo  in  the  noighborliood  of 
Kay  Itiscayiii' ;  '  it  iiIno  iiiliiil)itH  tlu>  Hahtima  iNlaiiilH.' 

Till'  whim)  of  /■'/< iM  iiiiriii  Ih  I'Xfet'ilinjjly  lij;'''.  N"ft>  very  w«>ak,  coarwjfraine*!,  and  very  iMtrislmlile 
in  rontact  with  tliu  ground  ;  it  In  li^rlit  lirown,  with  thivk  li)rhter  colored  Mipwood,  and  eontaiiiH 
nuiiierous  tliiii  liardly  (liMtinguiHhalile  nuuhdlary  rayit.  Tlie  i«|iei'itie  (gravity  of  the  ubnolutely  dry  wood 
iit  ().2()1(>,  a  ('iil)i('  loot  wi'igliing  Ki.llO  |>oundH. 

Tlio  earliest  uceoiint  of  FUhh  miiuii  npiwarH  in  Bernard  KonianH'n  Nuturnl  History  of  Floriihi* 
pulilislu'd  in  177"».  It  in  (tonietinieH  i)lanted  as  ik  nhade-treo  on  Key  WoHt,"  and  hu»  lately  been  intro- 
duced into  the  );ardenN  of  the  United  Stittex  and  Europe. 


'  I'  \V    Kriimuiir.  Giiriirn  iinil  Forrti,  i.  '.Ml.  bninchni  iif  tha  nrifpnul  trunk,  Mul  it*  dsoM  wkle  crawn  of  foU>||* 

"'  Wliiit  i«  pruliitlilv  till-  lart^-Kt  ii|H'ciit)rti  of  Finm  aurrn  in  tli«  (t innten  ivvt  Forrti,  i.  I'JH,  f.). 

Unitril  Stntcn  ^Tiiwit  iin  a  wimmIim)    hiiinnim'k,   t.uiiMy  kiH>wn   lu  '  ltnic<\  No.  X*\  llrrh.  Krw. 

"The  lltMitiii^-^nMiiiil,"  atHMit  ti'ii  inili'ii  wpitt  t»f  llii'  tnimtli  of  tlia  •  /-Viim  Amrrintim^  rilri /tttio^frw^t  pann  furpurto^'lX. 

Miiiiiii   ItiviT  iiiiil  rliiM*  lu  thr  Nhiirv'^  of  Itiiy  lliM'ftynp.     Thi«  n*-  *  The  nolile  tree  in  front  of  thn  I'nitvil  States  iMirrftcki  on  Kej 

iiiiirV  ililc  tri'i'  rovrm  uliont  a  qiiarlrr  uf  an  ainv  of  ((niunil  with  ita  Writ,  which  ia  an  objaet  of  intorMt  to  all  riiiton  to  tha  Iiland,  a 

Dumeruua  iliatinot  atema  furiueU  fruiu  ruuta  tlevelujtod  from  thi'  of  tbia  ipeciai. 


FXPLANATION   OF  TIIK   PlJVTE. 


M  ' 


f' 


I'l.ATK   CCrXXIV.      Kill's    AI'HKA. 

1.  A  riowrrln^'  and  fruitin;;  lirunrh,  iiatiirni  aiti'. 

2.  A  )mir  of  yoiini;  m'i-|iiiu-l«M  nivrred  by  th«ir  poaterior  niPulUtc  bnrt,  raUrgnd. 
,'{.  A  ri'rf|ilarle,  aide  view,  enlari^'d. 

4.  A  rireptacle,  front  riow.  i-nlarge*!. 

5.  Vertioal  neelion  of  a  reci'plarli-,  iiilart^d. 

0.  Serlion  of  a  rfeejitnele,  allowing  the  lluwcra,  enliirgad. 

7.  A  atamiimte  tlowrr,  rnUr|;t>d. 

K.  A  atiinu'n,  rear  view,  eiilar^rrd. 

0.  A  piKtillate  flower,  enlarged. 

10,  A  fruit,  enlarijetl. 

11.  Vertical  ai-rtion  of  a  fruit,  enlar){ed. 
Vi.  A  x'tHl,  eidnr^iHl. 

1,'i.  An  einbryo.  niiirli  nia(fnilicil. 

14.  Portion  uf  branch  sbuwint;  leaf  and  rareptacle  acars,  natural  aiie. 


{hborlioud  of 

try  |)enHlml)le 
and  coiitaiiiH 
t'ly  dry  wood 

of  Florida,* 
y  been  iiitro- 

crown  a(  foliage 


r»,  31. 

I  iMrnulii  «n  Krj 

I  to  Um  ItUutl,  i* 


[ed. 


%J  %^ 


ii 


r 


•J   v 


!« 


M 


i 

{ 

i 

I  I 


\ 


I 


If 


I  r 


17V 


■'./■//    wimiiCA. 


Mon     I 


I  oiwst'-  to  tho  Houtliorn  keys  attaiiiuig  itsi  Ijirgwt  <)i»>  in  thi"  n<iighborl 

.    i.iiuibih)  ttui  Balinntd  iHiaiiiltt.' 

^,*  ,u!r<'i  ii  ..ti-»—l..'>^^!v  lv;ii',  Mift,  vt-ry  woak,  (ionrse-griiiiii'il,  and  ver;"  i^emhabW 
v.  a,  wuh  thick   lijflitiT  t-olort'il  i^pwuod,  and   runlaiiis 
1  i:i  iluilaiy  na:*.     Tfi.- spociiic  jjravity  of  the  nl»i»oluU'ly  dry -woml 
■0  |ioiilii.l.s. 

urta  ajtpeani  in  niTn.iid  Uomans's  yaluni  Florida* 

aiies.  planted  m  a  uLtidit-tree  on   Key  Wtwt,'  and  haa  faueif  b«on  iiiiro- 


•.il  /■.,.«;,  1. '^11. 
.     i,'i'»l  >)i<>tiii»'n  of  .^Tii-w  awns  if  fh* 

./■  AlKmt  O'li  teiU'-i  we«l  of  lh»;  «UKi:a 
.    i  cli'!*e  to  tl«*  »)iun*i  f»[  B«v  BiMurri' 
■.  <rr»  aboBt  •  t|UWt«r  of  an  attv  '-f     • 
lutiiMt  •tcBiii  foruad  fnim  nwfat  iIi 


Umw'it^  of  thf  original  trunk,  mhI  iti  Attma  irkt»  erumi  i>f  fnlinfrr 
t'7ar'im  aid  Fantt,  i.  VIX,  f). 
•  llraw,  N...  ;ioC  ri.Tb.  Kew. 

n»  nnlile  tr*e  in  front  of  llw  I'iiiimI  BtiitM  hsrmcki  on  Kfy 

.»  .  ,i    .1.,,.!,  ■«  ,,,  „h.„.i  .,f  ..,>,.rr«t  to«il  iri«in>-  ■■'  'hf  irlanj,  i-i 


Ml 


A 


F.XVT,\Ma' 

l'I.»l  K    t.  • 

1.  A  rtjwiTinit  »»<!  fririti 

2.  A  |i»ir  of  ifottnjf    ■ 


(io«t«Hor  '■uciilUtt'  hnwl,  rnlurf^. 


<  1  m.  ouUiiieii. 


RttliiriU  fxi.v 


M    IK        t 

jhliorlidit.,    '■ 

i^  ( •  rislinlili; 
rtn(]  ctiiitikiii^ 
el^'  iln-  wood 

/  hridu* 
V  b«en  inlro- 


■  'H^  inland,  i^ 


3ilva  of  North   Aniencd 


Tab.  CCCXXIV. 


A'  J'.i^nm  J*^ 


Hu'ieii^  JC. 


Ficus  AUREA,  :; 


A  Jiuw 


■•w^r    .urt\r  ' 


/•"y  .  '  I\j/}rur  ,'\irw 


i| 


t  • 


\} 


:l-\ 


I      • 


if 


\m 


k 


r 


'1 


li 


i  ,  I 


r. 


fit  P' 


} 


't    i 


MUI 


Fio 


Urc 


incl 
and 
and 
red 

8li« 
piili 
iijip 
Tli( 
poll 
to  I 
up] 
upi 
reti 
lam 
pail 
Hiir 

yt'll 

loll] 

tlo> 
ap«! 
Htai 
Iul> 
Till 
the 
Th( 

liiH 

drjf 

mei 
cin 
gi-a 


by 


HORACES. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


97 


'* 


PIOUS    POPULNE-^.. 
Ri.CKPTACLE  ohovatc,  long  or  short-pcdunculatc.     Leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate. 

Fious  populnea,  WillJeiiDW,  -V'.  'v-   IHI   (l.SO.->).  — A.  Pious  pet.unculata,  Niittall,  Sylm,  ii.  1.  t.  41  (not  Alton) 
Uic'liiinl,    t'l.    Ciih.   iii.   21.'0.  —  Grlscbai-li,   /■'/.   Ilril.    »'.  (1849).  —  Chaimian,  /V.  415. —Sargent, /'urciV  JVet's  iV. 

/«(/.  151  ;  Cm.  I'l.  Ciih.  57.  —  Mi(|iivl,  Ann.  Muh.  /.ii;/(l.  Am.  UUh  Ciii.iiui  If.  S.  ix.  I'JT. 

/<(//.  iii.  2i>«.  —  KKKcra.  Hull.  f.  S.  Xitl.  Miis.  No.  13,  Fioua  brevifolia,   Nuttall.   Si/lva,   ii.   3,   t.  42  (1849).— 
94  (t'l.  St.  Cnilx  iinil  the   Virtjln  hlau(h).  —  Sargi'nt,  Cliapman,  /•'/.  415.  —  Sargi'nt,  Forest  Trees  X.  Am.  lOth 

(liinlni  nuil  Fore.tt,  ii.  148.  Census  V.  S.  ix.  127. 

Urostigma  populneum,  Miiinel,  Hooker  Land.  Juur.  Hot. 
vi.  5;»7,  t.  21  A.  (1847). 

A  troo,  Homt'tinies  epiphytal,  rarely  forty  to  fifty  feet  in  lieiglit,  with  a  trunk  twelve  to  eighteen 
inphe.H  in  diameter,  Hpreading  branches,  from  whicii,  in  Florida,  aerial  roots  are  ofcasionally  produced, 
and  an  open  irregular  head.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  one  third  to  one  half  of  an  inch  in  thickness, 
and  i.s  Hm(M)th  and  light  brown  tinged  with  orange,  separating  into  minute  scales,  which  cover  the  bright 
red-brown  inner  bark.  The  branches  are  sto\it  and  terete,  and,  when  they  first  appear,  are  light  red  and 
slightly  |)uberulous,  becoming  brown  tinged  with  orange  and  later  with  red,  and  marked  with  minute 
pale  lenticels,  narrow  stipular  scars,  large  elevated  horizontal  oval  or  semiorbicular  leaf-.scars,  in  which 
appear  a  marginal  row  of  conspicuous  Hbr(>-vas(!ular  bundle-scars,  and  elevated  concave  receptjicle-scars. 
The  leaves  are  involute  in  vernation,  broadly  ovate,  or  rarely  obovate,  contracted  into  short  broad 
points  or  occasionally  rounded  at  the  apex,  rounded,  truncate  or  cord.ite  at  the  base,  two  and  one  half 
to  five  inches  long,  one  and  a  half  to  three  inches  wide,  thin  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the 
upj)er  surface  and  j)aler  on  the  lower  surface,  with  broad  light  yellow  midribs  slightly  impressed  on  the 
upper  side,  slender  remote  primary  veins,  arcuate  an<l  united  near  the  margins  and  connected  by  finely 
retiuuinte  veinlets,  and  slender  grooved  petioles,  sometimes  an  inch  in  length.  The  sti|iules  are  ovate- 
htnceolate,  half  an  inch  long,  and  tinged  with  red.  The  receptacles  are  obovate,  axillary,  solitary,  or  in 
pairs,  at  first  covered  with  a  hood-like  membranaceous  light  brown  caducous  posterior  bract,  and 
surrounded  at  the  base  by  tlire*'  small  ovate  acute  light  brown  nearly  ecjual  persistent  bracts;  they  are 
yellow  until  fully  grown,  ultimately  turning  bright  red,  and  one  quarter  to  one  half  of  an  inch  in 
length,  and  are  boriu>  on  stout  drooping  peduncles  one  quarter  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  long.  The 
flowers  are  sessile  or  pedicellate,  and  separated  by  minute  chall"-lik<'  scales,  more  or  less  laciniate  at  the 
OjH'X ;  in  the  males  the  calyx  is  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  three  or  four  broad  acute  lobes;  the 
stamen  is  composed  of  a  broad  llattened  filament  and  an  innate  anther;  in  the  females  the  narrow  calyx- 
lobes  are  shorter  than  the  ovate  pointed  ovary,  which  is  crowned  with  broad  spreading  stigniatic  lobes. 
The  fruit  is  ovate,  nearly  inclosed  in  the  j)ersistent  calyx,  and  crowned  with  the  remnants  of  the  style ; 
the  nutlet  is  tbick-walltHl,  light  brown,  crustaceous,  and  is  covered  by  a  thin  layer  of  membranous  flesh. 
The  seed  is  ovate,  with  a  membranaceous  light  brown  testa  and  an  oblong  lateral  pale  liilum. 

In  Florida,  where  it  is  comparatively  rare,  Firun  /xipii/iicd  is  confined  to  the  shores  of  Bay 
Biscnyne,  Key  Ij»rgo,  Umbrella,  Bocca  Chica,  and  I'umpkin  keys,  and  Key  West,  growing  usually  on 
dry  slightly  elevated  coral  rock  ;  it  is  also  an  inhabitant  oF  the  West  Indies. 

The  wood  of  /Vch.i  fxtpulnva  is  light,  soft,  antl  close-grained,  containing  many  thin  conspicuous 
medullary  rays,  large  open  scattered  ducts,  and  nuin-rous  groups  of  smaller  ducts  arranged  in  concentric 
circles ;  it  is  light  orange-brown  or  yellow,  with  thick  hardly  distinguishable  siipwood.  The  specific 
gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  O.-'i.KW,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  IM.O!)  pounds. 

FicH»  populnea  was  discovered  in  Florida  on  Key  West,  from  which  it  has  now  nearly  disappeared, 
by  Dr.  .T.  L.  Blodgott. 


Ii 


J 


iH 


i'& 


(r  1 1 


I 


FF 


t' 


EXPLANATION  OK  THE   PLATE. 


Plate  CCCXXV.     Kicits  poiitlnka. 

1.  A  Howerint;  ami  fniitinf;  branch,  natural  size. 

3.  Vertical  lectiun  of  a  rt^ceptacU-,  enlarged. 

3.  A  Btaminate  6owpr,  enlar);e<l. 

4.  A  pistillate  dower,  enlarged. 

5.  A  fruit,  enlarged. 

6.  Vertical  section  of  a  fruit,  enlarged. 

7.  An  embryo,  much  magnified. 


^ilw,       r.r      M^r^^         Ar 


T   T  r  '--  "VV  ' 


/ 


1     *1 


hUi^ 


u 


I   !' 


^1 

m 


i 


■  • , 


I  i  iJ 


I  ;Si  . !  'I 


'ICU: 


\'-  i 


il-..: 


!rl 


7* 


If 


KXrLA.SM"ll)N 


I.aTK. 


1.  A  fla«r«rn)|  aud  (raii< 

'if  Vertical  «m>tiua  of  a  t 

•'i.  A  •t»n>i»iii<i  M')i»«.  p:  „ 

■I  A  [lUftiiUt*  tliiw^r,  enuugwj. 

5.  A  fru  '-   •■..:. ^..-1. 

6.  Vorti. 

7.  An  etttj7  jj<iii  »»ti(^,'vi^K^? 


.,■«,. I. 


Silva  of  Nor'.h  America 


Tab  ,  ("•"xy.v 


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/I  .Hi.urtVuf  'hrr.-r*. 


FICUS    POPULNEA,  WiUa 


/•.'//I  ./■  furwt.f   /',. 


ffirut^/t/ 


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I'! 


PLATANACKVK. 


HILVA   OF  NOItril  AMERICA. 


99 


PLATANUS. 

Fi,o\VKRs  moiinooioiis,  in  doiiso  unisexual  hoads;  sepals  3  to  6,  imbricated  in 
{Estivation  ;  petals  and  stanu-ns  as  many  as  the  sepals;  disk  0  ;  ovary  superior,  1-celled; 
ovule  usually  solitary,  Nuspeuded.  Fruit  an  ukene.  Leaves  alternate,  stipulate, 
deciduous. 


PIstanua.  Linnipu*,  Orn.  ."VIH  (1T:t7):  r<l.  '.',  4)'>'.'.  —  Allan- 
iMJii,  h'lim.  I'l.  ii.  .'177.  —  A.  I.-  ili-  .lu'iii'U,  (.'•ii.  IIO.  — ■ 
KiiiUi.;!iar,    (Jm.   '.'S'J.  —  Meiniier,  (f'li.    'Ml.  —  llaillon, 


tll.ll.  I'l.  ill.  UVi.  _  Bpiiiham  A  Hooker  Gen.  iii.  M9fi.  — 
NiiMlfii/.u,  KifjUr  A-  I'riinll  J'jlanzen/um.  iii.  jit.  ii.  140. 


TrwH,  witli  watery  juice,  thick  deeply  furrowed  scaly  l>iirk  exfoliatliijj  from  the  iirnnphcs  and  young 
trunk.s  in  lurfre  thin  plates,  terete  /.i;;»i|.;  pithy  liranciilets,  infi'a|)etiiilar  liiids,  and  lil)r)>UH  roota.  Buds 
axillary,'  conical,  larp*,  smooth  and  lustrous,  nearly  surrounded  at  the  hase  hy  the  narrow  leaf-scars,  in 
which  ap|H-ar  a  row  of  cons|»icuous  dark  lil)ro-vaseular  hundle-sears  ;  covered  liy  three  deciduous  scales, 
the  two  inner  accrescent,  8tra|)-shape(l,  rounded  at  the  apex  at  maturity  and  marking  in  falling  the  base 
uf  the  hrancli  with  narrow  ring-like  scars  ;  the  outer  scale  surrounding  the  hud  and  splitting  longitudi- 
nally with  its  expansion,  the  second  light  green,  covered  with  a  gunuiiv  fragrant  secretion,  and  usually 
inclosing  a  bud  in  its  itxil,'  the  thin'  coated  with  long  rufous  hairs.  Leaves  h>ngitudinally  plicate 
in  vernation,  alternate,  hro.idly  ovate,  cordate,  truncate,  or  wedge-shapfMJ  anil  decurrent  on  the  petiole 
at  the  base,  more  or  less  acutely  three  to  seven-loi)ed,  and  occasionally  furnished  with  a  more  or  less 
enlarged  ha-sjil  IoIh','  the  lobes  entire,  dentite  with  remote  n\inute  callous  teeth,  or  coarwly  and 
remotely  sinuate-toothed,  palmately  nerved,  pennivcined,  the  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins 
and  connected  by  inconspicuous  reticuhite  veinlets,  clothed  while  V)ung,  like  the  i)etioles,  stipules, 
and  young  branches,  with  caducous  stellate  shar|)-pointed  branching  hairs,*  pale  on  the  lower  and 
rufous  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  blade,  long-petiolate,  the  petioles  abruptly  enlarged  at  the  base  and 
inclosing  the  buds,  turning  brown  :<nd  withering  in  the  autuniii  before  falling ;  stipules  nicndiranaccous, 
hkterally  united  below  into  a  short  tube  s.irrounding  the  branch  aiiove  the  insertion  of  their  leaf,  acute 
and  more  ur  less  free  above,  dentitte  or  entire,  thin  and  scarious  on  tlowering  shoots,  broad  and  leaf- 
like on  vigorous  sterile  branches,  caducous,  marking  the  branch  in  falling  with  narrow  ring-like  scars. 
Flowers  minute,  appearing  with  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  in  dense  unisexual  pedunculate  solitary 
or  .spiuate  heads,  the  staniinate  and  pistillate  heads  on  .separate  peduncles  or  rarely  united  on  the  same 

•  Tho  pn<l  of  the  >>ntnch  of  I'latAniin  witlirn  and  fiilU  Hi  miJ-  loyir  Hiftorif  of  the  1 1mm  I'lnlanus]  ;  Ajnmran  ,V(i(iir(i/i«(,  187S, 
•umini'r  with  or  Wfure  llii>  utipilU'H  of  thi'  uppvr  loaf  l>.v  wliii'h  it  i>  t.  '.'S  [Oriyi'i  of  the  I'lime-trer]),  who  ri'jpircl.i  thi'iu  us  cviilfiices  uf 
iii'arl)' im'ltwed,  Iraviug,  closo  to  the  tipper  aiiltary  htul  whii'h  tlu!  tho  doHooiit  of  our  oxistiiif^  Ainorioan  Thino-troos  from  oxtiiiot 
foUoniuff  spring  proloiij^s  tho  branch,  an  cloratotl  orhioiihir  dark  aiioostral  typos,  hh  triioos  of  tho  lonvos  ttf  those  witli  woll  duvohipod 
■oar,  p^rsistont  for  two  or  thr«o  yoars  (Ilcnr)*,  Ntr-.  Art.  .\'ot.  t'ur.  l>usal  loltos  liavo  Ih'oo  found  in  tlio  rtH'ks  uf  tho  Larauiiu  Group  in 
xviii.  'M,  t,  40  ;  ixii.  •2ltl,  t  'M.  —  t'ocmte,  Hull.  Turret)  Hot.  Cluh,  tlio  nortliorn  Ilooky  Mountain  n'jjiiui. 

XX.  lt»3,  t.  147,  f.  U).  *  T1m>  poouliar  liairs  in  tho  thiok  ooat  of  tomoutuni  wliicli  corora 

*''  llitohoiK-k,  Tratu.  St.  Louu  Aciitt.  vi.  138.  tho  youn^  loavos  and  shouts  of  I'latauus,  and  whioh,  oasily  de- 

•  Tho  iNual  IoIm^b,  wliioli  vary  groatly  in  sizo  and  shajM*,  usually  taohoil  by  tlui  wind,  oftoii  floats  in  !ar);o  Itakos  through  tho  air  in 
ocoiir  only  on  large  leuToa  prtMtjuetl  ou  vigorous  shiHits  frtun  thu  oarty  spring,  woro  woll  dosoribod  and  flared  by  Morron  (BttU. 
■tumps  nf  tre^s  that  have  beok;  cut  down.  They  are  figured  by  Acttfl.  itrux.  iv.  447,  t.),  who  found  that  thoy  pnMlucod  soriuu.^  brou- 
L.  V.  Ward  (/'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  .\fiu.  li.  .'lU,  t.  n-'£i  [The  I'altton'it-  oliial  iutkuiniatiou  when  taken  into  the  i.use  or  nioulb. 


;■  ! 


il 


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II 


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f 


KXl 


sif.v.i  OF  Noiirir  amhukw. 


I'LATANACEA 


|u'(liinclt' ;  till'  htcrilo  liomls  diirk  rcil  oi  iixilliirv  immIiiiicIi'h  ;  tlii>  ftrtili*  IioiuIh  li^lit  f^i'oii  tin^rd  with 
icil  nil  Inii^tT  tcriiiiiiiil  pt'iliitirlt's,  tlif  lateral  IiimiIs  in  tlu>  H|ii('!it(>  cluhttTH  H(>iwili>  iiixl  t'liiliririii^  tlio 
|M'iluiu'lf  iit  niiitiiiitv,  iiHiiiillv  piTMM'i'iit  on  tin-  liriinrlics  diirinj;  tin-  wiiiti>r.  Ciilvx  of  tlii'  Ntainiimtu 
lltivvi'i-  iliviiit'd  into  tliit'c  to  six  ni'iiiiti'  Kcalc-likc  M'pals  Hli<r|itly  iniiti'd  at  tlii>  Imh«>,  alMiiit  liiilf  ikM  lon^r  uh 
tlio  llu'cc  to  si\  t'liiii'il'orMi  Nuli'iti'  scarioiis  |iointi-d  |i('talM.  SlaiiicnH  uh  many  as  tin*  divinioiiH  of  tlio 
calyx  and  (>|iiio>itt'  tlicni  ;  lilanii'iifs  short  or  nearly  oliHoletr  •  '  s  idiinpitcd,  clavate,  twon-elh'd,  tlio 
coMh  opcnin,'  tlirou^lioiii  their  length  liy  lateral  hiitx,  ero  •.■a|iitutt>  piloKe  triincato  roniUH-tivoH. 

Calyx  of  (he  |ii-<til!.ite  llower  divided  into  three  to  kix.  UMW.illy  nito  four,  rounded  HopalH  much  nhorter 
than  fl';  acute  |)etals.     Staniino(lia  Kcale-like.  eloni^ated-idiovate.  iiihixe  at  the  apex.     Ovariew  as  many  an 

flu isioUH  of  the  ealyx,  superior,  sessile,  ovate-ohlon;j,  Hiirrounded  at  the  l>ase  by  lonjj  ritlp'd  jointed 

pal'.-  hairs  persistent  ariuind  the  fruit,  (gradually  narrowi><l  into  lon)r  Nimple  Htyles  Nli^htly  dilateil  and 
excnrved  toward  the  apex.  I)rii;ht  red,  papilloiu-sti)rinatie  to  lielow  the  middle  alouf;  the  ventral  suture; 
uTidi's  one  or  rarely  two,  HUs|H'nded  laterally,  orthotropous,  eovered  with  two  coats.  Akeiu*  elongated- 
(diovatc,  rounded  and  olitUHc  or  aouto  at  the  ap<>x,  crowned  with  the  reinnantM  of  thu  |ieniiNteiit  Ntyle, 
one-seeded,  li^ht  vellow-lirown  ;  pericarp  thin,  coriaceous,  .*»ei'tl  elonfjateilidilonjj,  HUs|H.>u<led ;  testa 
thin  and  linn,  li<;ht  chestnut-lirown.  Kinliryo  erect  in  thin  tieshy  alhumeii  ;  cotyle<lonH  oblong,  about 
aw  lon)r  a.H  the  elonpited  oylindric.d  erect  radicde  turned  toward  the  minute  apical  hilum.' 

I'lat.'iiiiis  i.s  I'ow  contiiU'd  to  temperate  North  .\merica,  where  thriH'  specieH  occur,  to  Mexico,  fuiuth- 
western  Kiirope,  Asia  Minor,  I'ersi;:,  Afghanistan,  and  iiorthweHtern  India.  It  tlouriHluKl  over  a  larger 
area  and  played  a  most  important  part  in  the  forests  of  the  northern  hemi.sphere  during  tlio  late 
crt'taceoUH  and  the  tertiary  (icriodM,  when  it  inhabited  (ireenland  and  Arctic  America  in  a  form  hanlly 
distinp^iiishable  from  the  existing  N|)4>cieH  of  eaHt4'rn  North  America  and  Kui'ope,  anil  then,  Npreadin^ 
Konthwanl,  was  not  driven  from  central  Kuro|H>  until  the  close  of  the  tertiary  (M-riod,  during  which  it 
also  inhabited  with  Hcvcral  H|)ecie!t  thu  mid-eontinental  re^^ion  of  North  America,  from  whence  it  linA  now 
entirely  disa|)|ie.'(re(l.-'  The  ;;enus  is  honuirphous,  anil  the  six  or  Kcveli  Npecies  which  are  distinjruiitlKMl 
all  resciiilile  each  other  except  in  the  form  of  the  lobes  of  the  leaves,  iii  the  amount  of  the  pulH>scence 
on  their  lower  surface,  in  thu  obt'.ise  or  |i(iinted  a|K>x  of  the  akene,  and  in  the  iiuMibur  of  heuds  of 
Howers  on  the  pistillate  peduncles,  which  vary,  liowever,  in  the  Mine  speeius, 

IMatanus  produces  hard  and  heavy,  although  not  stroiifr,  li^ht  brown  wood  tinned  with  re<i,  und 
containiiiir  numerous  broad  conspicuous  medullary  rays  and  bands  of  small  ductH  marking  the  layers  of 
annual  growth.     The  genus  is  not  known  to  possess  useful  pio|H>rties. 

In  southern  and  western  Europe,  Asia  Minor,  Abyssinia,  northwestern  India,  and  the  United 
States,  J'latdiiun   oriinUilii^'  is   frei|uently   planted   as  a   shade-treu   in   struc'ts,   avenues,   und   ]Hirk8 ; 

'  riarkp,  sinn.  .V  .Vtiff.  \at.  JIUt.  ser.  3,  i.  lOL',  t.  0,.  f.  1^13. —  I'latanuA  ori>n/a/u,  of  which  Mveral  varirtie«  u«  disiiuguUhed, 

Schi*f*nli»iid,  Iht.  Jahrh,  iv.  :108.  ipvwn  niiturftlly  near  niountuin  itraftiiiM  fruiu  the  (tivcinn  utliuidi 

*  l^MpieiTui,  ^^  S.  trevimi.  Surr.  rii.  181,  t.  'J.'V-'JT  ;  Tiii.  41,  t.  and  prninkula  to  Af|{huitftmn  and  CanhniviT,  and  now  ucraaionally 
3,  f  1,  t.  7,  f.  ."i,  'J49,  t.  .VJ,  f.  I,  t.  .IT,  f.  l-'J  (Conirih.  t-Wrt.  Fl.  iip<inlaniH>ii>lv  in  iKiuthwi'itirn  Kur<>|if,  wherp  it  wan  iwrried  liy  the 
i\'fKtrrn  TfrritoTvn,  li.,  iii.)  ;  Mrm.  Mut.  i'omp.  Xih'>1.  vi.  pt.  ii.  13,  Koinant,  wlw  shared  with  the  am-ifut  (iref  ks  and  Persians  their 
I.  7.  f.  IJ,  t.  10,  f.  4,  .">  (h'onit  J'lauU  oi  iht  Aurifrrmi'  flrarrl  lit-  vrniratinn  (<ir  this  tree,  with  which  they  funned  their  grurea  and 
ftDiUt  nfikr  Sirrra  .NVini/ii).  —  I,.  F.  Wanl,  (1/A  .-(nriwil  Itrp.  f.  S.  sluuled  their  dwellings.  (.See  Krelyn,  .S'y/in,  ed.  Hunter,  ii.  ft3. — 
tifoluif.  Sun:  1SM4-**."),  iViL',  t.  40,  f.  8,  9,  t.  41  (Si/n.  Fl.  Laramie-  I.<iudon,  Arh,  Itril.  iv.  I'O.'B.)  It  is  ronimonly  planteil  ai  a  shade- 
(•roup).  —  .Sa|iorta,  Origitit  I'alirmlnlnifvpu  dtn  Arbm,  195.  —  Zit-  tn'e  in  the  Talleys  of  the  northwestern  Himalaya*  (Hraadis,  Foral 
Ul,  //and/,.  FalamtiAug.  ii.  0'J7,  f.  31.1.  —  Jankii,  Iht.  Jakrb.  li.  /7.  lint.  Iml.  4;M),  in  I'ersia  (Fraaer,  Utilorical  antl  Dacriptict 
4,'il.  Ammnt  of  Ptriia,  28),  and  southwestern  Kurope,  where  it  ia  now 

■  I.inna-us,  S/itr.  999  (17.'>3).  —  Pallus,  ^7.  Rou.  i.  pt.  ii.  1,  t.  used  more  generally  than  any  other  tree  to  adorn  city  streets  and 

51.  —  Nmti-eau  Duhnmtt,  ii.  1,  t.  1.  —  Watson.,  Dmilr.  llril.  ii.  101,  t.  s(|uan'S  (Mathieu,  Flore  Fomli'ere,  ed.  3,  373),  and  oocaatoiutlly  in 

101.  —  Sibthur],,  Fl.  (Irtc.  i.  .til,  t.  045,  —  A.  de  C'andolle,  />„!,.  the  middle  and  north  Atlantic  United  SUtea,  where  the  Oriental 

ivi.  pt.  ii.  l."iU.  —  I'arlatort',  Fl.  llal.  \i.  37;i  —  Hoinmrr,  t.^t  /'la-  Plane  i.i  hardy  as  far  north  aa  Maaaachusetta.     The  wood  ia  uaed 

tanes  rt  Irur  Culture,  10.  —  HoiHsier,  Fl.  Orient,  iv.  1101.  —  «Tauki),  in  Persia  and  other  countries  oi   western  Asia  for  furniture  and 

L  c.  449.  —  Hooker  f.  Fl.  /jrit.  Itui.  v.  51>l.  the  construciion  of  houses,  and  it  is  made  into  traya  and  other 

/'.Vifnniw  nJijarit,  Spach,  i4nn.  Sci.  A'at,  »6t.  2,  XT.  201  (ezcl.  email  articles  of  domestic  uae  ((iainble,  .Wan.  Indian  Timben,  345). 

•  anguluta)  (1B41}. 


I'LATANACKA 


PLATANACKA 


SILVA   OF  NOIiril  AMERICA. 


101 


PlaUmuH  Mexlvantt '  in  «»ocaHiotiiilly  iimmI  for  Hiinilar  purpoHOH  in  the  <'itioH  of  iiortlu<rii  Mexico ;  iiud 
J*i(ttaniiM  orrifliHtu/iH  iri  HoinetiineH  iilaiited  in  tin*  United  StiitcH  and  central  and  western  F^urope. 

IMatannH  in  Nortli  America  i^  reniarkahly  tree  from  tlu*  attiekH  of  diHfi^urin^  iiineetH,^  altlion^li  it 
HufTerH  f.om  ttevere  fungal  diHeaH4*H.*  All  tlie  HpecicH  of  riaUmuH  can  he  eauily  rai^id  from  Hocdi;,  which 
(germinate  the  Hr>it  year,  and  the  varietien  can  he  mnlti|>lied  from  layerM  or  cuttin^H.^ 

The  generic  name,  the  claHMicul  name  of  the  l*lanu-trc4',  from  nXari-^,  waH  adopted  hy  Tournefort,° 
and  afterward  hy  LinmuuH. 


<  MonMnd.  iiuii  Ferr.  Hot.  1830,  70  [  Mrm.  Sor.  Ph^a.  Gmive, 
ti.  :W,  t.  'J«  (/*/.  iVrtur.  Am  ).  —  A.  i\v  CmHliiIlf,  /Vw/r.  «vi.  pt.  li. 
100.  — lleiimlcy,  Jiol.  fiul.  Am   Vtut.  lii.  III.'. 

IHtUanut  wctiletualut  vftr.  Mexunna,  tlmiki^  itol.  Jahrb.  li.  lot 
(1890). 

ThiN  nublfi  tree,  which  ia  pUntwl  in  thr  Rtrrrt*  of  the  ritiei  of 
northwrfttrrn  Mntiio,  in  (liittit)f(iiiiiheil  by  (ht*  tliifk  rmit  nf  ftilvt-ry 
whito  tninontiiiii  wliioli  covrrt  tht>  uiKlt-r  lurfnrt*  uf  tlui  iiiHturtt 
leiivt*!,  which,  lUckeriug  iu  the  wind,  luakt*  it  thu  iiiuat  benutiful  of 
l'UuM>-tre4-«. 

*  Duly  ft  fvw  ipeciea  of  inaeote  are  known  to  Iito  upon  the 
Amrricun  I'liuic-tirr*,  utiit  noiiv  of  them  oftuiu>  mtIoiia  injuries. 
VkaU'^'f>h**ni  cnmprittn',  Siiy,  livi-ii  in  the  ilrutl  wimmI,  aixI  the  lurvnt 
uf  irvpnil  itiitlltN  Hrf  ocrftJiioiiHlly  fimiiil  ii|Hin  the  foluij;*'.  f'irrVl 
piatnttfUit,  (')ittiiit>t*ni,  liven  on  ()if!>  iiiii|i>r  niiln  of  tti**  li-itvcii,  wltirli 
are  al«o  ft'il  DjMm  hy  a  uuiiiImt  uf  lfiif-iiiiiM>n,  inrlinliiiff  y^ptu-uUi 
fUalanrlUt,  C'Iftiipnii,  \ephnJu  miixtmrlla,  ChHiiilwn,  «nil  \''ftttrnia 
CirmensfUit,  ('tiaml»en.  A  ■(mmmi'ii  uf  Cnrytliucii  \n  iionii*tiiiifi«  aImiii- 
lUnt  on  the  IpnTeit  from  wliii-h  it  lUfk*  th*<  juico*,  hihI  »  pUnt- 
Imue,  Lachnm  Vlatantcotat  Uitej,  i»  luiuatimea  fuuutl  uit  tht«iw 
tn^a. 

'  The  diffsrent  apeciea  of  IMaUuiti*  art*  peculifttlj  auhject  to 
diMftaea  cauani  bj  fun^i,  arrrnil  of  wbirh  prtNluff  a^riiMm  injtiry, 
the  woat  wiilvljr  apread  beiug  oauaed  bj  tb«  j[ruwth  of  fil>iuMfHtrtum 


nervUffptHtn,  Sacoardo,  wbiib  Attacka  Plnlanus  occidfnialidt  Ptatanui 
rd'-rmcfd,  and  tin'  Old  Worl  I  PluUinw  t>rientiilii.  Thin  fiuigua  wim 
llrtL  diHfitvircd  iu  fiiTinuiiy  iimn*  Uiiiii  twuiity  yearH  ago,  but  its 
ui't'urn'iu'o  in  tbn  Cuited  Stitt<>4  wim  not  n-rofrnljivd  by  iHitaniatii 
until  pTi'iUtv.  It  ii  nuw  kmiwn  to  U<  t'onimon  throughout  nearly 
all  piirta  n|'  tin-  i-onntry  whi-n*  Plutanun  iHi-iilentaliit  and  Platautu 
rwrmont  j;rnw  N)ioutiint>ouHly  or  art*  i-ultivutt'd,  itnd  to  it  nmy  pfr- 
Impt  Ih>  ti-frrnd  tlir  luiiMt  uf  thr  <liHi<aiiti  uf  I'liitauuH  in  the  caatern 
atati'A  rrcordvd  hm  bnt^  an  fifty  yt^ara  af{o.  Ita  eiternal  portion  ia 
Numll  iind  not  t'liNiIy  rrcoffni/rd  t-M'rpt  by  uloMf  iibaervutiuii,  appear- 
ing iu  tli<'  fiinu  uf  Nuiiill  blink  t|>otH  or  lint'i*  whii'b  lie  I'luar  to  the 
viMun  ut  III!  It>iivt*a.  Thti  diM'iUit*  niuki'a  ila  iipitearanuu  auon  after 
tlm  It'iivfif  liikvi'  fipandi'd,  ciiMKiug  thcui  to  turn  brown,  shrivel,  und 
full.  No  pnii'tifiil  rcinnly  fur  it  liiia  yrt  Ix-en  auggeated,  for  aa  the 
uiyrrliuui  of  tht)  fun^ut  it  in  thr  Irnvpi  und  p<>tiolr8,  and  probably 
alao  in  tho  yonn^rr  Ntt-nit,  little  Wnrttt  can  Iw  eiiwuti-d  from 
aprayin>(  the  trtTM  with  HiilphiitM  of  i-f>ppcr  or  other  |MtiA<ina.  A 
liirt;i>  nunilH'r  of  nthrr  fuii^i  iiri'  found  on  tht>  trunks  und  branehi'S 
of  riiitiinuM,  lUthon^li  uoir<  uf  thcui  i-ausc  WflUdotint-d  diaeaaea  in 
thv  I'niti'd  SUti'a. 

*  Hui**ho<,  I htnTiiituMui  Mur  U  dttrf  du  Lthan,  Le  Platafkt  et  U 
Ciftisf,  17.  —  (iaaparini,  .V't*/.<  »ur  la  Culturr  'Iu  SopHitrat  (/«  Platant 
el  Uf  r.lun/,  IH.  —  Cubbott.  Wixtdiarui*,  I7U. 

*  /ruf.  :>iNi,  i.  :)fl3. 


if 


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1. 1  ■ 

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{ 


CONSPECTUS  OK  TIIK   NORTH    AMERICAN  SPEC.   S. 

Lmtm  braadly  or»t«,  obtvunly  •!  to  6-lob«tl,  the  lob<><i  inoatly  •erruUte-toothed,  truncata  or  ntrcly 

w«<lK<^>uip«l  at  the  biuie.     Fruit  uiually  Kilitary LP-  uccidkntalu. 

Leave*  deeply  5-lobed,  the  \o\w»  entire,  remotely  and  obneurely  dentate  ur  rarely  aiiiuate-tootlied, 

truncate  or  rarely  idightly  cordate  or  wedgeHiha|ieil  at  the  baee.     Fruit  roceniuHo 2.  P.  kackmuma. 

LeaveN  deeply  'A  to  T-lolie«l,  tile  lolwe  elongated,  slender,  entire  or  rarely  remotely  dentate,  deeply 
cordate  or  rarvly  wedi^e^hsped  or  truncate  at  the  baae.     Fruit  racemose :i.  P.  WKiaiiTU. 


I  I     i. 


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102 


SILFA   OF  NORTH  AMKRICA. 


rLATANACKA 


PLATANU8   OOOIDENTALIB. 

Sycamore.     Buttonwood, 

TiKAVKs  broadly  oviito.  oh-iurcl)  ',\  to  ri-lolu-d,  i\\v  loboH  iistiuUy  Hornilatc-toothod, 
tninc.iti"  or  rari'ly  wt'dgo-sliaju'd  at  tho  base.     Ili-ad  of  fruit  UMiially  wolitary. 


PlntAntiH  ocniduntnliH.  Ijiiiuviia,  >'/■<■■.  ".**.•'.•  (I7.">.'l). — 
.Millir.  I>fi.  III.  N.  No.  ■.'.  —  \hi  Idii.  Ihirhk.  Ihumt.  ii. 
i;M._\Vani{i.nlifim.  .V.in/.irn.  Holt.  31,  t.  13,  f.  31.— 
M»r«lirtll,  Arl'Utt.  Am.  |l».">.  —  Motiiili,  H'liime  IIVuu. 
7.H  ;  I/I'M.  .'l.'iM.  —  Kvi'lyn.  .S'.vA.i,  o.l.  Hiiiit«r,  ii.  .M,  t. — 
Wiiltpr,  Fl.  <''ir.  '.'.'17.  —  Alilmt.  Intntt  of  (iforijiit.  ii.  t 
Tm.  —  Willilonow.  /(i-r/.  Ilniims.  '-".'I  ;  .S'/«r.  i».  pi.  1, 
474;  Kniim.  1)K4.  —  Srhniiilt.  Of  If.  ll'iiimx.  iii.  I'.'H,  t 
S.  —  CiLll^liiini,  ri'iiy.  nz-y/i  .S'Ai^'  I'liitl,  ii.  .'<'J7.  — 
Itnrldiauwn.  Il'iihlh.  Fortthol.  i.  Ci^'itl.  —  Mii'lmiit.  Fl. 
Hor.-Ain.  ii.  D'kI.  —  I'liirvt,  /,.i»i.  I'Ut.  r.  4;W.  —  .Vm- 
I'fviii  Ih.h'tmfl,  ii.  Ii,  t.  'J.  —  I'lTKiiiiii,  Siju,  ii.  .'■»73.  — 
l)i»fiiiit.>ini'»,  llitt.  Arh.  ii,  54<'>.  —  Ihi  Mrnit  il«  C'niirwt, 
Hoi.  Cult.  eil.  '.'.  »i.  4.Vi.  —  S-hkiitir.  //in.M.  iii. '.'74,  t. 
;«Hi,  _Mirlmu»,  Hint.  Arl>.  Am.  iii.  !«•«,  t.  3.  —  1'ur.li, 
Fl.  Am.  S<i'l.  ii.  fM<.  ~  lli^-ilow.  /'/.  /(..../..ii.  '.M.l. — 
Nuiull.  d.n.  ii.  '.'lit.—  ILiviii-.  /V»i/r.  /■'/.  171.  —  Kllimt. 
.S'A'.  ii.  (')'.'( I.  —  .Spri'iiijel,  .Sij>l.  iii,  XtVi.  —  Wntmiii,  Demlr. 
Hrit.  ii.  IIK),  t,  1(H(.  —  Auiliibnn,  lUfU.  t.  L'tK!.  —  ilmikiT. 
Fl.  Itor.Am  ii.  l.">«.—  ;,.rrey.  /'i  '.  )'.  ii.  I'lN.  —  I)jir- 
lin:;l.iii,  Fl.  <'fti:  n\.  3.  '.'H,f.  —  Ai;»rilli,  Tlimr.  ,S,,.,f.  /•/. 
t.   13.  f.    1 -'.'.  —  H;irtiK.   Foml.  Culliirj.t/.   l>,-i,t»,-hl.  44ti, 


t.  .V4.  —  Curli«.  Hfj'.  ll,-oln.j.  .S'liri'.  .V.  Orr.  \HW,  iii. 
7t>.  —  ('lni|iiiian,  AV.  4lH.  -  A.  il«  ('iiiiiliilli>.  I'rwlr.  iyL 
pt.  ii.  Iftn.  —  Kiwh,  Denilr.  ii.  4«8.  —  KmiTnon.  Trrn 
Miitf  imI.  '.'.  i.  L'tll,  I.  —  Stlini/lciii,  Iron.  1. 117,  f.  l-'-'4.  — 
Miilliii'ii,  Florr  Fornli^rr.vii,  ,'<,  37tl.  —  l,<iui'h«,  t>etit$fh» 
llfiulr.  X'li.  f.  137.  —  .Snrifi'iil,  Forr.^1  Trrm  S.  Am.  10/A 
I'fiifiit  r.  .v.  \x.  !'.".•. —  Wiitniiii  A  Ciiiiltrr,  (Irmj't  itiin. 
«l.  <!.  407.  —  .luikA.  Hot.  .lithrh.  xi.  \M.  —  CmilUir,  Con. 
Irih.  V.  S.  y.if  Ihrh.  ii.  410  (.l/.iii.  /'/.  H'.  Tfx<u).— 
Nii'ilrniii,  Fnijirr  it  I'mnll  I'fliiiiMfn/.im.  iii.  pt.  ii.  (. 
7i;.  _  K.mIiii.'.  Pmlirhe  /V'l./r.  '.'IHl,  (.  40,  A.  —  l)i))p«l, 
//.iri./A,   l..n,hl,.Jtk.  iii.  '.'7l>.  f.   l."p'.'. 

PlHtnnim  lobnta.  M.m-i.iIi,  Mnh.  :C.«  (1794). 
Plntdiiiui  hybricluB,  lln.t.Tn,  Fl.  I.m.  Ii.  4«7  (l(i04) 
PlntiinuH  vultiaria,  ■   anttuluan,   Spmli,   Ann.  Sei.  Sat. 

HIT.  '.*.  XV.  '.".13  (l.HIl);    II Iff.    Vfij.  xi.   .'J.  —  Ituiiiiner, 

l.it  I'l.ilonrt  rl  Iriir  I'lilliirr.  17. 
PlntnnuH  oocidentalla.  mr.  Hiiipnnioii.  Wi'«m«rl,  .Wi''»i. 

.V.«'.  .SVi.   Ilitiiiaiil.  ni'r.  3,  i.  I'J.  (   .'>  (IS07).  —  Kixline, 

Druttfhf  Itrmlr.  '.'(Ml. 
Plntnnus  oncidtintalia.  ,J  lobatn.  Itoiimur.  Lm  I'latant* 

,t  1,-iir  Cullurr.  17,  f.  ."i,  ('.  (INIl'.t). 


A  tret',  occa.iioiiiilly  inw  lniiiilr<-il  .nul  forty  to  oiif  hiiiiilri><l  and  Hcvcnty  ft-ot  in  lici^lit,  with  ii  trunk 
Boniftiint-s  ten  or  clrvcn  IVet  in  ilianicti'r  aliovc  its  aliriijitly  cnlarjrcil  l)aHt',  ol'tt'ii  (li\iili'il  near  tin-  ground 
into  sfvt'ral  hir<{t<  iu>eoni|ary  trunks,  rr  rising;  Hcvcnty  or  ci^lity  fi'i't  iim  a  Htrai);lit  coliinin-likf  Hliiift  free 
from  liranclifs  ami  with  little  iliininntion  of  <IiaMiiit<-r ; '  aii<l  niassive  N|ir*'a(lin^  liuiliH  wliiih  form  a 
hriiad  o|ii'n  rather  irrejrnlar  head  often  exceeding  a  hundred  feet  in  diameter,  their  extremities  usually 
ereet  or  sumi'tiineii  mure  or  lens  |ienduIous.  The  hark  at  the  hik-se  of  larjjc  trunks  is  two  to  three 
inches  thick,  dark  hrowii,  and  divided  hy  deep  furrows  into  hroad  roundol  riilj^es  separating  on  the 
Hurfaee  into  small  thin  appressed  scales ;  thickest  near  the  ground,  it  gradually  ^rows  thinner,  and 
passes  into  the  hark  of  the  youiifrer  trunks  and  lar^re  liranches,  which  rarely  exeectis  half  an  inch  in 
thickness,  and  is  dark  reddish  hrown,  and  hroken  into  small  ohlon^  thick  appresHttd  plate-like  hcuIch, 
while  hiij;h  (tn  the  tree  it  is  smooth  and  lijjht  fjray,  anil  separates  into  larj^e  thin  scales,  which,  in  falling, 
expo^e  Iary;e  irrc;;ular  surfaces  of  the  pale  yellow,  whitish,  or  (greenish  inner  hark.  The  hranchlets  are 
at  lirst  coated,  like  the  leaves,  the  petioles,  and  stipules,  with  thick  {tale  tumentuni,  which  soon 
disappears ;  durinii^  their  first  sunnner  they  are  dark  ^reen  and  ^lahnnis,  anil  marked  with  many  minute 
olilouf^  pale  Icnticels,  and  during  thi-ir  first  winter  they  are  dark  oranj{»'-hrown  and  rather  lustrous, 
lieconiin^  I'^l't  K''''y  'o  their  second  year  or  lij;ht  reddish  hrown  when  they  ca.st  their  pale  memhranous 
outer  hark.  The  leaves  are  hroodly  ovate,  mure  or  less  deeply  three  tu  tive-lohed  hy  hruad  shulluw 
sinuses  rounded  in  the  hottum,  the  lubes  hein^  hroad,  acuminate,  sinuate-toothed  with  lonjr  straight  or 

■    I'lie  largi'  truiikii  uf  l'talauu»  o<\-<<lmtiUu  an)  uhuaII)'  hulluw  tu  a  couiiderablu  liei)(ht  alxivv  the  gruuiid. 


I         • 


]\ 


PLATA  NACKJt. 


n.ATANArit* 


SILVA    OF  NOHTll  AMKItlCA. 


v» 


inmcr,  /,«  PUilnnts 


curvvil  r<>iiiot<*  iKMiminato  t«>i)th,  or  ciitiri',  with  iindiilato  iniirKiiiH ;  they  iirit  triiiiciiti'  or  Hli^litly  cordate, 
or  wi'iI){i-nIiii|i*mI  mill  ili'ciirrciit  on  llii'  iii-tioicH  at  tin-  liiiMt>,  with  Htmit  yi'How  rilm  iiiiii  vriim,  tliiii  ami 
tiriii,  liri^ht  ^ri'i'ii  on  thi'  u|i|icr  Hiirl'at'i-,  pali'i'  on  ihf  lower,  ami  ^l;iliriiiis,  with  tlif  t'x<-i'|ition  of  a  coatinj^ 
uf  |Hilo  iMiht'Nci'ncc  alon){  tho  rihs  and  |iriii<'i|tal  veins,  and  ari'  I'oiir  to  ki'Vihi  iiirhi'H  in  Ini^rth  and 
lircadlh,  or  Iwii'e  as  lar^f  on  vi^oroiiH  hIumiIs,  wlirn  tliry  arc  i'rci|iu'ntly  i'lirniNlicd  with  ili'iitatc  hasal 
lohc.'i ;  (hey  arc  home  on  Htont  terete  or  sli;;hlly  an;{h'il  |inherulous  |ietiiilcs  covered  witii  pale  piiheH- 
I'ciice.  The  HtipitleH  lint  iiti  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  lon^  and  entire  or  Niniiate-tiiothed.  The 
liediincles  are  coated  with  palu  tonientnni,  and  ;rcnerally  hear  one  and  MonietiineH  two  heudit  of  llowura. 
The  heads  of  fruit,  which  are  nsiially  solitary  or  rarely  spiralc,  are  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  han^  on 
■lender  ^lahroiis  Ktetiis  three  to  six  inches  lon^.  The  akeiies  are  ali(iiil  two  thirds  of  un  inch  in  length, 
and  urtt  truncate  or  ohtuitely  rounded  at  the  apex. 

I'/iitiiiiiin  iiiiiilt  li/iilis  inliahilN  the  liordcrs  of  streams  and  lakes  and  ricli  hottoni-lands,  and  range» 
from  Moutheastern  New  Hampshire  and  southern  Maine  to  northern  N'crmont  and  the  valley  uf  the  Dun 
iiojir  the  northern  shores  of  Like  Ontario,' westward  to  eastern  Nehnutka '  and  Kanwis,  and  Huuthward 
to  northern  Florida,  central  Alahama  and  Mississippi,  and  the  valley  of  the  Itra/.ns  Uivcr  in  Texas,  and 
thence  sonthwestward  in  'i'exas  to  the  Devil's  lti\cr  valley.  .\  common  tree  in  all  this  region,  it  is 
most  aliundaiit  and  );rows  to  its  largest  size  on  the  hottom-lands  of  the  ha.iiiis  of  the  lower  Ohio  and  of 
the  Mississippi  Rivers,' 

'file  spi'cilic  gravity  of  the  ahsoliitelv  dry  wooil  of  /'lofniiiii  inflili  ntuli.i  is  ().."i(J7'^.  a  ciihic  foot 
weighing  {(.'i.ll'.)  pounds.  It  is  largely  useil  and  is  the  f.ivorite  iiiatciial  for  the  liiixes  in  which  toliacco  is 
packed,  for  ox-yokes,  and  hiitchers'  hliK-ks,  and  for  furniture  ami  tlir  iiitirinr  linish  of  houses,  where  itH 
broad  conspiriious  niciluilary  rays  and  cheerful  color  make  it  valiiaiili'. 

I'lulniiim  iiir'iili  iiliilm  \\,\-i  introilucecl  into  Knglinh  gardens  l)\  the  younger  Tradesrant  early  in 
thu  Meveiitovnth  century,*  and  the  first  account  of  it,  piililinhed  in  ItilO  in  Parkinson's  Tlinttrmn 
liotunicum ^  relates  to  a  tree  cultivateil  in  Kngland.  It  is  now  occasionally  planted  in  Anu-ricaii  and 
Knropean  *  parks  and  avenues,  although  as  an  ornamental  tree  its  value  is  impaircil  hv  the  fungal  diseasu 
which  strips  it  of  its  \oung  leaves  in  spring,  and  stunts  and  often  dcfoinis  its  giowlh. 

Always  (^iMispicuouH  from  the  |)ide  often  mottled  h.irk  which  covers  the  ujipcr  parts  of  the  trunk 
and  hraiudics,  the  .'sycamore,'  which  is  the  must  massive  if  not  the  tallest  deciduous-leaved  tree  of  the 
North  American  forest,  is  a  magnilicent  oliject  as  it  grows  in  the  deep  alluvial  soil  of  the  hottiuu-lands 
of  the  .Mississippi  liasin,  with  its  long  ponderous  hranches  and  its  hroad  leafy  crown  of  hright  green 
cheerful  foliage  raised  high  ahovo  thu  headu  of  its  Hylvan  aiwociates. 


'  Hrunrt,  Cat.  Vrg.  in;.  Can.  4i5.  —  Miicoun,  Cat.  Can.  I'l.  VU. 

'  il<-»M7,  lirp.  Sthnuka  Slair  lUnnl  .ijrw.  18UI,  ttl"). 

•  Kiil({wny,  /Vor,  /'.  .S,  Sal.  Mm.  IHjCJ,  7:t. 

«  Ailiili,  Uorl.  Kry.  iii.  lUW  I.<hi<I.iii,  .irh.  Ilril.  iv.  '-'Ol.t,  f. 
1U.'.1»,  llWO. 

'  lUalanug  iM-nilrnialis  ani  t'ln/inirfwu,  14-7.  —  BiM'rhii.tvf*.  Ind. 
All.  Uorl.  l.ugtl.  liar  ii.  •.MU. 


fV;i*n/ii>iMu.«  capilulit  /ick/ii/m,  Ciilclcii.  liI.  Uorl  I'/it.  1743,05 
(/'/.  .Wifrhf.). 

'  It  in  fn*qiit*ntly  itiitrtl  ttiitt  Platttinti  (n-<-i<l*'iitalis  i*  ooiiiiiuiu  in 
Kuni[M>jiii  pUiitiitioii!, ;  Imt.  ho  f.ir  a!t  I  liiivi'  Wvn  iibli-  tii  iibiii'rvp, 
it  i.i  now  t'x<'«'t>(lint;ly  rare  in  wrxttTn  niut  ctMttnil  Kiir<)[>e,  wlicro  1 
\u\re  %t'vn  only  ii  f*-w  uuli,  hliiiil.4. 

'  rUuatvtn  in-rtilrntalu  i*  iiNd  soniftilm's  cullod  Iltitti>n-l>ull  troo 


I'lalann-t  .Vi»ri  Ihhtt,  fulu*  Vfifierlilianum  d/oi  n'/ermtibtu,  gluftutU  aiul  WntiT  n,'iTli.     In  Hiirupc,  Syi'tiiunr,',  thi'  (-oniinDil  iiunii'  iif  the 

parvi^t  IMuki^nt't,  .ilm.  IU4.  IMW.  tlifTfn'iit  rUiif-tn-,'!!  in  tin-  t'nitt'il  Stuti-s,  is  iilwiiys  npplicl  t(>  .tirr 

IHatania  in-rtitentalui,  C'lttriilty,  \al.  l/tat.  Car.  i.  M,  t.  'S.  I's^ttli^-t'talanitA,  anil  never  to  tlif  I'lam',   while  the  Sycuiuurus  of 

Vlatanus  fotiu   tolnitit^  LiuiubuM,  Hurl,  i  'lt0'.  447.  —  Koyen,  ^7.  tlir  iiiicientH  i-s  the  /•'iVw  S^jt-nmorus  of  iiurtbeastcru  .Virieu.     (See 

ifjtrf.  I'rodr.  78.  —  Clayton,  ^V.  Virgin,  ed. '.',  151.  lianlm  and  Fitrn',  ii.  3^11*. ) 


i        ' 


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EXPLANATION   OF  THE   PLATES. 

Plate  CCCXXVI.     I'iatancs  occihentai.is. 
1.  A  Huwi-rinf;  bruitcli.  iiutiiral  size. 
*J.    Diii^rain  ui  'i  f(t:iiniiiati>  tlovrcr. 
;{.    l)i:i),'r:iiii  of  a  pislillali'  lluwer. 

4.  A  liuail  of  staininate  tluwcru  willi  moat  of  the  flowora 

rt'inoved,  cnlar;;i*d. 

5.  A  ^laInthat4■  ttuwrr.  iMilarj^d. 
0.  A  htamcn,  enlai-^i-d. 

7.  A  |iUlil]ato  tlowtT.  fulargetl. 

8.  A  pistil,  t>iiliiri|;i>il. 

\h   VtTtii'al  si'c'lit»n  of  an  ovarv,  etilnvf^nd. 
1(1.    I'lirtldii  uf  II  liraiH'li  nrul  !<tl|Milc'.  natural  Hire. 
11.   A  winttT  Itrani'hlot.  naliiral  f.i/.c. 
1-.   I'ortiun  uf  n  lirandilit  slmwiny  buJ  and  tlic  base  of 

n  pciiole.  natural  ^i7.e. 
\\\.   Vt'i-tif-al  sfi'tii>n  of  a  1>raiif-liU-l,  l)U(l  anil   j>ftiole, 
natural  fiu: 


Platk  CCCXXVn.     ri.ATAVfs  otcidf.xtai.h. 

1.  \  fruiting;  lintni'li.  natural  size. 

'2.  ViTtical  sri'tion  of  a  head  of  fniit,  natural  size. 

3.  An  akene.  mlarfjed. 

4.  Vertit'.-il  Hci'tion  i*i  an  akene.  enlarged. 
r>.  A  Heed.  enlarj;eil, 

6.  Ad  embryo,  enlarged. 


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KXIM  VNAHON   or  THE   PLATK^. 


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Si'.va  of  Nui!h   America 


Tab    CCCXXi 


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PLATAN  us    OCCIDENTALIS 


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PLATANUS     OCCIDENTALIS 


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I'LATANACEiK. 


aiLVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


lor. 


PLATANUS  RACEMOSA. 
Sycamore. 

Leavks  cloojjly  .'J  to  r)-l()l)('tl,  th(>  IoIk's  intiro,  romntcly  and  ohscmcly  dcntiitc  or 
rarclv  sinuati'-toothcd,  truiu'iite  or  rartly  Nlijj;litly  lordati'  or  wcdgc-sliaiK'd  at  the  base. 
Fruit  raciinost'. 


Platnnus  raoomoiin.  Niitlall,  Sylrti.  i.  17.  I.  1."  (I.S12). — 
Auilulion.  IliriU.X.  Mi^.  —  llciilliiiiii,  /'/.  liirtifiij.  lilMi.  — 
Nfwl...rfy,  I'lfijir  II.  I{.  lle/i-  vi.  M,  «'••.  I.  '-'.  f.  H).  — 
Tiirrey.  /^|^  .W.j-.  Hoiiml.  Sun:  'JOJ  ;  Iren'  J{^/i.  '.'7  :  Itol. 
]\'Ukr»  /CT/ilor.  /,>/)<■</.  J.'iT.  —  A.  ilu  Cundullt',  I'vi'lr.  xvi. 
|>l.  ii.  W*).  —  KiK-li.  Iliiitlr.  ii.  4ri'.t.  —  llnwcr  &  rt'alw.in. 
Jilt.  Oil.  ii.  t'lt).  —  .Siirui'Ml,  /■'■'rr.^t  Tm:i  .V.  Am.  \WU 
(Vii.<M.<  r.  S.  \\.  1.".).  —  .liiiiltfl,  /;.</.  .hihrh.  xi.  J.'il.— 
Koehiio,   Deuliihe  Ihmlr. 'M\\. —  Uippi'l,   llamlli.  l,aut>- 


/(ci/iA.  iii.  "7H,  f.  l.'il. — Grcpiio,  Man.   Kiuj  lir'/'mn  I'lit. 

'."■•7.  —  fovillr.  Cunli-ih.  r.  S.  Xit.  Herb.  iv.    111.".  {Ilut. 

I>,',tl,   y„ll,.,i  i:.,;,,:!.). 
PlntanuB ocoidontalia.  lldnkcri^  Aiiiutt,  Itnt.  I'./;/.  Unvhri/, 

ll'.il,  ll'.MI  (net  l,iiimiMi»)  (l«;i:t). 
Platimua    Cnlifornioa,    ISinllmin.    /Inf.    ('..y.   Siiljihiii;  ."I 

(ISII). 

Platanart    Moxicana,   Tiirri'v,  .Sili/rean.i'    lif/,.    17'J  (imt 
.Miiiiiiiml)  i^lM.'i:!);   I'iii-ijif  11,  It.  h'r/i.  vii.  pi.  iii.  I'D. 


.\  frtN',  soinctimcs  oiii'  liuiidrtMl  ti>  niic  liiiii(lri'<l  and  twenty  feet  in  licii^lit,  with  a  trunk  occasionally 
nine  I'cct  ill  diaiiictcr  aliovc  tlic  liroad  tapcrin;;  lia.sc,  .sometimes  erect  and  free  of  liianclies  for  half  its 
heiijlit,  more  often  <lividini;  near  the  ground  int4>  Neveral  secondary  stcin.s  which  -ire  erect,  iiiclininp^,  or 
prostrate  for  twenty  to  tiiirty  feet  at  their  base,  and  thick  |iondi'roiis  more  or  less  contorted  lony; 
spreading  hranches  which  form  an  open  irrey;nlar  nmnd-lopped  head  ;  usually  smaller  and  j^enerally 
seventy  to  ei;j;hty  fi'ct  in  heij^hl.  with  a  trunk  two  to  three  fei  t  in  diameter.  The  hiirk  at  the  hase  of 
the  trunks  of  old  individuals  is  three  to  four  inches  thick,  dark  liriiwn,  deeply  furrowed,  with  liroad 
rounded  rid^^es  separatiujf  on  the  surfaci"  into  thin  scales;  hi^^her  on  the  trunk  ami  on  the  h  inches  it 
is  thinner,  smooth,  and  pale  or  almost  white.  'I'he  hranches,  which  are  coated  at  first  with  thick  jiale 
touieiituin,  whicli  soon  di.sjip|M>ars,  during;  their  lirst  winter  are  lii;ht  reddish  lirowii  and  marked  with 
nunu'roiis  small  leiiticels,  ami  jjradually  ^row  darker  in  their  second  and  third  years.  The  leaves  are 
three  or  five-hdied  to  lielow  the  middle,  with  acute  or  acuminate  lohes,  which  are  entire,  dentate  with 
remote  minute  callous-tip|H'il  teeth,  or  occasionally  coarsely  sinuate-toothed,  and  luoad  sinuses  acute  or 
rounded  in  tlie  bottom;  they  are  usually  cordate  or  sometimes  truncate,  or  wedi;e-shai)ed  and  decurrent 
at  the  h.i.se  on  the  petioles,  six  to  ten  inches  in  leiiy^th  and  hreadlli,  thick  and  tlrni,  li^ht  ifreen  on  the 
upper  surface,  and  on  the  lower  surfaci"  paler  and  more  or  less  thickly  coated  with  pale  puhesccnco, 
whicli  is  most  abundant  alonjj  the  broad  midribs  and  primary  veins ;  they  are  borne  on  stout  pubescent 
petioles  one  to  three  inches  loiijj,  and  often  do  not  all  fall  until  sprini,'.  The  stipules  are  an  inch  to  an 
inch  and  a  half  in  leiijjth,  and  entire  or  dentate.  The  peduncles  are  covered  with  pale  pubescence,  and 
usually  bear  four  or  live  heads  of  staminate  tlowers  or  from  two  to  seven  heads  of  jiistillate  flowers, 
a  head  of  staminato  tlowers  occasionally  appearinjj  on  the  pistillate  peduncle  above  the  fertile  heads. 
The  heads  of  fruit  hani^  on  slender  /.'I'^'M'^  ijlabrous  or  pubescent  stems  six  to  ten  inches  in  lenjjth,  and 
are  three  (juarters  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  The  akene  is  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  one  third  of  an 
inch  lon^,  tomentoso  while  yuun^  and  irkibrous  at  maturity. 

I'ldtdiiiin  r(tci'))io.iii  is  distributed  from  the  valley  of  the  lower  Sacramento  River  in  California 
southward  throuffh  the  interior  valleys  and  coa.st  ranj^es  of  the  state,  findi:'<;  its  southern  home  on  San 
Pedro  Martir  MounUiin  in  Lower  ('alifornia,'  It  inhabits  the  banks  of  striams,  and  is  exeeedin<;'ly 
cunimon  in  all  the  valleys  of  the  coast  range  from   Monterey  to  the  southern  borders  of  the  state, 

I  Hmiidop'i',  iCoi,  iv.  'JI)U. 


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106 


,s7Ar.i  OF  Murrii  am  mac  a. 


I'LATANACKA. 


UHc-i<n(liM<r  th(>  Noiithorn  slopoH  of  tlii>  Siiii  Hi'miidiiK)  MimiititiiiM  to  an  (>l<>vuti()n  of  thrpo  tliouiuiiul  fuut 
above  till'  Ifvi'l  III'  till'  M'ii.' 

'rill'  )<|Hrilit'  ijravity  of  tlii'  abwiliiti'ly  dry  wooii  of  I'latdium  run  iiionn  in  0.  IH^),  a  cubic  foot 
wi'i^hin^  IU).41  poiiiulH. 

CiiiiI'mimliMl  with  tlii'  I'laiii-tiTi'  of  flio  fa.st<>rii  riiiti'il  Stati'x  liy  tlic  botaiiiHlH  wlio  firHt  fX|ilortHl 
till- fo.ist  of  siiiillii'i'ii  Calil'iiniia,  J'lu/imiis  niniiKisn,  wliirli  i.s  oiii'  of  lli<>  nolili'Ht  ami  most  bi>aiitiful 
ili'ciiluoiis-li'avi'il  tiii'H  of  tlic  I'uiitic  forests,  was  lirst  ilistiii>;iii»lie«i  by  Tiioiuiw  Niittall,  wlio  found  it  ut 
8unta  iiurbara  in  1830. 

>  S.  ii.  I'orub,  Hot,  ir.  344. 


KXri.ANATION   OK  THE   IT.ATF,. 

I'l.ATK   CCCXXVIII.       I'l.VTASI-i    KA>  KMIWA. 

1.  A  tliiwt-rin.;  Iirniii-li,  iiiitiir:tl  HJ/t*. 

2.  A  htanirii,  cntari;!')!, 
.'t.   A  |ii'til,  iiiliirijiil. 

4.  A  fruiting  lirniuli.  iiatiiriil  al/c. 

C.  Vcrtiriil  Kvi'liiiii  of  nii  ukiiit',  I'lilargnl. 

6.  All  riiilirvii.  i'iilnr>;iil. 

7.  A  li'iif,  iKitiiral  i-i/i'. 

8.  A  winter  l>ruiK>lili>t.  iiiituial  h'uv. 


f      > 


ri.A  lANACK^. 

tliDUiutiid  ft'ut 

0,  Ik  culiic  foot 

)  (irHt  t'X|il(irv«l 

most  lioaiitil'iil 

A'hu  fuuiul  it  at 


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PLATAN  us  RACF.M 


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•  111  lU'Mijtiliiio  M'XiiiiAtri- 


I'LATANACKJIC. 

ill'll       flHlt 


'.t(i'^    li\   llir    I  ill)    liikt    i^itliiird 

<   out'   ilf   till'    :  111. I  illiitit  lutiitltit'lll 

n»U.  HUM  Hr>-t  iliKliiiiritiNhi-t)  bv  TImuium  Niittiiil,  who  fiiuuil  it  at 


KXI' 


V  or  THB  VLxry.. 


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PLAtASACi:,*: 


Driit  rspliiMitl 
iiiiNit  Umutifiil 
liu  fimml  it  lit 


Silv*  of  North  Arrifni 


Tah  crcwvu; 


/'A  /a.n'i  tf-J 


.".If:/:, 


PLATANUS  RACEMOSA.Nuu 

,■(.'4. .,/«../■  ,/,/,:,■  '  !'y  .'  T.lnfitr  r.ir:. 


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M-ATANACEiE. 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


107 


PLATANUS  WRIQHTII. 

Sycamore. 

Leaves  deeply  'A  to  7-lobc(l,  the  lobes  elon^iited.  slender,  entire  or  rarely  remotely 
dentate,  usually  deejjly  cordate  or  rarely  w  edfi;e-shaped  at  the  base.     Fruit  racemose. 

PlHtanuB    Wrightii.    Wutscui,    I'ruf.    Am.    Anni.    x.   iflll  Plntnnua  Mexicana,  Toriey,  A'wiory'.i /i'cy<.  151  (not  Moii- 
(|«7r>).— Kinliy,  /<m//.    Torri'ij  lh<t.  Ctuh,'n.'y\. —  S.w  laml)  ( IS48). 

griit,  Fiirrst    Tri-es  .V.  Am.  Wth  Cni.iii.n  I'.  S.  ix.  l.ill.  —  Platnnus  rncumoBa,  Wiit.«oi),  J'l.  Wheeli'i;  16  (not  Nnttall) 
OinlUT,  Contrilt.  ('.  S.  Xut.  Herb.  ii.  UO  (Man.  J'l.  U'.  (1«T1).  —  K.illirui'k,   ll'/ieeler's  liej).  vi.  '.'.'ii). 

A  tree,  often  sixty  to  eijyhty  feet  in  hei<;lit,  with  ii  straijjlit  trunk  foiu'  or  Hvo  feet  in  diiimeter  at 
tilt'  biise,  fjriiiluiilly  tiiperinij^  and  free  from  hranclies  for  twenty  <>r  tliirty  feet,  or  witli  a  trunk  ilividinff 
just  alM)ve  the  surface  of  tlie  ground  into  two  or  tlncc  larf^e  stems,  usually  more  or  less  reelininf^,  and 
often  nearly  prostrate  for  fifteen  or  twenty  feet,  and  with  thick  contorted  hranches ;  of  these  the  lowest 
fre(|uently  (^row  almost  at  rijjht  aufjles  to  the  trunk,  ami  are  lit'ty  or  sixty  I'eet  in  lenifth,  while  the 
n|p|ier  are  usually  erect  at  first,  and  then  spread  into  u  hroacl  open  handsome  head.  The  l)a.se  of  tiie 
trunk  is  covered  with  dark  hark  three  or  four  inches  thick.  <lcc|dy  ami  irreijularly  divided  into 
hro.id  ridfjes,  and  covered  on  the  surface  with  small  appre>>cd  scales;  ten  or  lifteen  feet  ahove  the 
Ijround  it  <jro»s  thinner,  scpar.iliiijj  into  larj^er  scales,  and  gradually  pas.ses  into  the  hark  of  the  upper 
trunk  and  hranches,  which  is  smooth,  much  thinner,  and  creamy  wliite  faintly  tinijed  with  <jreen.  The 
hranelilets  are  slender,  and  are  coated  at  first  with  thick  jiale  tomentum,  wliicli  mioii  hejjins  to  disappear; 
durin^j  their  first  winter  they  are  ^lahrous  vr  slij^htly  puhcrulous,  marked  with  minute  scattered  leiiti- 
cels,  and  lijjiit  hrown  tini^ed  with  red,  or  ashy  f^ray,  and  ;;radually  fjrow  darker  diuinj;  their  .second  and 
third  years.  The  leaves  are  divideil  hy  narrow  sinusi's  to  helow  the  middle,  and  sometimes  nearly  to 
the  centre  into  three  to  seven,  hut  usually  into  five,  elonj^atcd  acute  lohes,  which  are  entire,  or  dentate 
with  callous-tipped  teeth,  or  occasionally  art-  furnished  with  one  or  two  acuminate  lateral  lohes;  thev 
are  souu'tinu's  dee[)ly  cordate  hy  the  downward  projection  of  the  lower  loiies  m-  are  oi'teii  truncate  or 
wed^e-shaped  at  the  ha»e  ;  they  are  six  to  eijjht  inches  in  len>jth  and  hreadth,  thin  and  firm  in  texture, 
lijjht  jjreen  and  <i;lal)nuis  ahove  and  coated  with  pale  puhescence  helow,  with  narrow  rihs  and  primary 
veins  i-omu'ctetl  hy  rather  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  and  stout  jjlahrous  or  puhcrulous  ])etioles  an 
inch  and  a  half  to  three  inches  lonjj.  The  peduncles  are  clothed  with  thick  wiiite  tomentum,  and  hear 
two  to  four  heads  of  flowers.  The  heads  of  fruit  liang  on  slender  jrlahrous  steins  six  to  eight  inches  in 
lenjjth,  and  are  about  thrw  tpiarters  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  The  akenes  are  jj^lahrous,  about  one 
(piarter  of  an  inch  lon^  and  truncate  at  the  apex. 

I'Idtaniis  Wriijltlli  inhabits  tiie  banks  of  streams  in  tht>  mountain  canons  of  southwestern  New 
^b'xico,  southern  Arizona,  and  .Sonora  ;  on  all  tiu-  mountain  ramies  in  New  Nb'xico  and  Arizona,  south 
of  the  iii^h  (Colorado  plateau,  it  is  the  largest  and  one  of  the  most  abundant  of  the  deciduousdeaved 
trees,  extending  from  the  uu>nths  of  the  canons  up  to  elevations  of  from  five  to  six  thousand  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea. 

The  siieeifie  gravity  of  the  abs(dutely  dry  wood  is  O.ITIUJ,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  2i).r»l  pounds. 

I'UitituHH   Wriijlilii  wiw  discovered  in    liS'il    hy  .Mr.  (Charles  Wright'  in  southern  Arizona  during 


M' 


II II 


1 1  f  Ii 


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108 


SILVA    OF  XOIiTJf  AMERICA. 


IM.ATANAC£-1-; 


his  connection  with  tho  United  States  and  Mexican  Boundary  Survey.     Originally  eonfounded  with 
PIdtdiiKs  racvmosfi,  it  was  Hrst  distinguished  hy  Sereno  Watson.' 

In  the  deep  and  sonihre  canons  of  the  Arizona  mountains,  Phtttnnts  Wrh/htH  is  a  noble  and 
beautiful  object,  rising  high  above  the  Walnuts,  Willows,  and  Alders  which  mark  the  course  of  the 
streams,  with  its  great  wide-spreading  pale  sea-green  branches  and  bright  foliage  thrown  into  clear 
relief  a<Tainst  the  sunburnt  hills  covered  with  dark  Evergreen  Oaks  and  darker  Pines. 


'  Si'rciio  WhIsoii  (1S'_V>-1VJ)  whs  iHirii  iit  Windsor  IliU.  ContiH't- 
ii'ut.  iiiiii  was  |;r:nlii:iti(l  fnmi  Yali-  t'ollfjji'  in  1H17  ;  hiivin/^ 
tjtn^jlit  si-IiodI  in  dilViTi-nt  states,  hi'  .-tmlii'd  nuMlicim'  in  t.n*  I'lii- 
v<'rsitv  of  N't'vv  York  ami  lator  with  an  chliT  hrolhcr  I'stahlishtMl  iit 
(^iiiiu'v,  Illinoi?*.  \\v  itruclict'd  his  prnfi'ssinn  tlurin}»  twit  vcars  (uily, 
and  thon  ntiandimt-d  it  tn  lussiinu*  a  Im^iiu'ss  jtusition  in  Ahilmnia, 
where  he  resided  front  IS.V1  to  lSt»l,  iH'ginninj;  at  this  time  llie 
Htudv  of  plants,  altlion^h  it  was  nut  nntil  several  years  later,  after 
a  term  in  the  Shefliehl  Seientifie  School,  that  he  Ixvanie  a  profes- 
sional hotanist. 

In  IStkS  Dr.  Walson  was  appointed  Itotanist  of  the  I'nited 
States  (ieolof^ieal  Kxpedition  wliiih,  under  the  leadership  of  (.'lar- 
eme  Kmj;,  explored  the  territory  went  of  the  It.M'ky  M.Miutainfi 
adjaeent  to  the  fortieth  parallel  of  latitude.  In  1S71  he  puhlished. 
with  tin'  aid  of  Professor  l>.  C  Katnri,  his  elassieal  n*(Hirt  u|»on  (he 
plants  he  had  eolleeted  »»n  thin  exi>eilition  ;  this  h-d  U*  his  reeeivinj;f 
the  appoiutnient  at  Canihrid^je  of  assistant  to  Proffssor  Asa  (iniy, 
whom  he  succeeded  as  curatur  of  the  (iruy  Uerharinm  of  Harvard 


Collef^'.  He  devoted  the  n>mainder  of  hirt  life  to  n  Htudy  of  the 
tlora  of  North  America  and  to  the  eare  and  develujMiient  of  tho 
eotteetiuus  in  \ns  i-harge.  In  eonneeliou  with  IVofessor  William 
II.  Brewer,  I>r  Watsiut  pn-pared  the  hotaniral  portitui  of  the 
n'pi»rl  of  the  (leolo^ieal  Survey  of  California  ;  he  wiu»  the  author 
of  a  liini/riifihiiiil  Index  of  Sorth  Amrricnn  lioUiuy,  iHstied  in  1S?8, 
which  unfortunately  wa«  nut  curried  beyond  the  tlntt  volume,  luid 
*)f  nunu'rouM  papers  puldiiilied  in  th«  Prot'erilingn  of  the  Amerinm 
.lcfl(/rmy  of'  Artx  am'  S^-ttticrf,  in  which  Home  twelve  hundriMl  ^h'- 
eies  of  North  American  plants  were  first  descrilwd  l»y  him,  and 
iminy  difiicult  jrnuips  were  elrdwnitcd.  In  ISlH),  with  I'rofessor 
.1.  M.  Couiler,  he  puhlished  tm  enlarp'd  edition  uf  (tray's  Manual 
of' th'    iiittiinf/  ift'-.e  Xorthn^i   ''mtni  Shitrn. 

.SVrc'ifxi,  a  jjenus  of  plants  of  the  southern  I'nited  States,  eittal>- 
lisheil  hy  the  yonn^jt'r  Hooker,  commt'nioratcs  the  name  of  this 
tniMlt'st  ami  learned  man,  whu0»  Life  was  dcvutvd  tu  UM-fut  labor 
and  noble  endeavor. 


EXPLANATION   OK  THK   IM.ATK. 


PlATK    CIX'XXIX.       I*I.ATANIH    WKh.llTll. 

1.  A  ilowerini;  branch,  natural  si/e. 

V.  A  stJtinen.  enlarged. 

3.  A  piHtil.  enlar^'id. 

4.  A  fruitini;  brancli.  natural  hIzo. 

.'">.  Vertical  scctioi)  of  an  akene,  t'nlarg>Hl. 

6.  A  seetl.  enlarned. 

7.  An  embryo,  enlarjjed. 

8.  A  wi>)t«r  branehut.  natural  size. 


PI.ATANACE.t:. 

onfounded  with 

is  a  noble  and 
e  course  of  the 
rown  into  dviir 


iff  t(»  ft  Mtmiy  of  tin* 
(U>vt>lu)Mnciit  of  tlio 

I  I'roffHHor  William 
licftl    |M»rtion    of    the 

;  he  waj*  the  aiillmr 
tauy,  ifliiiiiMl  ill  1S78, 
Lh(>  Hntt  voliiim-,  and 
'".V  '!/  'A^  Amtriiitn 
twt'lvt*  htiiidriM)  ^|M'- 
Hrriltod  by  him,  and 
If^lte,  with   I'nifi'^snr 

II  of  (imy's   Vanwil 

'niUd  States,  eHtalv 
*n  the  name  of  this 
[>ted  to  iiM'fnl  UtK»r 


\ 


.,.-"•-4^1'^^ 


•\ 


^H 


\ 


P 


PLATANi; 


\ 


\ 


H 


»       t  i 


ii 


'  Ir 
I.  ^1 


11 


fi 


'■•1 .1   . 
T  I  I 


i 


ilii 


m 


SILVA    OF  yoirrif     \tfFnfr^ 


.touuiliM!  with 


i'ni*d  StaUw  nnd  Mi»\i(  in    f 

!irHt  rlwtiajy^uhbwl  Hh.t«nin.' 

ViiAiMiu   inoiintjiins,   I'latnnns    Wr'tjhtH   in  a   iinl>l(<   uiul 
...iW,  WillowH,  ;ui(l   A  More  \s\\w\\  mark  tho  oonrM«  of  tin* 
'p  Hua-^tMrn  braiu'lieH  uimI  brighi    f<»h'i^e  thrown  into  dfiir 
't<i  with  dark  Evergreen  O^ikft  autl  (Urker  )^4}e». 


Wiiiil-wr  Hilt.  CtmtwiO*      Ci*llt«|ft*.     \\t  devoCMl  itra  rvcfuumi' 
iitih«*<t  ninlu'iiif  III  titc-  L'pi*       t^otltrtiiuH  in  hi»  i'httr^t>.     fu  t^juuM'tioi 


1.    h.   '.'ll.iuiii;-     ti       !■;    ■     (i> 


<■  tueb.  untlrr 


to  «  «tni],f  of  ibi> 

'      '<>.m-ut  uf  th« 

' '  ir>n    af  (bf 

t 


inurjt  af   Sinth    < 
>  iy  WM  t>o<  mrru  ' 
It  jwjH  M  pcMtdliMi   til  l,V  /*-»»r*-/r.  .-m-fct 

,4rirfa»t'/  Sriffuitu,  iu  uliirh  -••  -   '  »  t  ajH^ 

.-til  Amrricati  pliuiU  werw  ftr^  :  i,  aud 

>  r-r,  )ff  pitUrhrtl  an  t uUrfpMi  ndiu*-'*   '>(0r^'  ^    \fanmU 
«r  ^  /*•  A'f/r(4frn  l'ntte>i  Suite0, 

A  ^flU«  of   pluill'-.  of   lh«  Nii»tll«RI   l-wl«4   8(*M««  Mtab- 

:  ■!   llo«V<*r,  ■.'n»nni»'iin>r»|r»    it»*  tmmr  "f   thw 
'   '  >'uui,  whoiri  Uft*  ttM  ilttvi-H*.!  to  asrful  Ubur 

■  iulrAv*>r 


f 


•  i  \IK. 

■     WkI'.HTII 


iii|»r<;iil. 


totvt  (iu. 


laiileJ   \vi*h 

f  IB  a  uolile  aiiij 
\iv  conrHi^  of  th** 


-  'fc»ft«ir  WiUihiii 
(•iiTli;-.:i    of   ihv 

mumI  m  IrtTH, 
tir    "^(n  rolnu«,  *ati 

*fm'ti\'*4   '»    tiiin,  anil 
r  '".I .. ,        UanufU 

■    .iit« 
ta  iuexMi  Ubur 


Silva  of  North    Ameru-a 


Tab.  CCCXXiX 


/■  /'u~i"rt  JW 


PLATAN  US  WRlGHTil      WatKon 


Hsffufif 


Mi 


•1(1 


11 


'  ill 

1 


1^1 


ii, 


A  fUi*i-tt*i,.f  air*\t 


'"if  .  '  ^'.ifwur   Pons 


!i!(i|,r|iljj 


s 


iif 


ii 


II     (i 


f'       > 


LEITNKKIACJLS. 


8ILVA   OF  NORTU  AMERICA. 


10!) 


LEITNERIA. 

Flowers  amcntnccous,  diopcious ;  perianth  of  the  statninntc  flower  0 ;  stamens  3  to 
12  ;  periantli  of  tlie  pistillate  flower  minute  ;  ovary  l-celled  ;  ovule  solitary,  ascending. 
Fruit  an  oblong  compressed  drupe.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  petiolate,  destitute  of 
stipules,  deciduous. 


ft 


Leitneria.  Chapman,  Fl.  427  (1860).  —  Bnillon,  IlUt.  PI. 
vi.  '.M'J,  f.  I'H-.'IO.  —  Hcntluuii  &  Hooker,  Gen.  iii.  397.  — 


Eii){lor,  Eii'/ler  <t  Prantl   P/lanzenfcm.  iii.  pt.  i.  29,  f. 


A  Hhrul)  or  troo,  with  palo  Hlijjhtly  fis-surwl  Imrk,  scaly  buds,  stout  terete  pithy  hranehlets  marked 
with  palo  conspii'uous  elevated  nearly  circular  lentit'cls  and  with  elevated  crescent-shaped  ohlitpiely 
anjjied  or  sometimes  obscurely  three-lobed  leaf-scars  displayinjj  the  ends  of  tlireo  consj  'cuous  fibro- 
vascular  bundle-scars,  and  thick  lleshy  stoloniferous  yellow  roots  spreadinjj^  horizontally  near  the  surface 
of  the  jjround.  Terminal  buds  broail,  conical,  an  eifjlith  of  an  inch  loufj,  covered  by  ten  or  twelve 
oblonj;  triaufTular  closely  imbricated  scales  coated  with  pale  tomcntuni.  often  persistent  during  one  or 
two  years  at  the  base  of  the  branch,  and  in  falling  marking  it  witii  narrow  ring-iike  scars ;  lateral  leaf- 
bnds  smaller,  ovoid,  ilattened  by  the  pressure  of  the  stem.  Leaves  involute  in  vernation,  lanceolate  to 
elliptical-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute  and  short-pointed  at  tiie  apex,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base, 
entire,  witli  sliglitiy  thitkcned  revolute  undulate  margins,  penuivcined,  with  remote  primary  veins 
arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins,  and  connected  by  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  long-petiolate, 
the  stout  jH'tioles  grooved  on  tiie  upper  side  ;  as  tiiey  unfold  coated  on  the  lower  surface  and  on  the 
]ietioles  with  thick  pale  tomentum,  and  pubetulous  on  the  upjier  surface  ;  at  maturity  thick  and  firm, 
l>right  green  and  lustrous  above,  |)ale  and  coated  below  and  on  tiie  broad  midribs  and  veins  with 
villous  pubescence,  deciduous.  Flowers  amiMitaceous,  expanding  in  early  spiing  witii  the  first  unfolding 
of  the  leaves  from  inilorescence-buds  developed  the  previ(Mis  autumn  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  vear 
and  covered  with  many  imbricated  ovate  acute  concave  chcstnut-i)niwn  scales  coated  on  the  outer  surface 
with  pale  hairs,  the  lowest  often  persistent  after  anthesis.  Sterile  aments  clustered  near  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  freipientiy  excurved  at  maturity,  composed  of  numerous  ovate  acute  <'oncave  bracts,  inserted 
on  a  stout  pubescent  rachis  and  bearing  on  their  torus-like  stalks  a  ring  of  three  to  twelve  stamens; 
filaments  slender,  somewhat  dilated  at  the  base,  incurved  ;  anthers  oblong,  slightly  emarginate,  attached 
on  the  back  below  the  midille,  bright  yellow,  introrse,  two-celled,  *lie  cells  opening  longitudinally  ; 
pollen  grain.4  glabnuis,  slightly  three  to  four-grooved.  Pistillate  aments  scattered,  shorter  and  more 
slender  than  those  of  the  staminate  plant.  com|K)sed  of  iud)ricated  ovate  acute  concave  bracts,  bearing 
in  their  axils  a  Hhort-Ht<>ike<i  jiistil  surrounded  by  a  ruilinu>ntary  perianth  of  small  gland-friiiged  scales, 
the  two  largest  lateral,  the  others  next  the  axis  of  the  inlloresccnce.  Ovary  one-celled,  ovoid,  pubes- 
cent, crowned  with  an  elongated  flattened  style,  inserted  ob'.iipieiy,  curving  above  the  middle  outward 
ii\  anthesis,  grooved  and  stigmatic  on  the  outer  face ;  ovule  solitary,  attjtched  laterally  to  a  placenta 
facing  the  bract,  ascending,  semianatropous,  the  micropyle  directed  upward.  Fruit  ovate,  thick  and 
rounded  on  the  ventral,  narrowed  on  the  dorsal  edge,  rounded  at  the  base,  compressed  and  pointed  at 
the  apex,  marked  by  the  j>ale  obli(|ue  scar  left  by  the  falling  of  the  deciduous  style,  chestnut-brown, 
rugofie ;  exocaq)  thick  and  dry,  closely  investing  the  thin-walled  light  brown  crut.  'ceous  rugose  nutlet. 


n 


Jill 


^^il 


i 


110 


SI/JA    OF  i\OI{TU   AMElilCA. 


I.KITSKIUACK.K 


r, 


lii' 


Si'i'd  illliiijj  tlu'  t'iivity  •>!'  tlic  iiiitli't.  t'(nii|)ri'ss«>il,  roiiiidiMl  at  liotli  (mkIs,  iimrkcd  on  (lie  thick  i'<lf^t< 
witli  ill!  (il)loiifj  iKMilv  l)lac'k  liiliiin.  Kiiihiyo  i-rcct.  siirrouiulfcl  l>y  thin  tlfsliy  aUmiiu'ii ;  cotyluduim 
ohhin^,  thittciu'd,  rdiiiidcd  at  tlu-  vxtroiiiities ;  radii-lc  siipiTior,  cniiieal,  shnrt,  and  ticshy. 

Tlic  w(i((d  tit"  Lt'itnfi'ia  is  soft,  cxccfdiiij^ly  lif^lit,  t'li>st-jjraini'd,  and  contains  tliin  ohscurc  medullary 
rays  and  j^ri'iiiips  nl  small  open  ducts,  the  layers  of  annual  growth,  which  are  not  distin}ruis!ial)le  to  tin; 
naked  eve,  liein<;'  marlicd  hy  narrow  hands  of  interrupted  cells ;  it  ts  pale  yellow,  and  shows  no  trace  of 
heartwood.  The  specilic  jjravity  of  the  ahsolutely  dry  wood  is  O.'JOTt*,'  a  culiic  foot  wei^jhin;;  V2.!K) 
pounds.  It  is  useil  lor  the  floats  uf  lishin<;-net.s  in  Missouri,  its  reniarkalile  lightnes.s'  making  it 
valuahle  for  this  ]Uirpose. 

I.eitneria  was  discovered  hy  Thomas  Druniniond  ;  ^  it  was  found  Ity  Dr.  A.  \V.  (!|iapman'  in  l.S-17 
jrrowintj  on  the  nuiddv  shores  of  a  cove  washed  hy  hij^h  tides  tive  miles  west  td'  the  town  id'  A|)alachi- 
col.i  iu  Florida;  and  in  Octolier,  ISICJ,  hy  Mr.  IJ.  F.  Hush'  in  the  deep  swani|)s  liorderin^  the  St. 
Francis  Kiver  in  southeaHtorn  Missouri. 

The  generic  name  commemorates  that  of  a  German  niiturulist  killed  in  Florida  duriufr  tlu>  Seminole 
War. 

The  jjenus  is  represented  hy  a  sinjjle  species. 


I      i 


r    > 


'  'Hiis  (It-trniiination  iiiii<i<>  liv  IVofcHvir  NipliiT  it  |iuliIiHli('<l  tit 
IVofr-.^fior  \N'ilIiiiiii  Tn-K'Hst'"!*  i-\ltitiistivi-  simiy  »)f  L*-itiirriit,  tu 
winch  I  ail)  iiiili'litt'd  for  my  knnwl'Ml|;i-  uf  tliiit  iiit^Trftliii);  Irt-i-. 
(S«M.  Hep.  Mi.tsnun  IU4.  finrti.  vi.  t.  Mi    U.) 

*  rUt'  wimhI  iii  nil  nllicr  Norlli  Aiin-rifun  in-  that  has  Ik-pm 
pxAiiiiiieil  is  OA  li^^it  iiA  that  of  l.rfMtiHTm  ;  ll>t>  wood  winch  ii|>- 
jinmrhi'it  il  nrarc-tt  in  li^htrn'SM  i.t  thiit  of  th"  Khirid;i  /'him  nnmi, 
whiflt  has  n  »|H'cilii'  gravity  of  U.'J(il(>. 

*  N'l'  ii.  'St. 

I)riininioii(i'<t  s)H>ritnt>n  )(ri"it-rviMl  in  thr  ht>rtuirititn  ut  thi-  Itnyal 
f  t)trilrn>  ill  Kt'w  liiiM  no  (-o)h'ri<irS  lit  kit,  itml  in  lalM-h-d  in  tli:-  hiuid- 
wntiri^  of  Nir  Willtiiin  MtH>ki>r,  **  Kio  Hriizo^,  'IVxiui."  Dniiii- 
mond  |t,'i.s.<t(Ml  sninr  tiitit-  in  Apiiljichiculii,  whore  he  ntiulo  i*.  Iiir^i* 
collrrtion  of  pliuitK,  uiid  it  i*  not  inipoHslMc  that  it  wiit  in  Flurtdii 
:iiid  imt  ill  Tt'Xiis.  whrn-  it  hii.^  not  Um'Ii  fti-cii  >iin-"',  that  hi-  diMov- 
ffi'd  U'ltm-rin. 

*  Alvan  Wentworth  Chiipiimn  (Si'ptcnilMT  'JM.  IH^Ht)  wiw  U»ri; 
in  Siiuthiunpton,  Ma-HAnchn^-tlit.  :iihl  wa.H  ^'ntdinitcd  fniin  AintiiT«l 
C'olltj;«-  in  XHMt.  Iliivin^  tanjjht  jmIi.m.I  hi  ditft-rent  purtH  of  (icor- 
j;ia  fnmt  \X\\  to  IXU,  hi-  stndii'd  iDt'du-mi'  ut  Wii^hinKton.  (iror- 
fpu,  and  'hull  with  Pr.  John  \V.  Uavidiuu  At  Quincy,  Ruridit.     In 


IHIl'i,  hiivint;  rfr<'iv»'d  un  honomrr  ih-^rrc  of  I>(K>tor  of  Mrdirino 
from  Ihi'  l.oiiii«vilh*  Mi'dii-iil  Iii<ttiliit«',  ht>  fntahhthrd  hr  .m'II  i.i 
Apahii-hicohi.  Klondu,  whu'h  ih  Httll  his  hointv  Hi- fori*  Ifiitinf; 
MiiHHiii  hiiti  ttA,  t>r.  I'hapinnn  had  tu'iptiml  a  fondnrHN  for  tHittiny 
and  Miiiii'  ruilinirutjiry  knowh dp'  of  thi*  M-imcf.  allhon^h  hiH 
iKitaiiii'al  f*un>i>r  did  not  U'^n  until  ufti-r  hin  M-ttlrnirnt  in  Florida, 
whni  hi'  c^oninirni'i'd.  jn  liiK  hnij;  pnifpn^iionii)  ridt-N,  the  »y<tt<  ntatit* 
forutalion  of  u  herluirtiini  upon  whirh  whh  luitcd  liin  Flnrti  of' iKf 
Suuthrru  Cuttrtl  Statrs,  prrpnrt'd  in  thr  inonii'iiU  <tf  ti>iitun'  li-fl  hy 
thr  di-inantU  of  tt  lalMiriotis  profri^ion,  and  piihlt.thi-d  in  iMiO,  with 
a  <(iToiid  rditiKh  and  np{M-iidis  in  |HM;t. 

Chiif/truiiutit,  A  Florida  licrh  of  iJii'  IV«  family,  I'oniitirtnorati'H  hiN 
Hur('fH»(ul  U.t.mifal  lahori. 

*"  Ilriijaiiiin  Franktiii  ItiiKh  wiut  iHini  in  ('olund>nH,  Indiana,  in 
IH-Vi,  anil  in  lHtt.~>  ni4ivt-d  (o  Iiidt'|H-itdon(M>,  Mt4.iouri,  whi-rr  hr  haa 
U-i>it  ciipip-d  in  hortii'ulttiral  pursiiiU.  In  \H\r2  Mr.  Itufih  pre- 
pan-d  a  hcrhnriuni  of  the  dri«i  pUntfi  of  MiHMouri  and  n  collvotioii 
of  thf  fi>rt'Nt  pnMliicttt  of  till*  nUiti'  for  thi*  Cnlunibian  Kx|HMition 
Itrlil  in  Cliii'ap)  in  tlit<  «uninier  of  IHtKt.  llin  yotfn  tm  n  Am/  n/ 
I'iii'tlM  tttllrrirtt  in  Simthenntfru  yttitimri  ar«  pubUahtfd  in  thi'  Krwrt 
oj  the  MuBoun  liotanv  Ganlitt,  v.  130. 


I.KirSKUlACK.K 


Ll.lTNKKlAtK/K. 


HI  LI' A    OF  NOliTlI  AMElilCA. 


Ill 


on  llic  tliii'k  oiIro 
illxiiiuMi ;  cot)  luiioim 
I'sliy. 

II  olisciirt-  iiiciliillary 
istin};iiih!ial)l<>  to  tlit; 

III  sliows  nil  tract'  of 
"oiit  wt'ijjliini;  I'J.iMt 
^litiii'SN  '   iiiakinp^   it 

.  Cha|inian  '  in  liS-17 
it>  town  of  Ajialaflii- 
is  liui'ilcrin^  tlii'  St. 

(luring;  tilt-  Seminole 


r»'('  iif  l)4M>ti>r  of  Mnlifiiv 
lin  PHtnlili.thiMl    hi'  im'II    i.i 

liH   luiiiir.      Itrfiirr  Ifitting 

ml  a  foiidnoM  fur  tHitany 
tlip   Noiriicc,    aUliiiii);ti    hlA 

r  III;*  M'ttli'iiHMit  ill  l-Kiriilii, 

liolllll     rilll-H,    Itll'     Ht  Sti  lllHtil* 

will*  lm*fil  lii^  l-'i"ni  i>t'  tKt 
iiiMiiiriilit  iif  liM.^iin'  li-ft  )iy 
mil  |iiiI>1i.4)m-<I  III  IMiO,  with 

I  familj,  iMiiiiiiit'iititriitrrt  liiii 

ill  ('iiliiiiihiin,  liiiliiiiiii,  ill 
KM*,  MiiiKiMiri,  wlii-ri>  hi-  has 
III  IN'.rJ  Mr.  Iliinh  iirr- 
f  MiHHoiiri  iiiiil  II  riillfftiiiii 

thti  ('iihiiiiliijiii  Ki|iiMiliiiii 

:t.       Ili»    SnI"   i"l  11    /.l.<(  11/' 

irv  publiibetl  in  tho  Kfp»Ti 


LEITNERIA   FLORIDANA. 
Cork  Wood. 


Leitneria  Floridana.  C'li;i|inmii.   /•'/.   t'J.S  (IHCdi.  —  C.  i|i. 
('aiiil.illf,    /V.»/c.   XVI.   |.l.   il.    I.")|.  — OliviT,  lhi.,l;,r  li-mi. 


wr.  .1.  i.  ;{;i.  t.  Intl.  —  Ilusli,  Hfii.  Mismm-i  Hot.  fluid. 
V.  l.-iil. 


A  sliiuli  or  .siii-.ii  tri'c,  oci'a.siiinally  twenty  ft'ft  in  liri^lit,  with  a  strai^lit  slender  trunk  four  or  five 
inelies  in  ilianieti  r  aliiivo  liic  swoUi-n  ^railiially  ta|ii'riiii;  liaif,  anil  s|in'a(lin;^  liraiiclies  wliicli  I'lirin  a 
loose  o|ii>n  iieai!.  The  hark  of  the  trunk  is  alioiit  inii'  sixleenlh  of  an  iiieli  thick,  dark  ^jray  faintly 
tin;;c(l  with  hroivii.  and  divided  by  shallow  liswures  into  narrow  rounded  riijije.s.  The  hranchlets,  when 
tliey  first  appear,  are  li;,'ht,  rather  reddisli-hrowii.  and  thickly  coated  with  thick  hairs,  which  <rradually 
di.sapjiear,  and  during  tiieir  tirst  winter  they  are  f^lalMoiis  or  piilierulous,  especially  toward  the 
extremities,  and  dark  r»  l-hrown.  Tlie  leaves  are  four  to  six  inches  loiiy;  and  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two 
and  a  half  iiu'hcs  wid  •,  and  are  liorne  on  jietioles  which  vary  frimi  one  to  two  inches  in  leiijjth.  The 
aiiieuts  of  staiiiinate  IIowim's  are  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  ijiiarlcr  lon;^,  and  one  ijuarter  of  an  inch 
thick,  and  twice  as  h  ng  as  those  of  the  pistillate  (lowers.  The  tluwers  open  at  the  end  of  Fehniary  or 
early  in  .March;  aiil  the  fruit,  which  is  solitary  or  in  clusters  of  two  to  four,  and  ripens  when  the 
leaves  are  aliont  ha'f"  jjrowii,  is  three  i|uarters  of  an  inch  loiii^  and  one  ipiartcr  of  an  inch  wide. 

Li'itnii'iii  F.iirlildiiii  inhaliits  muddy  siilinc  shores  on  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  near 
.\palachicola,  Florida,  where  it  is  known  only  in  a  few  isolated  stations  ;  and  deep  swamps  inundated 
during  .several  months  of  the  year  in  Hiitler  and  Duncan  ('ounties,  Missouri,  where  it  is  ainindant, 
fjrowin;^  with  T'ljiKliiiin  (lisliclunn,  Aci  r  nihriDti,  Xi/smi  lu/iinfiiii,  imd  /'Iiiikvh  riijiinficii,  in  rich 
moist  soil  usually  covered  with  water  often  two  or  three  feet  deep,  and  sometimes  occupying  muddy 
slouglis  of  eonsideralile  extent  to  the  exclusion  of  other  woody  plants." 

*  "  .\ppamitly  im-krrii  arim*   frii'ii  nnliii'  nf  tlif   riKitJi.  a-i  in  tho  ratrlv  fnnii  thi»  soil  nr  Wiili'r,  ho  tli.lt   thi'  iilailt   lut'k-i  the  t'lii.stored 

ram-  with  ihr  .Vilitiilhiis  niiil  Whiti'   I'liphir  ;  hut  I   liavi-  nut  Ix'i'n  burhvhiilnt  whiih  ili.stiiif;iii..hi<  .i  shriili  Iroiii  a  hiiiiiU  tri'i-,  iiml  it 

nhlo  tiiiiitiiiiUy  tr.ii'i' Ih.'H.- yimni;  shiKiln  ti>  thi- olih-r  iihintu,  tliimuh  imt   infriM|Ufntly  iitlaiiw   ii  lii-ijjlit   nf    liftwn   nr  twenty    feet    iinil 

their  riKit  »y»lein  is  iiniially  ilevelii|».il  mit  of  |iri>pi>rtiiin  tn  their  furiin  a   trunk    fnini    three  In  live  iiiehes  thiek  tnwanl  the  Imse, 

Hire.     The   iiii}irettHiiiii  iiiiule  ini  mie  hy  .siieh  a  I.eitiieria  »waiii|)  in  where  it  ^railiially  iiii'n'a.Hes  in  thiekiiesis  ha  do  many  other  swainp 

that  of  a  taii);le  of  eiiar«e  liiisheH  frmii   live  to  ten  feet   in  liei^'ht,  trees."     (Treleas**,  /iV;i.  MiSAOtiri  Hot.  titwl.  vi.) 
but  un  eloMr  ubacrvatiuu  it  \»  evident  that  eiu'h  item  risca  sejut- 


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KXPLANATION   OK  THK   PLATE. 


I'l.ATK  C'CrXXX.     Lkitmkia   Fi.okidana. 

1 .  A  Howt-rin^  linincli  (if  a  ataiiiiniiU'  plant,  iiaturnl  kIzo. 

".  A  llowiriii^'  liraiii'li  of  a  pintilKilc  |ilaiil,  niiliiml  hi/.c. 

3.  A  *irart  nf  thf  fltaininati*  ainrnt,  rxtcrior  vifw.  piilarj^iMl. 

4.  A  Mlaiiiiiiali'  tlower  witli  liraol.  iMilar^'ril. 

•''>.  Kcur  and  front  vieuN  of  a  Htaincii,  t'lilar^rt), 

•>.  A  pistillali'  tlowiT  with  lirai'l  ami  iiivoliiiri',  the  ntylo  rut 

traiiiivcrsi'ly,  nilarp'il. 

7.  Voiiii-al  xiM'tion  nf  a  ntaiiiiiiali'  llowiT  with  lirart,  cnlorgnl. 

5.  A  fruiting'  lirancli,  natural  ni/.i'. 

'.•  Vrrtical  "wtion  of  a  fruit,  mlar^'i'il. 

10.  Cn>«»  -nilioii  of  a  fruit,  cnlurgitl. 

11.  A  Kloni>,  natural  piz0. 
I-.  A  HtM'cl.  rnlar^fl. 

l.'l.  An  enilirvo.  enlarf^d. 

14.  A  leafy  liram-li.  natural  niic. 

15.  A  wintiT  lirani  hit't  of  tlii'  xtaniinate  plant,  natural  Kite. 
Hi.  A  wintiT  lirani'lilt't  of  ilo'  pii.tilliio  pLmt,  natural  aitu. 
17.  An  axillary'  bu<l  and  U'afH>c«ri  •ular|[i)d. 


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JL'GLAiNUACiiiK. 


HJLVA   OF  NOliTU  AMERICA. 


113 


JUGLANS. 

Flowers  monoecious,  apetalous ;  calyx  of  the  staminato  flower  3  to  6-lobed,  the 
h)l)cs  imbricated  in  iKstivation  ;  stamens  8  to  10 ;  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  4-lobed, 
the  lobes  imbricated  in  lestivation ;  ovary  inferior,  1-celled ;  ovule  solitary,  erect. 
Fruit,  a  nut  inclosed  in  an  indchiscent  involucre.  Leaves  alternate,  unequally  pin- 
nate, destitute  of  stipeles,  deciduous. 


Juglans.   I.iniiiPiiA.   Oen.  '.'91   (17.'J7).  —  A.   \..  iIi-  JiiHsifii,  Kni/ler  S.-  Pniutl  Pjianxenfam,  iii.  pt.  i.  '24.  —  Baillon. 

(ien.   ;!".■>.  —  Miimier.  Hen.  |il.   ii.  t>\.  —  Kiidliclitr,  Htii.  Hint.  I'l.  xi.  4(ir>. 

Ul'G.  —  Bcntliam  &   Hooker,    Gen.    iii.    .!'.)«.—  Kiiylcr,      Wallia.  Alifild.  /A-h/./.i/k/,'';,  ix.  MIU  (1861^ 

Resinous  aroiiiatii'  trees,  with  sweet  watery  juice,  furrowed  scaly  l)ark,  liandsoine  durable  dark- 
colored  wood,  stout  terete  lirancldets,  laminate  pith,  scaly  buds,  lon>^  stout  ilexible  perpeudicidar  roots 
covered   with   tliick   l)ark,  and   few  thick   iibrous   i  Mitlets.     Terminal   buds  sliort  or  elonjjated,  usually 
covered  with  two  pairs  of  opposite  scales  often   ol)S(urely  pinnate  at  the  apex,  those  of  the  inner  pair 
accrescent,  more  or  less  leaf-like,  often   rcseniblinij;  the  short-lived  scale-like  upper  leaves,  and  in  falling 
marking  tiie  base  of  tiu'  brancidct  witii  l.iint  ring-like  scars,      .\xillary  i)uds  foruu;d  before  midsummer, 
obtuse,  slightly   flattened,  covered   with   four  ovate  rounded  scales,   superposed,  two  to  four  together, 
decreasing  in  size  from  the  up])er  to  the  h)wer,  tiie  sciiles  closed  or  open  during  winter.     Leaves  altei"- 
nate,   unetpially  pinnate  or  often  eipially  pinnate  by  the   suppression  of  the  terminal   leaHet,  niany- 
foliolate,  deciduous,  the  la.st   leaf  of  the  year  sometinu's  reduced   to  a  scale-like  body  and  persistent 
during  the   winter  ;   petioles  elongated,  terete,  grooved  on   the  upper  siile,  gradually  enlarged  t<)ward 
the  liase,  leaving  in  falling  large  conspicuous  elevated  obeordate  three-lobed  leaf-scars  displaying  three 
eipiidistant   I'-shaped  clusters  of  dark   fii)r()-vasctdar  bundle-scars,  the  basal  cluster  much  larger  than 
the  others;  lealiets  conduplicate  in  vernation,  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  mostly  uneipial  at  the  base, 
membnuiaceous,  serrate  or  entire,  sessile  or  sliort-|>etiolulate,  or  the  terminal  leatlet  raised  on  a  long 
slender  stalk,  |H>nniveined,  the  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins  and  connected  by  reticulate 
veinlets,  often  8«'paratuig  from  the  petiole  in  falling.      Flowers  protcrandnms  or  j)roterogynous.  opening 
in  the  late  spring  after  the  leaves.     The  staminate   in  numy-tlowered  elongated   anu'nts.  solitary  or  in 
pairs  from  the  lower  axillary  buils  of  the  up|>er  nodes,  ap|K>aring  from  between  the  persistent  bud-scales 
in  the  autumn  and  remaining  during  the  winter  as  sliort  cones  covered  by  the  closely  ind)ricated  bracts 
of  the  flowers,  coated  with  tomentum,  and  beginning  to  elongate  in  early  spring.     I'erianth  sessile  or 
pedicellate,  three  to  six-lobed  in  the  axil  of  and  adnate  to  an  ovate  acute  bract  free  only  at  the  apex. 
Stamens  eight  to  forty,  ins*'rted  cm  the  |>erianth  in  two  or  several   ranks,  those  of  the  exterior  rank 
alternate  with  its  h)bcs  ;  filaments  free,  abbreviated  ;  anthers  erect,  oblong,  glabrous,  two-celled,  the  cells 
o|)ening  longitudinally  and  surmounted  by  a  conspicuous  dikited  truncate  or  lobed  connective.     Ovary 
wanting.    Pistillate  flowers  in  few-tlowered  spikes  terminal  on  branches  of  the  year,  invested  by  a  villous 
involucre  ad:iate  to  the  ovary  and  formed  by  the  union  of  the  anterior  bract,  sometimes  free  nearly  to 
the  base,  and  two  lateral  bractlets  free  oidy  at  the  a|)cx,  and  variously  cut  into  a  laciniate  border  shorter 
than  the  erect  lanceolate  ealyx-lobes  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  ovary.     Sbuneus  wanting.     Pistil 
composed  of  two  median,  or  rarely  of  three,  carpels  ;  ovary  inferior,  one-celled  ;  style  short ;  stigmas 


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^//.r.l    O/'  XOHTIT  AMERICA. 


.JlJ(JLANI>ACE-K. 


dorsii],  linear  or  cliib-shaiHMl,  sprwMlinjJT,  recurved,  liinbriately  plumoHt* ;  ovule  solitary,  ereet  from  the 
bottom  of  the  eell,  orthotropous.  Fruit  ovoid,  tjlohose  <>r  pyrit'orm,  eytintlrieal  or  (ihscurejy  foui^- 
an^led,  marked  at  the  apex  witli  t!ie  reninants  of  the  style;  involucre  fleshy,  indehiseent,  ^labrate  or 
hirsute,  adlierent  to  the  nut,  or  f i 'e  at  maturity  and  separating  from  it  irregularly.  Nut  ovoid  or 
j^lohose,  more  or  less  flattened,  hard,  thiek-walled,  the  wails  and  partitions  often  laeuuose  with  irrej;ular 
variouslv  shaped  internal  longitudinal  cavities  tilled  with  dry  powder,  h)ngitudinally  and  irregidarly 
rugose,  separating  i)y  the  dorsd  sutures  in  germination  into  two,  or  rarely  into  three  valves;  the  valves 
alternate  with  the  cotyledons,  sometinu»s  furnished  at  the  dors;d  suturi's,  and  in  stune  species  also  at  the 
marginal  sutmes,  with  hroad  thick  rihs ;  tlie  cavity  imperfectly  two-celled  at  the  base  I >y  the  develoi)- 
ment.  at  right  angles  with  the  valves,  i)f  a  thin  dissepiment  from  th*'  bottom  to  above  the  middle,  the 
cells  .sometinu's  sulidivided  l»y  l(»wt»r  tbirker  partitions  parallel  with  the  valves,  the  apex  of  tlu»  cavity 
nairow  and  pointed  by  the  thickening  of  the  walls  of  the  endocarp,  broader  and  penetrated  in  some 
species  by  a  short  thick  tlisM'piment  paralh'l  with  the  valves  and  deeply  notched  at  the  bottom.  Seed 
solitary,  tilling  the  cavity  of  the  nut,  exaibunnncuis.  compressed,  two-ioi)ed  from  the  bottom  to  the 
miildle.  the  lobes  ohh)ng.  rounded  or  keeled  on  the  back,  concave  on  the  inner  face,  rounded  or  deeply 
lobt'd  at  the  base,  gradually  narrowed  or  broad  ai»d  deeply  hdied  at  the  apex,  and  then  abruptly  cou- 
trarted  into  a  broad  point  tlatteui'd  at  right  angles  with  tiie  plane  of  the  lobes  ;  testa  thin.  mend>ra- 
naceous,  of  two  c(»ats.  the  outer  liglit  brown,  marked  with  conspicuous  darker  veins  radiating  from  the 
apex  and  from  the  minute  bas^d  hilum.  Knd>ry(»  fleshy,  oily  ;  radicle  short,  Htout,  8U|)erior,  tilling  the 
apex  »)f  the  cavity  i>f  the  nut. 

duglans  is  now  contined  to  the  ten»pcrate  ami  southern  j)arts  of  N(U*th  Anu'rica.  the  Antiih's,  South 
America  from  Venezuela  to  Tern,  the  Caucasus,  Persia  and  northwestern  India,  Manclniria.  northern  China, 
and  Japan.      Altout  ten  spi-cies  are  known  ;  '   twit  arc  widely  distributed  in  the  f4)rests  of   eastern  North 


*  Sfvoral  siipjuiscd  hylihiln  tut  with  oiffi'n'iit  simtu-s  of  .liif^laiiA 
)i:ivt'  !i|>)H-»nMl.  In  t>sni,  l<>  coiniiKMiinnttr  tht-  liirth  of  liis  i  li|r-<t 
!.<>n,  Mitii>ii-iir  I'iiTrt-  Pliillipc  Anitn^  ilo  X'iliiioriti.  tht- ilistiii|;ui.slit'tl 
liortiniltiiri^t.  |iliUiltM)  in  iii.s  ^:inlfii  at  X't-rruriH,  inar  I'lirin,  a  M-od- 
Uii';  Wahiut-trff  wlm-h  a|)|H-ar4  intcriiit-iliatt'  in  iliarni-tcr  lH*tu«'t-n 
Juylatu  retjin  and  JuyUitut  «iym,  luid  has  U'oii  di'iirnU'*!  .i.s  Juijiiin* 
intrrmrtiia  Vtlmonuinua  (Carrions  Urr.  Ifo^t.  1H«*»;1,  :U>.  —  Kik-Ii, 
Ofttiir.  i.  uK«.  —  Dippt'I,  linuiih.  LtnMftizi:  ii.  Ml!!)-  It  it  now  a 
trei*  itpvt'ntv-tive  to  fi^lity  f*')'l  in  lifi^lit,  witli  u  trunk  tlini*  feet 
four  inrlien  in  diatuftiT  lit  tlirt'i'  fi-rl  aUivf  tht*  siirfai't'  of  tin- 
grmuitl.  and  stout  <irit  sli^'lttl\  •.pri*»dinj»  liranchfs  ;  tin-  charai-ttT 
of  the  hark  and  lnuU  ainwars  int<rin*'tliat<-  U*twt'»'n  thiw  of  i(h 
Hn)i]Ht<tfd  jiarrnts  ;  tin*  ll*J^Vl•^  rrncinhlt?  tlioM*  of  JutjUinit  reijin, 
alllioii^li  thi-ir  tcatlrtn  arr  iiMially  inon>  niinicn>ti.H  ;  the  tint  is 
■ntootli,  ^IoIniac,  and  ai  nich  and  u  half  in  <liainft«>r,  with  thr 
thick  )iu>*k  of  Juffliinn  uufvii  ;  in  HhH}>e  it  rmnnhlfR  the  nut  of 
Juglarxf  rrgut,  luit  \*  thicker  Nhtdlcd  and  niort'  dt'<'|dy  furrtiwed. 
The  fruit  of  tliiH  tm\  which  \%  prtHliictMl  Hparini^ly  uml  not  ovcry 
year,  ia  fertih*  and  ^rtninatcs  frt't-ly,  pnMlnciiif;  plants  whit-li  rc- 
Konilth-  th*-  par«'nt,  uf  whose  origin  nothing  in  known  (M.  I.  iti- 
Vihnorin,  (i>\nlfu  nud  i'urfsf,  iv.  51,  f.  II,  I'J). 

Anothi-r  h\hriil  of  ^nppn^t•d  mniihir  pantilagc  and  of  nriknnwn 
origin  w.'iH  dcscriU'd  hy  Carrit-rt'  an  Juqinun  inU'nnriUii  fn/rif'unin.i 
(I.  r.  'JM,  f  1  '.».  —  Koch,  /.  r  Dipprl,  /.  »  )  ;  and  r-till  another 
hyltrid  nf  the  Hanir  pari'Mlagr,  wliidt  in  said  to  liavf  originated  in 
the  garden  of  the  Trianon  at  VersailleN,  is  ih'-ierilied  hy  C  de  Can- 
dolle  a.H  Juijliiut  rttfiii   iuttrmnlio   (/Inn,   Sn.   .\al.  M<r.  I,  xviii.  M'J, 

t.t.  f.  41-ia)- 

A  Walnut -trtfP,  Hnppofied  to  Ik-  a  hyhrid  lN>twern  Jittflnnn  riurrra 
and  Juiflarit  uitp^,  in  the  li<ilanie  (lanlen  of  Marhtirg,  has  Ih-cii 
de-tcrilteil  iV*  JnijUim  ciufrri>-tn<jni  (Mnderoth,  Lmuiiu^  xx'ix.  7'JH). 


A  Wnlimt-trce.  found  hy  I'rofcu^or  .1.  T  KothriKk  growing  in 
Ftoi)  coMipohcd  of  .sand  and  alhi\ial  lt*Jiin  t>n  the  Kowo  Kami  on  tho 
iioi^h  hank  of  ihr  lower  .lainc.-*  Kivir,  in  \'irginia,  and  dtitcrihed 
hy  lun  in  Fortft  Ltttrnt  ( ii.  l;i;(,  f  ),  has  the  liahit,  hark,  and  fi)lia^r»' 
iti  Juiflnus  rftfid,  anti  pn>iliic'-H  nut.s  which  resctnhh'  those  of  J<ii/!<tfit 
tmjrtt  in  Hha{H\  with  thick  hard  KhdU  and  nniall  kenieN.  Nothing 
i<t  known  uf  the  hiiitory  of  thit  n*nmrkahle  tree,  whndi,  in  IHHH,  At 
ftix  feet  ahuve  the  fliirfaee  uf  (he  ground  anil  aUive  ita  greatly 
^Molh'n  l>a»e.  hail  a  trunk  elrcunifennee  of  t  A'enty-four  feet  eiglit 
iui  he-*,  while  it;*  longest  hraiich  wna  nixty-M-ven  feel  in  length  The 
nul  of  Ihtrt  tree  han  the  appeanmce  of  h\hnd  origin,  and  reHi-in- 
hlcH  till'  nut  of  a  Walnut-tree  groun  in  rraiice,  and  dcAeriUMl  hy 
farricre  a.i  Juiflnm  rc*/iu  ifihhi.xn  (/.  r-  |H*;e. 'f.l.  f.  'Jl  'JM  ;  \Hi\\, 
\'JS,  f  lOl  lo:l).  Hhich  nprang  fnun  one  of  a  niinilier  of  nutt  planU-d 
hy  a  iiurMcrynian  at  l"oiitcua>-aiix-Uone^  alMuil  1S|S  anil  iMlieved  to 
have  U'cn  received  hy  hint  ntithr  the  name  of  ••  \on  d'Anu^rupif* 
mangi-ahles." 

In  eiuttern  MaHftachiiHi'ltM  nrveral  VN'alnut-treeit  of  unknown  ori- 
gin, in  remote  .titiiationtt  and  isolated  front  each  other,  ap|H'ar  inter- 
iiuiliate  in  character  iHtween  Juiflafis  cinrrrd  and  Juf/lann  mjm, 
and  arf>  prohahly  hyhriili  t>f  theiie  NpecU'H  (Sargent,  WtinUu  otui 
l-'onit,  vii.  \'M,  f   (»',(), 

In  C'diforitia  two  itilereHting  hyhrid  WalnntM  Iiiim'  iN-en  priHliieeil 
through  artificial  fertili/ation  hy  .Mr.  l.utluT  Murlmnk  of  Santa 
Uo>a.  The  Hrtt  waH  ohtaitied  in  1H7I  hy  fertilizing  the  llowcrn  of 
JiKji'iitui  rrf/ift  with  the  polh-n  of  Juiflauji  ('nhfuntirii  ,  it  in  reniark- 
uhle  for  the  great  ni/e  of  itsi  leaves  and  the  vigor  and  rapidity  of 
itH  growth.  Tlie  nutii,  which  an*  pnKlncwi  very  NjiHriugly,  rriwni- 
hlc  those  i)f  Jutfliitiit  rfffut  (Hiir)tank,  AVir  t'rrfiiwtLt  in  FntiU  nuil 
rhiwrn,  ISa'l,  1>,  f;  IKIM,  .'11,  f).  Mr.  Hnrhank'n  Heeond  hyhriil 
wjw  produced  hy  fertilizing  the  flowers  of  Jui/hina  mgnt  with  thi' 


,ii(;i.Axi)ACK-i; 

ry,  orect  from  the 
r  oljKCuri'ly  foiii-- 
i.si'1'nt,  fflabrate  or 
rly.  Nut  ovoid  or 
lost'  witli  iricfjiilar 
ly  and  iiTt'fjiilai-ly 
valves  ;  tlic  valves 
spt'cit's  also  at  the 
<e  hy  the  develoj)- 
vo  the  middle,  the 
ii|H'x  of  the  eavity 
I'lietrated  in  some 
he  hottiim.  Seed 
he  hottoni  to  the 
rounded  or  deeply 
:hen  ahru|)tly  coii- 
■sta  thin,  mend)ra- 
•adiatin^  from  the 
iperior,  liliini;  the 

he  Antilles,  South 

ia.  northern  China, 

of  eastern  North 

^.  KnttiriH'k  |;niwliiK  in 
tlu*  U(>w0  Fiiriii  on  tllfl 
\  ir^nniii,  mill  dt-nvriliiMl 
hiiliit,  liiirk,  iind  fuliiip* 
stiultlr  IhnHc  uf  Jiti/Unm 
mull  krrnrU.  N<illiiii^ 
Iref,  wlilrh,  111  IHHS,  iit 
mill  iilnivf  lift  jjn'utly 
;  Ai'iit^-fiMir  ft'i't  I'i^lit 
ri  f,'ft  111  IrriKtli.  Tlif 
tinil  (iri>rin.  iiiiil  n'Kfiii- 
luicc,  and  tlciu'rilieil  hy 
'>.  '.C.t,  f.  'Jt-U3  ;  lIMlt, 
ntiiiiln'r  of  niitN  pLintvd 
It  ISIH  itnil  In  hi'vi'd  to 
'  of  •■  \on  d'Aliii(rh(iii> 

tri'cM  ttf  unknown  ori- 
u'li  otlii-r,  ii|i|M-Hr  inttr- 
rrti  iind  Jtuflims  rrqiilt 
(Siirp-nt.   iiilnltu  litut 

ut>t  liu\i'  iM'cn  priHlniHMl 
irr  llnrliHiik  of  Sunln 
liliziii);  (Im'  ttowrni  of 
Uhirtitrn  .  it  iit  ri'liiiirk* 
V  vij,'or  and  mpiility  of 
vi-ry  ^|iiinii^lv,  rcwni- 
'rtnlitirii  in  f-'niit.i  nuit 
rliiinkN  HiM'ond  li_0>rid 
UitjUiun  nif/ra  with  ttir 


.It'OLANDACE^;. 


SI /AW    OF  ]S;<HtTIl  AMERICA. 


Hi 


Amcricii;  one  inhabits  western  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona,  ranffinff  far  south  into  Mexico,  where 
one '  and  perhaps  two  other"' species  occur;  and  one  inhahits  the  valleys  of  western  California.  The 
flora  of  tht!  Antilles  contains  a  sinijle  species  of  .lu}>ians/  while  two  or  perhaps  three  others  occur  in 
the  northiM'ii  and  western  countries  of  South  America.'  In  the  Old  World  the  <^eiius  is  represented 
hy  ■/iii//iiiis  rrijiii,''  an  inhahitant  of  southeastern  Europe  and  western  Asia  and  now  cidtivatcd  in  all 
temperate  countries,  hy  •linjliiiiK  Mundshurivu''  of  the  Amour  valley  and  northern  China,  and  hy  JtKjIuns 


|tollt'u  of  JinjUliut  (\tlil\>nimt.  Tliu  foliiifro  anil  habit  of  }^rowtll  of 
till!*  trei'  an*  iiitrrmi'diati'  U'twern  thos,.  of  itH  partMitH ;  it  priMlm-fH 
fruit  froidy  and  pnTiM-ionsly,  and  thr  nut;*,  resi>nihlin^  those  of 
Jtfi'.iifts  tiiijrn,  iirti  siiid  to  \tv  .siijii'rior  in  iiiiality  to  thoHo  of  cither 
of  its  part-nts,  lai-kilifr  tin'  strong;  flavor  of  tin"  nut  of  Jmji'in.i  mijra 
anil  possfs^iii^  till'  tla\or  and  swi't'tlirsfi  of  tliosr  of  tin'  Caiiforiiia 
8|N'<'ii>s  (Itiirliank,  .%'»■»/•  fri'iilum  in  h'ruitu  unit  i'Uncer*,  IH'.Kl,  10,  f,), 
'  Juifliinx  mitiVi.,.  Kiii;i-linann,  }li'm.<tiii  Pimj.  PL  .Vor.  .">!  (1H.S0). 
—  llrinsli'V.  lliil.  Hull.  Am.  Cent.  iii.  l(i,l. 

JnijUtnx  .Mirirana,  Watson,  l*rnc.  Am.  .irwt.  xxvi.  l.VJ  (IS'.tl). 

*  JufffiiiiM  fii/nfonni.i,  l.ii'binann,  ri*/rii.*jl-.  Mpitit.  t'ri\  mil.  Fur. 
Kj.ihtnk.  lS."iO,  7t».  —  Walpf r«,  Inn.  iii.  K-ll.  —  ('.  do  Candolli', 
/'n«/r  «»i.  pt.  ii.  i;iH.       Hiiusli'v,  /.  .-.  llH. 

H'liWiVi  /ivri/.irmu,  Ali'f.'ld,  llonplnmlui,  ix.  XW  ( IStll ). 

*  .luijliinji  mmliini,  (irisi'lia.li,  Cur.  /'/.  r  Vj.  IW  (IS(itl)  ;  Krir  Hull. 
M.irtHilnrnnj  Informittniu,  April,  ISiH,  liW. 

*JniiUins  finirrii,  A.  Hii-ttanI,  /•'/.  Cuh.  iii.  'J."(l   (not  l.inna'iis) 

(tS.M). 

'  Littip  is  known  t>f  iti  Soutli  Antrricun  Wuliiut.'^.  Hr.  .\.  Knut, 
rliriM'tipr  of  till*  N'atiiuutl  Nhi.tcuiii  of  \'i'nr;.ucla,  ilt'iuTllH'H  llir  wikhI 
i>f  :i  riJitivi'  siM'cifH  ufn'tl  in  ('(inniw  in  cahiiict-timkin^,  which  he 
n'ffr«  |n./«j*//(iMi  ctni^Mi,  Kinnwus  {Im  ICrfHuiciou  Xanimal  ilf  IVrtf- 
zu'ln  ffi  IKKl, 'JlU).  KnifCinrntttry  HiMH'inuMM  nf  Wiihmt-lrcfM  have 
iHTti  riilli'ftt^it  in  ihe  I'liitrtl  Suti'n  nf  Cohunbia  and  in  Bolivia 
{Juiflnna  nit/nt,  var.  /lohrunui,  ('.  dvt  ('iniihillt*,  Ann.  Sri.  \nl.  st*r. 
■I.  xviii.  'X\  ( lrt*VJ)  ;  /V.x/r.  /.  r.  1^7);  iuhI  in  ihi'  ivntnil  rej;ion  of 
Peru,  aUmt  t'h'vrn  ilf^rtM>.<t  itottlh  i»f  lhi>  iM)iiiiti»r,  itt  fh'Viition.H  of 
from  two  thoniutnit  to  fonr  thoii.'t.'tnil  ft-i-t  ahuvi*  the  hvcl  of  th(r 
wa,  a  Wiilniit  rfiwinhiint;  J'ujUin.*  'm/nt  i-*  hjihI  to  U*  a  i-on.H|)itnoii-t 
ami  viiliiahtr  tinilwr-trtH'.  (St-o  Ketc  liuil.  of  .\tutrrllnnftin.i  itifnrmit- 
tiot,,  I.  c.  I  to.) 

*  LinnjeuH,  .s'/ic.-  W7  (  K.Vl).  ~   l>uhain)'l,  TntU-  dr.i  Arf-ri'.i  Fntit- 

irM,  nouv.«m.  III.  I.  MO,  m.  —  Ahfohi. /.  c. :i:i*;.  —  ('..U'ramioih', 

Priflr.  I.  i\   VXi.  —  Kurz,  /•^irrsl  FL  Hrit.   Itunn.   ii.    I'.H),  —  Itoinxicr, 
17.  ihifuL  IV.  IKU).    -  iluukor  f.  hi.  ftrtt.  hut.  v.  51)5. 

JutfUms  rfifui,  var.  Kamaoniit,  C  ilt'  t'an»Ii)Uf,  .l^fi.  Sri.  .Wit- 

I.  c.  ,    /V.-/r.  i  r.  IMi. 
Juijlttnx  rrijui,  var.  Sinmiiji,  ('.  th*  CaiiJolIc,  Atm.  Sri.  .S'nt.  I.  r. 

i.  4,  f.  :W,  ;U»  ;  /V.>./r.   /.  r.  —  Miixinniwu-/,  Hull.  Anvl.  Sn.  St. 

IKtfnhimrtj,  xvii,  57  {\t<l.  Hu4.  viii.  r»;U)). 
fJinfUim   inlrrmfdui  aUiUx,  Carriirc,   Ufv.    /lor(.    IHCm,    \U\. — 

I)i|i|H>l,  /.aul'hUd:  ii.  'MXh 
fJuijliins  mt''rmf*iui  iiuadnvujHlaUi^  Carrit'rc,  /.  (*.  1H70  71,  VX\, 

t  iUMW. 

Jmjtnns  rfffin,  which  i*  a  htr^tt  and  l-^fty  tret'  with  Httiiit  s|trca4U 
iii^  hnini'ltcH,  IM  |iniba)>ty  indip>noUN  on  tht*  nu>iintain!i  of  ttrt'tH-i', 
111  .Vrnii'nia,  in  Ihr  ri>f,;ion  Hoiilh  of  the  Cant-iiAUH  anil  the  Ctutpiiiii 
StM,  on  thr  northw<-Hti-rii  and  nortln'm  Ilinialiiyji.H,  and  in  Hiirniidi 
( A.  dt'  CainloUi-,  Oru/inf  dts  /Vuh/m  ('r.//ir.r<,  HIJ).  It  w:is  iiilli- 
\iil('d  in  northt-rn  India  in  vitv  rarly  tunvn  atitl  i-arrii'd  tht'iu-c  to 
China,  wluTi'  it  i»  stdl  ^^rown  on  a  Lirp*  st-ah'  (Itri'tM-lincidrr,  On 
tht'  I'll/'c'  fVitl  Sluilft  nf  ChtnfUt'  />'()/<lKiill/  U'ltrin,  til  ;  Fiirlij  A'fjro- 
/K(i«  limrarrheii  tulo  thf  f'iitni  of  ('Aind,  \7\).     Il  in  prolmhly  not 


indigenous,  however,  to  China,  nur  is  tlieru  any  evidence  that  this 
tren  is  a  native  of  dapaii,  ils  many  authors  have  helievcd,  althun^li 
it  is  tHTitsionally  seen  iii  that  country  in  the  neij;hhorhoiMl  of  liunuui 
hahitatioiis.  'I'lie  (iroeks  eultivated  a  variety  td'  tlii.s  tree  obtained 
friuii  i't-rsia  ;  the  INiinans  earrird  it  to  Italy,  whence  its  eidtivatioil 
a.s  a  fruit-tree  ha.-*  ."ipread  tlirou|;li  all  the  eoniitries  of  stnitheru  and 
western  Kurope,  the  I*aeitie  states  of  North  America,  Chili,  and 
other  teiiiperatr  rej^ioiis.  The  nnts,  wliieh  in  the  Cnited  States  are 
usually  called  Kuj,di>h  walnuts,  and  are  eaten  fresli,  sonietinio.s  bi-- 
ft)re  they  are  ripe,  and  freipiently  cured  or  pickled,  form  an  impor- 
tant article  of  fo<Ml  in  Huuthern  Kuro])e  and  are  consumed  in  all 
eivili/ed  countricH.  The  nut  of  the  wild  tree  iii  small,  with  a  thick 
hani  shell  and  small  kernel,  and  is  scarcely  edible,  but  centuries  of 
cnitivatiou  and  cai«.'ul  selection  have  produced  a  imniber  of  fornm 
with  variously  shaped  thin-siielled  nuts,  which  are  propa^ted  by 
jiraltirij;  or  budilin^  (Loudon,  Arf>.  lint.  iii.  WS<\. — Carnere,  /.  t". 

ih:,ii,  1 17,  f.  x\ ;  is<;o,  y,\\\,  f.  107,  i'>07,  f.  uh  ;  ikoi,  i*_'5,  f.  in*, 

liHI,  1(M,  l()."i,  lUS  ;  IKf.S,  I.V.,  f.  .V) ;  187-',  Hit  ;  1878,  5;t,  f.  10.  — 
C   di-  Caadolle,  /V-Wr,  /.  r.  i;iti). 

In  Kurope  and  nurthcrn  India  Walnut-oil  is  pre.tsed  from  the 
cot\  lt>dnn.><,  and  is  con.sunied  in  lar^e  ipiantities  as  a  substitute  fur 
olivc'oil  in  cttitkiu^,  for  illuminating;,  and  for  mixing  with  paint  and 
\ariii.sh  (S|muis,  FnritrUtjMtdin  of'  Jntiiuitria!  Artjt,  Mftnu/(tt'lurt.-<,  anil 
liatr  Comtnerfial  l*rixiM'tg^  ii.  \\\\\,  'JO'Jl).  The  wotnl  i>f  this  tree, 
whicli  is  tou^h,  strung,  moilerately  hard,  aud  very  tlurahle,  is  light 
brown  and  <ifteu  iH'autifully  market)  witii  darker  .■•hades  ;  it  does 
not  warp  or  ><pltt  easily,  and  can  In-  matle  to  receive  a  U'autiful 
iwilinh  The  w««k|  of  no  other  tree  is  considered  so  valuable  for 
gtiiiHtiK-ks  ;  III  Kurope  it  is  largely  useil  for  this  purpose  and  for 
furtiitiire,  and  in  Ca'^huicre  it  \^  einployeil  in  turnery  and  is  some- 
times lacqiicrrd.  The  j;reeu  busks  of  the  nuts  ciuitain  a  yellow- 
britwu  coluriii;;  matter,  and  are  u.scd  in  tlyein^  cloth  ant)  to  staiu 
wimhI  ilark.  la  India  the  )mrk  is  used  as  a  dye,  in  native  medicine, 
and  as  a  dentifrice  ;  ami  the  leaves  luut  young  brandies  scr\e  tw 
fisider  for  domestic  aninuds  (Itrandis,  Fore.-tt  FL  lirit.  Ind.  198). 

The  hu.'^k  of  the  nut  has  Ihhmi  employed  in  Kurope  as  a  vermi- 
fuge fnuii  the  time  of  the  ancients,  auil  the  oil  of  tlie  nut  Wiis  once 
U'lieved  to  Ih'  etiicaciiuis  ag;iin>t  tape-worms.  In  l-'raiice  a  bitter 
and  Kstringcnt  infusion  of  iIk>  lca\es  has  U>en  fouiiil  ctfective  in 
tl'e  treatment  of  scrofula  (Kotpies,  /'/.  I'mtlln^,  ed.  '-',  i.  '-'ill,  t.  7-, 
f.  'Jl*-'.  —  llayni>,  .lr:'j.  xtii.  17,  t.  17).  From  tlie  liittcr  »uitcr  coat 
of  the  .seed  a  variety  of  tannic  acid  has  Ih'cii  obtained,  for  which 
the  nanie  of  iiuci  tannin  h:is  been  proposed  (/*.  .S*.  /^i.tytffw.  ed.  10, 
K50),  am)  from  the  green  husk  of  the  fruit  nncin  was  obtained  by 
A.  \'ogel  am)  Heischauer  ((ituelin's  Chemi.<try^  ed.  Cav.  xvii. 'JO), 
the  jaglandic  acid  of  .1.  A.  Huchner  {Burhner^s  liepertoriuiUt  xxix. 

*■'  Manimowic/,  1>'JI.  Phi/:i.-\fiil.  .irad.  St.  Fitrr^hounj,  xv.  177 
(l"^'!*!)  ;  /Vim.  /■■/.  Amur.  7t>  ;  Hull.  Anid.  Sci.  St.  I'tttrnhourtj,  I.  c. 
58,  f   (.U./.  /io/, /.  c.  f.),  -Alefeld,  /.  c  — C.  de  Candidlc,  Prodr. 

i.  f.  i;w. 

fJui/liin.i  .ilrtuh'iir/Mt,  Maximowic/,   Prim.   Ft.  .Imur.   78;  Bull. 
Anid.  Sci.  St,  Ptrnhourg,  I.  r.  5l».  f,  (.U,7.  I!ti>i.  I.  r.  (V.\l,  f.). 


! 

I   \ 

1 


1 


Ii: 


no 


S/LVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


jlolandacka:. 


SlihohViHHd '  of  Japan.  The  tvjif  is  an  ancient  one  in  Europe,  from  which  later  it  entirely  (lisiippeared, 
cxistiii'^  in  the  cretaceous  flora  and  ahouiulinj;  with  many  species  during;  tiie  tertiary  epctch  ;■  in  North 
America  traces  of  .Indians  appear  in  the  eocene  nn'krt  of  the  nortliern  Koeky  M(»unt;iin  rej^ion  and  4)f 
the  northwest  coast  froui  Vancouver's  Island  to  Alaska,  re<;ions  where  no  represenUitive  of  the  Walnut 
family  now  exists,*^  and  in  the  auriferous  jjravel  deposit  of  the  (California  Sierra  Nevada/ 

Julians  produces  handsome  strai*^ht-«xrained  lij^lit  or  dark  hrowu  w*>od  valued  in  cahiuet-making. 
The  nuts  of  all  the  species  are  edilde,  and  thosi*  of  Jutj/utts  ntjut  are  important  commercially.  The 
juices  of  .Indians  possess  tinctorial  properties,  and  are  en»phiycd,  espci-ially  thost*  of  the  North  American 
Jiti/hf/is  rim  riff,  to  dye  cioth  yellow  ;  and  the  hark,  luid  husk  of  tlic  fruit,  which  contain  Umnic  acid, 
are  sonu'tiincs  used  in  tanuin<j  lcatlu*r. 

The  diil'crent  species  of  Juglans  are  preyed  upon  by  numerous  insects'*  and  are  subject  to  serious 
finical  diseases.'' 


Jjujuxns  regm  tx-toijotm.   Carrion',    /iVr.  Uort.  1H«U,  I'J^},  f.  100, 

lit: 

Plrroi^tyo  norfii/'ttiia,  MH|itel,  Arw.  .l/t*.<.  finf.  I.mjd.  Hat.  lii.  UKt 

{PnU.  Fl.JafK)  (m.t  Su'IhiM  &  /.iiroarini )  (lS*t7). 

A  niitivr  of  nitrtlH;».-tiTn  A-^ia,  when*  it  was  tl'si-nvrn-d  Itv  llio 
Hii»iaii  lkttani>t  Maxiiiiowt"/.  Jtufmua  Mtitnlfhuriru,  wliii'li  ih  hanlly 
i!iH(m^tii>lialiIi'  from  tin*  N'orlli  Aiiit'rii'ari  J\niUina  rifirrrn  in  lialnt, 
folia^i',  ami  fruit,  was  intriHlitiTil  5i>\»nil  vt-ars  a^ti,  tluoiiKli  lhi> 
aj;t*iK*\  of  tlu*  Iliitaiiii'  (ianlcii  (if  -M.  IVttTHlnirj;.  into  l'!urtt|>oati 
ami  Aiiicritan  );;inli>mt.  In  New  Kii};laml  litttl  luTtlicrn  Kiirii|>4<  it 
is  hiinlv  ami  ^nrtKluci-ii  a)  ttittlant  i'n»|rt  uf  \\\\\*  {(ninf.  i'hnm.  wr.  li, 
iv.  ;i.H4,  f.  ');l.  —  fia-iier.  oud  Fortst,  i.  :m\,  U.H). 

'  Mftxiiiiowir/,  Huii.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Pi trrslHturg,  x\i\.  (M).  f,  (.U//. 
/tiW.  viii  r»;U.  f.)  (IK7*J).— Fruicliet  &  Savaticr.  Anum.  /V  Jup. 
4o;V  ~  UMilltV.  /<wi.  iinrt.  Sfffrrz.  I,  t.  I.  *J. 

Juffinris  ui(fnt,  TlninlMT^,',  /'/.  Jup.  VXt  (not  Linnwiiji)  {  17S|). 
JuijUvi*    MiVfi'huruti,    Mitpit-l.    /.    f .    lOl    (iii'I     Maxiimiwic/) 

(18(i7). —  Ull|Mint.  /iJKitjo*  t'orrflt.  rrf  tin  Jti/,tni,  Cil:. 
Jut/Utns    rorf/i/iinni.*,    Maxiniowicz,    /.   r.    (*»'.;,    f.    /.    r.    (k'ITi,    f. 

(IST'J). 
JuffUiM  ntlanU/olui^  Carril-n',  /. r.  ISTS,  111.  f.  H*>. 
JufflniiS  macropkxilUiy  Carrion',  /.  c.  Il.'». 

The  Ja^mnpiH^  Walnut  i»  a  roinimm  tivr  in  tlio  furrnt*  «'f  Ypso, 
where  it  iiften  attains  the  hiM^ht  t»f  Hftv  f<-i't,  anil  in  watton-d 
thniuKhtlii>  imttintait)  rt>^i<>ri^  <tf  tin'  other  iitlamU.  In  \Ks  hahit,  in 
the  roliir  uf  itA  ftalt'  furrowt'd  )>ark,  in  its  raerimt-te  fniil.  ami  in  the 
piilx'st'i-nt  ro\)-rin;;  <if  iln  \i)iini;  Imim-heH  ami  tlie  iiiiiiT  Nurfaee  of 
it*  lt>ave»,  It  re'«euihle»  the  North  Ainerieau  Jntfi'ans  rtufrnt.  The 
nut,  wliu-h  ^a^ielt  ^n-atly  in  size  ami  Kha|H\  r<-M>nihli>ii  in  fi)rin  ttml 
iiiariiiiij'  the  nut  of  .fuf/lfin.*  rfffiit  ;  it  i*  iMtnlerat«'ly  thin-fth)-ll.  il, 
wiih  ,'t  tar^e  nwfft  <'ilihle  kernel, -tml  in  an  iin|M)r1ant  artieli*  of 
f<»t>.|  ill  hII  the  northern  ilintriets  of  ilajian,  althuu({h  the  tn-e»  are 
not  euUivateil  at  least  to  any  extent,  the  nuts  ftold  in  the  uiarketit 
U-injj  i)htaim->l  fr»»ni  wild  tree*  of  the  forent. 

A  {MM'uliar  llattened  form  of  thin  nut,  |M>inted  at  tht-  a)M'X  ami 
more  or  Ii'hh  conlulf  at  the  haoe  (Jw/ltiuf  i  unixtonny*),  wan  found 
by  the  UiiHiian  tuival  oflirer  Alhn'elit  ex|mM>d  f or  ftale  m  the  nmrkrt 
of  ii;ik«Hlalf  ;  Minilar  ntil.i.  wiid  to  In-  liron^ht  from  the  fon-st-  nf 
I*  iiji-j»un,  an?  >olil  hy  the  Heed-men  t>f  Viikohania,  allhoiij^h  tlie  trecn 
whieh  |irodu<-«>  thi-in  nn*  not  diHtini^ui^lu-d  hy  thi>  JaimneMe  laitan- 
i^t■l  (Nargent,  Siitr%  nu  fhf  Firrfft  Puirtt  v/  Jfl/Mtri,i'A>).  Jutfltinf  .S'lr* 
iHtliimnn  wan  introilured  m-iny  yeani  H({ii  hy  Sielwld  ii:to  Kiiropean 
pinlens  ;  it  i*  (M-rfectly  hardy  in  eentral  KurcijH"  and  in  New  Knjj- 
laiid,  wIh-h-  it  prtMlncei*  fruit  e^ery  year. 

^  ('.lie  Candolh',  Auti.  Sn.  \iit.  N*r1,  x\(ii,  IW.       Saportit,  (inyinf 


Pali'ouloiogiifne  ttf.i  Arhm,  'jm.  —  /ittel,  ffatulh.  Pal<fiitoUuj.  ii.  -l-lfi, 

t".*".:,  f.  I  Ti. 

■  Ia')*i|nen'ux,  Ufp.  f'  .S.  f^etiiip.}.  Siirr.  vii.  'JH4,  t-  .M,  f.  -VU,  t. 
.Vi.  I  11.  t.  rA\,  I  10,  f.  .•>«,  f.  1.  t.  tV2,  f.  i\\}  ;  viii.  lilkst.  Ati\  f.  11 
(('<mtnf'.  Fntsil  PL   ir.   Trrrttitries.  ii.,  iii.). 

*  I.eHtjutn'ux.  Mrm.  .\tuit.  <'omp.  /Cai\{.  vi.  pt.  ii.  IH  ,*.<5i7  P!a-tts 
of  thr   AuriUnt'ts  (irarrl  PffiOftt.t  of  thr  Sirrni  Xriiulu). 

^  Altluui^di  little  i*  known  of  the  imti'etji  whirh  fird  u|Mni  the 
ft|«'en-*  of.Iutilaus  that  j;row  in  the  nouthwrMtern  [wtrt  of  the  I'nited 
States,  mo;-e  than  ttixty  kiiuUan*  n-eorded  as  pri'Vinj;  u|Nin  thi.'<  p>nnti 
ill  North  Ameriea.  Of  the  wiMal-lHirinff  x|M>eie<t,  prolmhly  the  wornt 
known  enemy  of  .iD^rlniiK  in  Ainertra  i*  the  llu-kory  lUirer.  ViiUme 
fnrttin,  l>riiry.  Srvrral  other  ft|M't*ie!*,  however,  have  la-en  reeorde<l 
ait  afTeitm^;  the  wimhI  or  hark,  chielly  after  they  have  U-pun  to 
de»ay.  Amonp  neale  in^ectn  An/tfintttu  JuijUmiIti,  Fiteh.  and  /,»■ 
rtj'itrim  JutfUmdtjri,  Kit'-h,  are  found  on  the  hark  of  hranehes  anil 
twin's. 

I'll*'  ^[M-rii's  of  f.iIiajri-H*alen«  an-  ntnuernuii  on  Julian*  The  lar^m 
of  a  liaiid?«4Miie  Kphinx  moth,  Stnmnthf^'*  Juifliituh.*,  AhUit  \  Sntith, 
fffd  upon  the  leavm.  TheM*  tnM-^  are  favorite  fotMl. plants  fur  the 
larva*  of  the  In-anttful  I. una  Moth.  .l'-/i<i.<  I. una,  KiniuPtifi,  of  Citk- 
rronut  rrtfalu,  Kahrieiiiii,  and  other  larf<;e  ll«MnhyeidN  whieh  leldom, 
however,  eanse  inueh  injury,  a.nl  an*  often  rather  ran*.  Ihlana 
miniMtni,  Oniry,  in  MtinetiineM  very  trouhle^Minte,  r4|HTirtlly  in  th« 
wet>tern  Mtiitea,  and  Ihitittyt  uttfiffrnma,  (irote  \  Kolnuson,  alito 
«Krunt  on  our  \N'alniit-tn-es.  Tin*  wrhs  of  the  Kail  \N fl^-worm, 
I/^/>h'iulnn  ruuni,  Dnirv,  an*  often  ronspniiou*  on  Walnut-tree^  in 
the  eaKt4-rn  state-i.  and  the  lar\M*  do  rousideruhte  injur),  mimetiinea 
entlnlv  »tnppinp  the  tree*  of  foliaj^f.  The  la.  \n»  of  ncnienuis 
tfjH-rti-x  of  ('at>H-ala  and  olhir  Nortuuls  an*  t-oinnion  on  theiie  Irci**. 

Amonjj  Himith-r  folia^e-injuriu);  l^'pidoptera  nior«  nr  leu*  |»eeu- 
liar  to  the  genua  ia  the  Walnut  caae-livarer,  AtToitosis  JugiivuHt, 
i^  Itaniu  ;  and  the  larvn*  of  LttkoroiUtu  juglatuHfilti,  Clemena, 
\rf,tii  uin  juiflntuli/olirlla,  Clctnenii,  (ininUtrui  juglitftdituj/rtrellat 
ChanilaTV,  and  Asfintu-ti  jtigiandulia,  C'hamheni,  live  within  the 
ti^sui*  of  the  leaves  ami  make  tortuuui  or  hloteh-ininepi  lieneath  their 
ephlt-rinin. 

A  little  Us'tle,  /'rtn/i  atrrrtmn,  Olivier,  oft*'n  eatu  numeroua 
holi'M  in  the  voting  Iraves  and  drvottr!*  the  hloNSoniN  ;  a  Niiiall  flat 
lleiiiiptenui.  I'mtji*  Ju<)lan»t\it,  Kitch,  is  fn*<pientl\  found  NUi'kinfp 
the  jiices  from  the  lower  nurfaet*  of  the  leaves  of  Jui/inns  nnfm:  ; 
and  a  weevil,  (\motnichflu*  JntfUvxiit*,  1.^^  Conte,  iHimetiiiieA  infests 
the  fruit. 

*  JuftlftON  in  North  Ameriea  has  few  [leenliar  funpil  enemies, 
and  in  f^fnipnil  the  tame  panuitie  funf^i  whieh  are  found  on  it  iM'enr 


?iitir«'ly  ilisiiiipeared, 
■y  t'podi ;  ■  ill  North 
itiiin  region  and  of 
itivi'  of  the  Wahiut 
Ida.* 

I  in  oal)inet-making. 
conniu'icially.  Tlie 
the  North  Anu'rican 
'ontain  tiinnic  acid, 

!  suhject  to  serious 


llandh.  l'al<tnloliy.  ii.  44fi, 

vii.  2S4,  t.  ,M,  f.  n-1 1,  t 
II  !•;  viii,  i;3.1, 1.  4li\  f.  11 

fi.  pt.  ii.  :u  J,,/  Vln.ug 
rrra  ,\rrailii). 
I'll*  whii  h  fii'il  ii|uiii  Ihn 
nstirii  |«irt  uf  ihf  I  lilted 
u»  pri'Viinr  u|Hiii  lliix  ipiiin 
"•i-ii'H,  prolinlilv  lli(.  wimt 
11-  Ili.knrv  Itiirfr.  (\llmt 
•'Vtr.  Iiavti  Ih'imi  rri'iinlutl 
ifCiT  llit'v  linvr  iK'giiii  to 
'ui/lmilii,  Kiloli,  unci  I.r- 
II"  l»irk  uf  lirniKlii'n  und 

i»  nil  .lii|;Una.  rim  liiniB 
;/"i'"fo.  AI.Ikii  \  Siiiiih, 
iiiriti-  fiH«|.|,luiit,  for  iliv 
/  'i'lii,  l,iiiiiirii»,  <if  Cith' 
liiinlivi  ill.  »hii  h  nldiiin, 
I'll  rutlirr  mrtv  IiiHtina 
iHoiiii',  .•«|HMi«lly  ill  Ihe 
lirutr  &  KuImuhiiii,  alao 
of  thi-  Kail  Wi'lt-wiimi, 
■uoiu  uii  Wnlimt-tmii  in 
prnlilo  iiijiirv.  Ntniifiiniea 

riii>    In.  v.K    uf    liLiiiirnlK 

I'liliimiin  on  tliriif  Irwu. 
1<T»  III, in.  or  lr«»  |wii- 

I  juiilaiutirlln,  Cli'iiirni, 
innn  juijititt<iitmjrfreUat 
iiulxTn,  livu  vitkin  the 
Dtcb-minra  beneatli  tliair 

■,  often  eatn  iiiinicroiDi 
lilimi.iTiis  ;  II   niiiall   Hat 

I'ljiKMillv  fiiiinil  HUi'kihK 
vcH  of  Jiit/limg  ntifm:  ; 

onti',  Hiiiiicliiiii'.i  iiifi'sta 

feiiliar  fiin),'nl  i>npiiiii'n, 
•Ii  arc  fmiiitl  i>n  it  woiir 


JlTif.ANDACE.*;. 


,SrLrA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


117 


The  species  of  Jufrhms  can  \w  easily  raised  from  seeds,  which  should  not  be  allowed  to  dry  before 
they  are  ;ilanted,  as  they  soon  become  rancid  and  lose  their  power  of  germination."  The  varieties  can 
be  propagated  1)y  grafting. 

The  generic  name,  the  classical  name  of  the  Walnut-tree,  from  Jupiter  and  tjlanK,  was  adopted  by 
LinnieuH,  who  discarded  the  older  Nux  of  Toiirnefort.' 

iilso  on  Ilii-iiriii  and  an-  not  tlio  cause  of  nerioiiH  diseaae.     Micro-  evor,  tliiH  fiiiiKiis  docH  oompamtivply  little  daiiingc.    A  npot  disease 

ilroma  Jwilamlii,  .Saoeardo e  of  tli out  Kencrally  (li«tnl>uled  i»  prodiiped  on  tlii>  leaves  of  jM/lnm  rlijm  liy  Cermimm  JmjUiwIis, 

fiMiRi  on  tile  leaves  of  Walnuts  anil  lliekiiries,  apjK'ars  as  a  tliin  Kellernian  &  S»'iii);le. 

whitish  layer  on  llie  mider  surface  of  the  leaves,  eansini;  them  to  '  Cohli,  tt.  \V,mllim(h,  Mi.—  Fuller,  practical  Foresl-t/,  158. 

carl  Aud  ultimately  to  ahrivel  up.     lu  apite  of  its  freipicney,  how-  ''  /ml.  ."iSl,  t.  M6. 


coN.spEcrrs  of  ..(k  north  axikrican  species. 

Fruit  rneemiMe ;  nut  prominently  IriblH'd  at  tlio  suturex.  'J-c'clled  at  the  liane  ;  heartwood  lif^ht  lirown. 

liCatleta  II  to  17,  obloiiK-laiiceoIato 

Fruit  uaimlly  aolitary  or  in  jiaira;  nut  without  autural  riba,  4-eclle(l  at  the  Uw  :  luartwooil  dark  brown. 

I..eaHeti<  li'i  lu  I'.'i,  ovatedaneeolate  :  nut  ileeply  and  irre^ilarlv  rid);ed 

I>"»(let»  9  to  'J.'t,  laneeolale  to  ovatedaneeidale  ;  nut  deeply  sulrale 

Leatleta  11  to  17,  ovate-lanceolate  ;  nut  obacurcly  auleate 


1.  .1.  (INKKEA. 

2.  .1.    MliU.\. 

;*.  J.  ui;it:sif(I.s. 
4.  J.  Califuk.viiA. 


II 


'  f 


■r 

♦  ■ 

V 

1 

1 

i 

p 

■ 

r 


118 


tilLVA   OF  NOliTU  AMKltlCA. 


JUULiVNUACKiK. 


JUGLANS   OINEREA. 
Butternut.     Oilnut. 

Lkafi.kts  11  to  17,  oblonf^-laiu'coliito.    Fruit  oMoiip,  acuto,  nicomoso  ;  nut  4-ribbed 
iit  till'  suturi's,  doi'i)ly  sculptured  into  thin  ragged  plates,  'J-eelled  at  tlnj  base. 


JUBliins  cinerea.  I.iiiniiMm.  .s'/^v.  im1.  'J,  I  lITi  (ITCi.'l). — 
.Ian|uin.  linn.  1,'ir.  i.  I'.l.  t.  I'.*'.'.  —  Muoiich,  luuniie 
n',/«...  .S;t.  —  Wiiiit;riili..„:i,  .\„r,l,im.  Ilnl:.  L'l.  t.  '.t.  f. 
'.M.  —  WiilliT.  /■'/.  ('•()•. 'J.'i."i  — Willili'iuiw,  Hi-rt.  Hdiiiiiz. 
l,"i(i;  .Syr.-,  iv.  I."it> ;  Kiiim.  U7'.(. — riwli({li<>ni.  IVi/;/. 
iif'jli  Sliili  I'liili,  ii.  I'lhi. — li'.irkliaUMCii,  U<iiiilh.  Fomt- 
l,„t.  i.  T.-.l.  —  I',)iri-t.  A-iHi.  Dirt.  iv.  .".O!!  ;  ///.  iii.  ;iai.  t. 
rsi,  f.  7.  —  Sclnniill.  (hair.  }i,uimx.  iii.  WX.  t.  Kit.— 
Miu'lilcnltory  A  WilMfnow,  Sfur  Srhfijt.  (irsfll.  tint.  Fr. 
lUrlin.  iii.  :(«S.  -  Mirli.iux.  Fl.  lior.-.im.  ii.  1'.>1.  —  I'cr- 
noon,  .S'^ii.  ii.  5ti(i. —  IVsfuntaini'a.  Ilisl.  Arh.  ii.  ;f47.  —  Du 
Jlont  lie  Coiirdct.  lii>l.  full.  imI.  'J.  vi.  '.'.'Vi.  —  Stokes,  ll't. 
.l^/^  M,:l.  iv.  -lO'.'.  —  I'ursli,  Fl.  Am.  Sf/>l.  ii.  C^tO. — 
Itin.l.r.v.  F/.  /;.«/..«.  '.'.iO.  —  NiUUll.  i;,n.  ii.  ■.".'0.  — 
ILiviir.  Ihiulr.F'..  16.1.  —  Klliolt.  .S'*.  ii.  t'.L".'.  — .S|ir."ii^;c.l. 
^y,«^  iii.  S(M.  —  Ai'ilulHin.  Ilinh,  t.  UL'.  —  S|hu'Ii.  Ilial. 
I't'j.  ii.  170.  —  Hntine«ii(iie,  Ahoijrfi/ih.  Am.  (JTi.  —  IliHikcr, 
Fl.  Itir.Am.  ii.  ll.l.  —  Torri'v.  Fl.  S.  »'.  ii.  l.S(t.  —  |)i.- 
tricli,  >N';/».  v.  'AVi,  —  Oarlingtun,  Fl.  Ve»tr.  ctl.  .'!,  L'tiL'.  — 


CiirliK.  AV/i.  (Imloij.  Siirr.  .V.  fur.  IHOO,  iii.  45.  — 
('li!i|miiin,  ^Y.  JISI.  —  C.  ik-  C«ii(li)lli',  .tun.  Sri.  A'd'.  fft. 
•I.  xviil.  l(i,  t.  •(.  f.  t.'i  :  I'ritih.  xvi.  p;.  ii.  1,'!7.  —  Kwll, 
llfiiili:  i.  .W.).  —  Kiiu  miiii.  Trren  .Miin.t.  ei\.  'J,  '.'t'7,  t.  — 
Kiil^fwiiy.  /'n.r.  r.  lS'.  All/.  J/h.«.  IKJtL'.  76.  —  Ijiurllo, 
lhi:iarlie  Iknilr.  liO.'i.  —  Sarifriit,  Fm  st  Trrea  X.  Am. 
\y\lh  (■.«.«»«  /'.  .V.  ix.  l.'ld.  —  Watwin  &  Coiiltpr,  (Iniij't 
M.i„  cil.  (!,  4t>7.  —  Dipiii'l.  HiimllK  I.'tiihhohk.  ii.  ;t'J(l.— 
Ktiiliiif,  Ih'utxrhr  Ih'iuir.  76. 

JuKlnnH  oblougn,  .Mill.r.  Dirt.  e.l.  8,  No.  .'t  (KtW).  —  \)a 
Uoi.  Iliirhk.  Iliuimx.  i.  .'CI'.'.  —  Moeiu-li,  Mrth.  0'.M). 

JuKlnna  oblonita  alba,  .Miinliall.  Arlmtt.  Am.  67  (1786). 

JukIhus  niwra.  ,>'.  Sdi  i,.|if,  .M.it.  .Mnl.    imrr.  \'.\'.\  ( I7N7). 

JuKlann  cathiirticu.  Micliaiiji  f.  Ilitt.  .irh.  Am.  i.  Itl.'i,  t. 
•J  (I.SIO). 

Carya  cathartioa.  lUrton,  Com/M-nil.  Fl.  J'liiia.  ii.  liS 
(ISl.S). 

Wallia  cinerea,  AlefcM,  Itoniilimdia.  ix.  .lliO  (1H61). 


A  tr(H'.  (MMMsii.iially  one  liiiiiilit'il  feet  lii^li.  with  a  tall  straifjlit  trunk  two  to  tlirpo  feet  in  diiimotor 
nnil  sonu'tiiiicN  frcf  nt'  iuanrlu's  fur  li.ilf  it.s  lii-i;;lit,  Imt  niDri-  fr('(|iu'ntl_v  tlividiiijj;,  (iftfi'n  <ir  twenty  ftt't 
iibovf  the  surface  of  the  "jroiiml.  int<i  niniieroiis  .■^toiit  liiiilis  whieh  spread  hori/tontally  often  to  a  {jreut 
Jenjjtli,  and  form  a  l)road  low  .syninietrical  round-topped  hea  I.  The  hark  of  the  trunk  is  from  thret> 
(piarters  of  an  ineh  to  an  ineii  in  tliiekness,  ami  is  lif^ht  hrown  and  deeply  divided  into  hroad  ridp's, 
which  .separate  on  the  surface  into  small  appressed  plate-like  .scales  ;  that  of  youu);  trunks  and  of  the 
hranchcs  is  smooth  and  lii^ht  f^ray.  The  hranchlcts,  when  they  first  appear,  are  eoatcd,  like  the  |H.>tioleit, 
with  rufous  pulicscciice.  which  gradually  disappears  during  the  sunnner  ;  and  in  their  tirst  winter  thev 
are  dark  oran;;(-lirown  or  liri;;;ht  ^reen.  rather  lustrous,  slijjhtly  pnherulous,  covered  more  or  less  thickly 
with  pale  lenticels,  liecomin<r  hrown  tinned  with  rcil  or  oranp>  in  their  second  yeiir,  and  then  gradually 
losinj^  their  lustre  and  fjrowin;^  f^f^'V.  The  leaf-scars  are  lijjht  fjray,  and  made  conspicuous  hy  the 
lar<;e  hlack  lihro-vascular  hundle-scars  and  hy  the  elevated  hands  of  |)ale  tomentum  which  separate  thelu 
from  the  lowest  :i.\illarv  liuds.  The  terminal  huds  are  one  hall  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  in  length  and 
one  ijuarter  of  an  inch  in  lireadth,  and  ,'ire  sonu'what  tiattencd  and  uhllipiely  truncate  iit  the  a|it>x. 
The  two  outer  scales  .ire  coated  externally  with  sliiut  jiale  ji\djescenee,  and  when  fully  Jjrown  are  an 
inch  lonj;  and  om?  tl  ird  of  an  inch  wide;  they  are  often  narrowed  into  hroad  distinct  stalks,  and  aru 
thickened  ami  refolded  on  the  hack  and  acut<>  at  the  thickened  apex  ;  the  inner  Hcales  are  lonjrer  und 
hroader,  ami  aie  frei|uently  ohscurely  pinnate,  resemiilin;^  the  first  leaves,  which  are  an  inch  and  a 
half  lon<;.  with  t.vo  or  three  jiairs  of  small  leatlets  ami  thickened  stalks  widened  from  the  has<>  to  the 
apex,  where  they  are  frei|iu'ntlv  half  an  iiu'h  across,  and  covered  on  the  outer  surface  with  rusty 
lirowii  tomentum  and  uii  the  iiiuer  with  soft  pale  hiiirs.     The  axillary  huds  uro  ovate,  Ihittcncd,  rounded 


JUGLANUALK/K 


I'^o ;  nut  4-ribbed 
1'..'  base. 

r,ir.  18(10,  iii.  45.  — 
cilli'.  .Inn.  Sri.  ,Vii'.  m^r. 
vi.  pt.  ii.  l;t7.  —  Kwh, 
»  .l/lM.«.  Cll.  'J.  'J07,  t.— 
»■  IXS'J,  "G.  —  l,<iiicliv, 
I.  F'li  at  Tree.1  .V.  Am. 
ilnnii  A  Ciiiilior,  tlnii/'t 
li.  I..,nl,h„hk.  ii.  [VM.— 

S.  N...  ;t  (17(W).  — IJu 
HMiili,  .Mtth.  Ci'Ki. 
.irhnMt.  Am.  fi."    (  ITHfl). 
rtl.  Amfr.  l.W  (17«7). 
rw^   .Irh.  Am.  i.  Ityi,  t. 

n,l.    ft.   I'liila.   ii.    ITS 

<j,  ix.  .t;tr.  (i«6i). 


rcf  feet  ill  iliiimct^r 
ttfii  or  twoiity  fc»;t 
\\\  iiftt'ii  to  u  jjreat 
trunk  Ih  from  tlirc-o 
il  iiitii  liroiul  ridfjcs, 
triiiik.s  anil  of  tin* 
■<l,  like  tin-  iH'tiolcH, 
•ir  tir»t  wint«T  llicy 
more  or  lew  tlii.kly 
iml  tlu'ii  gratliially 
I'oimpioiious  liy  the 
iliieli  Hcpar.iti?  tlicin 
inch  in  Iciifrth  anil 
niatf  at  tlic  a|)cx. 
fully  jjrown  are  an 
inci  stalkN,  anil  aro 
ill's  art'  lonjrcr  ami 
111'  an  ini'li  and  a 
•oni  the  liaw  to  tlio 
snrfai'i'  with  rusty 
flattened,  ruunded 


jlulandacea; 


SUVA   OF  NOliTH  AMEL'ICA. 


11!) 


at  the  apex,  an  eifjhtli  of  an  inch  lonp,  and  covered  with  rusty  hrown  or  pale  pHhescencp.  The  leaves 
are  from  fifteen  to  thirty  inches  lon^j,  with  stout  [uiiicsci'iit  petioles  and  eleven  to  seventeen  leaflets; 
these  are  olilonfj-lanceolate,  acute  or  aeuminate  at  the  apex,  finely  serrate  with  minute  callous  teeth 
except  at  the  uneipially  rounded  lia.se,  and  .si-ssile  or  short-petiolnlate,  the  teriniiial  leaflet  lieiiifr  raised 
on  a  slender  stalk  often  two  to  three  inches  in  leu;:;th ;  when  they  unfold  they  are  yellow-frreeii,  slifrhtly 
jjlandnlar  and  sticky,  lustrous  and  scurfy  on  the  upper  surface  and  pulienilous  on  the  lower ;  and  at 
maturity  they  are  three  to  four  inches  lonj;,  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  wide,  thin,  yellow-fjreen,  and 
ru^jiise  above,  and  pale  and  soft-puhescent  Itelow,  with  conspicuous  pale  midriiiH  rounded  on  tiie  upper 
side  and  eoiispieuous  primary  veins.  In  the  autumn  the  leaves  turn  yellow  or  brown  and  fall  early. 
The  catkins  of  staminato  fl-iwers  aro  covered  during  the  winter  with  the  closely  imbricated  eoii.spieuous 
flower  bracts  coated  with  pale  tomentuni,  and  vary  from  a  sixteenth  to  an  eif;lith  of  an  inch  in  lenjjth ; 
they  bej^in  to  lengthen  during  the  month  of  May,  and  when  fully  grown  are  from  three  to  five  inches 
long,  the  flowers  unfolding  when  the  leaves  have  attained  about  half  their  size.  The  ]ierianth  of  the 
flower,  which  is  subtended  by  a  bract  covered  with  rusty  puiiesience  and  acute  at  the  apex,  is  a  quarter 
of  an  inch  long,  bright  yellow-green,  slightly  puberulous  on  tiie  outer  surface,  and  usually  six-lobed,  the 
lateral  lobes  terminating  in  tufts  of  brown  hairs  ;  there  are  usually  twelve  or  sometimes  eight  or  ten 
stamens  with  nearly  sesitile  dark  brown  antherH  surmounted  by  their  darker  slightly  lobed  connectives. 
The  female  flowers  are  constricted  above  the  middle  and  one  third  of  an  inch  long,  and  are  produced 
ill  six  to  eight-flowered  spikes,  maturing  after  the  pollen  of  the  stamiiiate  flowers  has  been  mostly  shed. 
The  bract  and  bractlets  which  form  the  outer  covering  of  the  flower  are  coated  with  sticky  white  or 
pink  glandular  hairs ;  the  bract  is  linear  and  acute,  and  is  .sometimes  free  at  the  ba.se  of  the  ovary  or  in 
often  adiiatc  to  it  to  the  middle  ;  the  bractlets  are  broadly  ovate,  acute,  entire  or  irregularly  cut  at  the 
apex  into  numerous  small  teeth,  and  rather  shorter  than  tin,-  iiiiear-laiiceolate  sepals,  which  are  puberu- 
lous on  the  outer  surface.  The  stigmas  are  cluvate,  spreading,  bright  red,  and  half  an  inch  long.  Three 
to  five  fruits  often  ripen  on  one  branch;  they  are  cylindriial,  oli.scurely  two  or  rarely  four  ridged, 
ovate-oblong,  pointed,  coated  with  rusty  clammy  matted  hairs,  and  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  and 
a  half  in  length.  The  nut  is  ovate  or  rarely  (dmvate.  abruptly  contracteil  and  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
and  furnished  at  the  two  sutures  with  thick  broad  ridges  ;  alternate  with  these  are  two  other  ridges 
nearly  or  ipiite  as  prominent,  and  between  these  dorsiil  and  marginal  ridges  are  four  tithers  narrower 
and  less  developed  ;  the  thick  hard  wall  is  light  brown,  a  ipiarti'r  of  an  inch  tliick,  and  deeply  sculptured 
on  the  outer  surface  betwe<>n  the  ridges  into  thin  broad  irregular  broken  longitudinal  plates,  and 
contains  numerous  large  internal  longitudinal  cavities  ;  it  is  two-celled  at  the  base  and  oiu-eelled  above 
the  middle,  with  a  narrow  poiuteil  apical  cavity.  The  cotyledons  are  ovate-oblong,  ridged  on  the  back, 
slightly  concave  on  the  inner  face,  rounded  and  entire  at  the  base,  and  abruptly  contracted  above  into 
the  loiig-pointeil  radicle. 

•luijIimH  vim  rid  prefers  rich  moist  soil  in  which  it  grows  near  tlie  banks  of  streams  and  on  low 
rocky  hills,  and  is  di.stribu;"d  from  southern  New  Brnnswiek,  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  Kiver 
and  Ontario'  to  easier:-.  Dakota  ■  and  southea.stern  Nebraska;'  it  ranges  southward  through  the 
iiortbern  states  to  Delaware,  southern  Missouri,'  and  northe.istern  .\rkans;is,''  and  along  the  .\palacbian 
Mountains  to  northern  (icorgia  anil  the  headwaters  of  tiie  Hlack  Warrior  Kiver  in  Winston  County, 
Alabama.'  One  of  the  most  abundant  trees  in  the  lowland  forests  of  t'  e  north,  south  of  the  Ohio 
Hiver  the  Hntternut  is  nowhere  very  common  and  is  usually  of  small  size. 

The  wood  of  ./uijhinx  ciiiiTiii  is  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  coarsi>-grained,  and  easily  worked, 
with  a  satiny  surface  su'weptible  of  receiving  a  beautiful  polish  ;  it  is  light  brown,  turning  darker  with 


'  UmiH't,   Cll     IVj.    l.ifi.   Cnn.    -Hi.    -  lU'll,  tieul,iij.   I<rp.   (.'im. 
1S7H  .SI),  .VC.  —  Ma.'i.im,  Cm.  fan.  I'l.  VM. 
'  Mi'Millan,  .MrhuiHrmt  of  Ihr  .Minnrtiiln  Viilli-),  177. 
•  llo»i«'j-,  Krp  Srbrtuka  Slalt  lloarJ  Agric.  ISW,  ItW 


*  Unmillu'iicl,  llin.  (iazrllr,  iii.  IM). 

^  Iliirvi'V,  .^m.  Jimr.  Furfslrff,  i.  1.">2. 

•  The  lliittcrimt  lius  U'en  seen  by  I>r.  riiapU-s  Mnlir  in  .Mnbiitua 
ill  Wiiwtoii  I'uiinty  imlv,  wlii'ro,  howi'vor,  it  is  t'\o»'tHliiigly  niro. 


.' 
\ 
1 

i  '^ 

( 

ir 

't' 


1: 


I '20 


>//,  IM   OF  ya/rr/i  a.mhuu'A. 


Jl(il.ANl»ACKi»:. 


'      i 


ex|Hmuri-.  witli  thin  lifjlit-<'ol()r<'(l  Hiipwitml  coniiMJscd  of  live  or  hix  laytTK  of  iinnual  jjrowth,  and  coiitaiiiM 
luiiiu'roiis  rt'fjulailv  ilistiiliiiliMl  larf^c  <i|it'n  ilui'ts  ami  tliin  Dlisciirc  n'lmito  int'iliillary  rays.  Tlic  K|H'cilic 
jjravitv  of  tlu'  alisolutfly  dry  wood  is  (M(1S(».  a  culiic  foot  woijr|iinjr  'J,").l(i  |Hiiind.H.  It  is  now  larfji-ly 
t>ni|iloy<Ml  for  tlif  interior  tiiiisli  of  Iionsos  and  for  furniture. 

Till'  inniT  liark  iH  wliite,  l>ut  Ix'conics  litrlit  yellow  on  exposure  to  the  air  and  ultimately  dark 
lirown  ;  it  possesses  laild  lathartie  properties,  and  is  used,  especially  that  of  the  root,  with  ifood  results 
ill  the  treatment  of  haliilual  constipation,'  and  in  lionueopathic  practice.'  Sii^ar  of  excellent  ipiality  has 
lieen  made  from  the  sap;'  the  kernel  of  the  nut,  which  contains  u  lar^e  (piantity  of  oil  and  soon 
heeomes  rancid,  has  a  sweet  and  afjreeahle  flavor  while  fresh  ;  the  oil  was  used  hy  the  Indians,*  and 
the  jjreeii  husks  of  the  fruit  are  employeil  domestically  to  dye  cloth  yellow  or  oranjje-color. 

What  is  prolialily  the  e.irliest  mention  of  the  Itiilternut  appears  iu  A'l  (r  h'ln/liiiiir.i  /'ros/.i-l,  liy 
William  Wood,  pidilislicd  in  London  iu  ll><{!).'^  Introduced  into  Kuropean  gardens  at  the  clos<>  of  the 
seventeenth  cvuUny,'  •Ik'/Ihiis  liiunii  was  first  descrihed  in  IT^il  liv  I'hilip  .Miller."  The  rajiid  fjrowth 
in  ;;oiid  soil,  and  the  hroad  symmetric.il  head  of  the  Hiitlernut,  make  it  a  desiralile  ornamental  tree 
where  .aillicieiit  space  can  he  allowed  for  the  spread  of  its  hranches.  Like  many  other  trees,  however, 
which  unfold  their  luuvcs  latu  in  the  spring,  it  luses  tlieni  again  ufttT  the  first  cold  days  of  autumn. 


f         > 


Sthivpf.  Mat.  Mni.  Amer.  131V—  H.  S.  Urtrtun.  ('nil.  i,  M  ;  li. 
4a. -Kimli,  Mfil  Uhg.  x.  U2.— HiKrI.iw.  Mnt.  Hot.  li.  11.'.,  t.  ;i'J. — 
llrttiiH'wiue.  Mffi.  liiil.  ii.  u:H.  -  Limllev,  /-V.  Mnt.  ;W7.  —Crinith. 
Mfti.  hot.  :*K\>.  Carwin.  Mnl.  IU.  ii.  I'J,  t.  8*i.  —  rinli.r.  AV- 
$mtrcr$  of  Simthrrn  t'teltlf  nmi  Forrnts,  'Ml.  —  lli'iitley  &  TriimMi, 
^ttd  PI.  iv.  17.  t.  'J47.~Johli«oii.  Mr.n.  Mni  /U>t.  \.  .1-  'JlH.  - 
r.  S.  tHsfrtvi.  ihI.  Ki,  HTiO, 
^  Millii|mu^'li,  MiVt.  .\m.  PI   in  Ilimtitn/Hithtr  lirmflteii,  ti.  ITjO,  t. 

'  M.  V.  *imv,  .\fiiitM.  AgnnUiural  lirfMittUnrtt  nnti  Jtmnial,  iii.  M7. 
•  *•  Of    thiiM*   Wjillnul.-i   ihi'v  iimkc  iiti  I'Xct'lltitt  i)\\v  jfm»t|   (or 
utuiiy  uHi>M,  but  e.->pvouilljr  ftir  their  auuuyutiiig  uf  their  heads.    And 


iif  thr  rliipn  of  the  WKlnut-tre«>  (the  Imrkc  taken  iifT)  Sime  HutfUfk 
ill  the  l'm:ntry  make  eu'ellt-iit  Heen'  Uilh  fnr  Tiwtc,  ntn'ti^th, 
eitl.iitr,  14ml  tii  titTeii^ive  o|M<niii)t;  i>{H>rutiiiii."  <  Uo^^er  \ViIImiii%  .1 
/vVv  ml  t  Ihr  I.an'/itftiff  of'  Amrriiit,  *'d.    rruitihiiU,  I'JW  ) 

Hnl  itK  Wttliiiilfi  and  Ilit'konrH  were  i-oiifoiiiided  hy  lill  Mriterfi 
UfoH'  thi-  In  u'tiiiiin^  nf  the  pn-MMit  ifiitiiry,  I{o};er  WiUmMii>'n  i'h- 
»ervatiuti4  nfrr  pr<>hal'l\  to  U'th  th<H«'  tree?!. 

^  "There  i.t  likewise  a  In-e  in  Home  |mrtii  of  thn  country,  thiit 
heareii  a  Nut  a.<«  hij;  »n  a  Hnull  I'eare  "  (|<t.  \i    II). 

•  Alton.  Il"rt.  Kftc   ill.  ;Wil.  —  I^tudon,  Arh.  Hni.  I  |;U».  I    V^iWi 

^  A'lw  JuijUvu  VirtfiUMiux  nii/rUt  fnirtu  oWonyo,  ftro/unduatmi 
vist'uipto,  Ihtt.  So.  H.  —  UubAmel,  Tmiti  i/«i  Arbrm,  ii.  01. 


HI) 


EXPLANATION   OK  TMK   1'LATK.S. 

I'l.ATK   (TCXXXI        .Iliil.ANH   <  INKKKA. 
I.   .\  lluwi'nii);  lir;inrli.  nntiiral  niii'. 

3.  DiuKram  uf  n  •Uiniinsti'  Hnwt-r. 
•'I.    l)i:ii,Tiim  <if  :l  |ii»lillnt<'  lliiwiT. 

4.  A  sUtiiiinal*'  tltjwcr.  riilar^'iil. 

Ti.  IVriaiitli  iif  a  HtaininaK-  llomr  iliii|iU}'e<l.  coUrf^ed. 

C.  A  ataiiirii,  t'lilar^t'il. 

7.  A  piotlUato  Hdwit,  pnlarf;e<l. 

H.  Vortical  niTliiiii  i>f  a  |ii!itillati«  tliiwiT.  enlarged. 

U.  A  |ii>lilUt('  IlijwiT,  tliu  lira<t.i  rtinuvi'd,  i'iilar);e<l. 


1'latk  CCCXXXII.     .Ml. LANS  iinkhka. 
1.  A  fniitiii);  hruiii'li.  natural  the. 
'J.   A  nut.  n.ilural  ni/.o. 

3.  Cruu   M.-ctiuii  of  a  nut.  natural  tiM. 

4.  A  winter  brani'lilct.  natural  siw. 

a.  Vcrtii'ul  ai'etiun  tif  a  liranclili't,  allowing  tbc  pitli.  natural  size. 


.IICI.ANDACKit;. 


wtli,  mill  I'iMitiiiiiM 

lys.     Till'  N|i(>cilli' 

It  IH  now  l:irp>ly 

I  iiltiniiitvly  iliii'k 

\Mtll   friKlll   ri'HllltH 

'I'llfiit  i|iiali>y  l>tM 
.'  of  nil  ami  Mooii 
I  111'  liuliitim/  iiiid 
jlur. 

Ill's  Pri>s/,rrt,  l)y 

the  ('l<).s(>  of  tlu> 

riu*  riipiil  growth 

>  oriiitiiuwitiil  trt-o 

IT  tri't'S,   ilOWl'VIT, 

s  of  aiituiiiii. 

iikrn  off)  Smic  Hnyltnh 
It  fur  TamIo,  Htn'ii^th, 
'  (U<i)(or  WillUiiiii,  .1 
laW,  I'.li  ) 

fniiiiilt'il  lt_v  itll  writcni 
,  K«>^i'r  WiUiaMm'A  tib* 

U  i>f  tliK  iiiuiilry,  tint 
\i    II). 

rh.  iwu.  1  tail.  (  r.Nv.' 

iiA/imyo,   firo/utuiutimt 
Arlira,  ii.  51. 


■< 


*fi 


M 


II  >.t..\NllACRJK 


• 


■I'lIIi     U'Luitl'    I 


'!'?«  lij^lU   vt'ili>w  IIP 

lui    Id    llOllKI'l    , 

I  ■       th«'   kprii«'l   of   tlir  nut,  whvli  coiitAiUK 

I    ;iii(l  .i;;r'iMlilw   lluvir  »l>il<'   rro*t|i  ;  tin' oil  v«.i,      .4,1    i 
ill    .  mj.l.ni  ,i   .!,.:;).-^li'  ,i!l^    'n  .h  .    i  li.lli  ydliiw  ci       ,    ir'ri. 

I  lint  iu  .N 
into  Kurii|UHllt  jfnriii'tii   tl    lliu  r\iw   ,i|    llu' 

:  ;7;U  l.y  in.ili|.  Millm;     Tl..n»i:'  ''. 

(ii.|   (he  lirtii'l  (tviiuiu'l.,  '  int.  in.iko  il  it  (lt«ir.il ''     •■•"  iiii' 

,  uv  i'<iii  he  .illo«wl  foi  !it'!t.     Likt*  iiiitnv  "  liovrcv.i, 

'':,,•  .  ;  ■  ;   '!'•    i'l  -■        '  1    '  .11111, 


to  thr    iir  hikI   iiltiiiiiiUny  il.nk 

•    '      •'  itli  piotl  roflulU 

'ii  '|ii.ility  li.D* 

lUl)     lUMIII 

HI*,*  iind 


i 


!l' 


f 


r   > 


it~ahu.^ 


(ipvntAj;  ii)M*rRt( 


I  lu  IxHh  U«*->'  ir**» 


I*.    1'i.ArKS. 


.  r  .i'-jiijijr«tl.  ("liUrj^tHl. 


•  ■wur,  nnlkrgnl. 


I  i 


I't.  V 

1.  A  ; 
'.'.   A 

.'(.     (VOM      1.. 

■I.   A  ninif  1 
h.   Vc-mUhI 


'bift,  >huwii>i;  tb«  (litb.  natural  iii:«. 


.!  .\M'.MK.1. 


livd  of  Nni'h    Ainrnr-i 


dVi  rrr-^n 


IlltilM.llCIV        Ml'   IK 

<|ii.ilit)  Ills 
Mill   noon 


■lu. 

Ill 

iiit'Utr>i  inm 


WPU    - 

i« 

rot 

,(h, 

(It. 

ill,  1  ,. 

i.  U) 


« 


J.n;-»./.l/ 


JUCLANS    CINEREA 


.1  H„. 


/"V- 


I'.in., 


% 


if! 


X\ 


I 


I 


i 

i 

i 

'   } 

i  i 


U< 


-*-'^ 


'> 


V 


J"- 


,  »* 


I 

ij  II  lit 


A, 


t  i 


II 


n 


If 


f  > 


ij,;) 


hlv.i  ui    N'  rtli    Amcru  .1 


i 

i 

i  i 

f  y.i.,..',  .iw 


ittfHt. 


JUCl.ANS     CINFREA 


A  fit*>L/%ut.t    .it/. 


/UntSi*    /\; 


I 


il: 


/•  > 


: 


i 


JUOI'ANDACKJC. 


aiLVA   OF  NOliTU  AMERICA. 


121 


JUGLANS   NIGRA. 

Black  W^ilnut. 

Lkafi.kts  liJ  to  23,  ovatc-limcooliitc.     Fruit  iisuiiUy  plobosc,  solitiirv  or  in  pairs; 
nut  globose,  dt'C'i)ly  antl  longitudinally  ridgod,  t-cellcd  at  the  l)ase. 


Juglaaa  niirra,  LinniPiiM,  .S'/.cr.  1)97  (t7r>,'i).  —  MilliT,  Dii. 
nl.  H.  No. '.'.  —  Dii  Koi.  ll.iM;.  Itfiiim::.  i.  ;5'."J.  —  \Vmij;,-ii- 
lii'iiii.  Hmrhnih.  .\.,nl,im.  Il-h..  till;  Siinlain.  /A./-.. 'Jll, 
t.  8.  f.  'JO.  —  JiuMiiiiii.  Im„.  liar.  i.  l'.>,  t.  191.  —  M0.111I1, 
H,himr  KVm».  H;ti  ,»l(7/i.  f.9ti.  —  Walter.  Fl.  C'lr.TAr,.— 
Willili'imw,  llerl.  Baiims.  LV)  ;  S/irr.  iv.  4.'it) ;  h'liiini. 
UTS.  —  Poirut,  liim.  Dirt.  iv.  r>()2  ;  Hi  lii.  .'it},-),  t.  7S1,  f. 
0.  —  AIiIhiI,  /iiarilH  iif  (le'ir'jin,  ii.  t.  .S.S.  —  CiiMiijliiini, 
Viitij.  neijli  Sidii  f'liiti,  ii.  'Jlhi.  —  Si'liiiiidt.  Oexir.  Huiiiii-. 
iii.  .17.  t.  UiO.  —  Itiirklmiiiwii,  llamlb.  fomlliot.  i.  7.")l. — 
.MuelilpiiliiTj;  it  Willdi'iiow,  .Yctic  Se/irljt,  (iinell.  »'>'■  /•'»•. 
11,-rlb,.  iii.  ;i8«.  —  Mi>lmiix,  Ft.  Hor.-Am.  ii.  191.  —  IVr- 
HtMni.  ,S'yn.  ii.  ."itld. —  l)rHfiiiitaiiu>!i.  //M^  .1/7*.  ii.  .'i47.  — 
I  111  Miiiit  ill'  CiHirsil.  Il'it.  Cult.  eil.  'J,  vi.  '.'.'!.").  —  Stiikes, 
Hill.  .Mill.  .MrU.  iv.  411:1.  —  S'lmrftiu  Ihdftmil.  iv.  179,  t. 
.JH,  —  Mirlmux  f.  llUt.  Arh.  Am.  i.  I,".7.  I.  1.  —  I'lir^li,  Fl. 
Am.  S>-i,t.  ii.  cm;.  —  Niitljilj,  I ;■■:!.  ii.  •.".'!) ;  S,/lr,i.  1  11.  — 
JliiyiH'.  l>rti<lr.  Ft.  llkt.  —  Klliutt.  SI;,  ii.  tlL".'.  —  S|iiiiii;i'l, 
Sijil.  iii.  WCt.  —  \V;il«i>ii.  /¥iirtr.  Jlrit.  ii.  ITiS.  t.  l.VS.  — 
AuiIuIhiii.  Uinl.t.l.Hi,  l.")(>.  —  .Spiuli,  //l'.«^  IVy.  ii  llW. — 
l{«tiiit'ai|iK',  Atto'jni/'h.  .  I  HI.  (it).  —  Torrt-v,   Ft.  .V.    1.  ii. 


170.  —  l);irliiigli>n,  /'/.  O.^li:  cd.  ,'i,  L'tjL'.  —  Dietiicli,  .S'yii. 

V.  'M'J.  —  ("iirtii,  Jtt'/i.  (icotntf.  Sun'.  \.   i'ar.    ISliO,  iii. 

■l."i.  — Cli;i|iiii,iii,   Ft.    119.  — C.  (le   C'limlnlle,  Ann.  Sel. 

A'd'.  SIT.    t.  xviii.  Ii."),  t.  4,  f.  44.  4ti;   froilr.  xvi.  pt.  ii. 

1;17.  —  Kiiili.  hrnitr.  i.  ."187.  —  Kiiior-ion,  Tree.'<  .I/(i.m. cd.  2, 

•Jll.  — Silinizlfin,  /.v/".  t. '.'14.  f.  1,  S.   I'J.   18.  —  Laui'lie. 

Ih'iit.irlii'   Ihnilr.  .'!(),">.  —  ,Saii,'i-iit.   Fore.it   Triv.i  X.  Am. 

Illr/i    ('fnmiii  I'.  S.  ix.  l.'il.  —  Wiitsnn  &  Cimlter,  (iraij's 

.l/./;i.  eil.  (i.  4l!7.—  Dippfl.  lliimtti.  Liiuttlmtsk.  ii.  ,■119.— 

K.u'liiif,  Ihiilufhf  /h'tiitr.  74.  f.  'J4  A.  —  Coidlcf.  C'oii- 

frit,,  f.  S.  S„l.  Il,'rl..  il.  II'J  (.)/„„.  /v.    (C.  re.r„.i). 
JukIhiis  nigra  oblonga.  Maishall.  ArbuM.  Am.  in  (178")). 
JUBliinrt  Pitttiuraii.  .Munvn.  Ann.  Sm:  linij.  A'jrir.  et  Hot. 

lian.l.  iv.  17'.),  t.  197  (1848). 
WnlliR  nigra.  Ali'f.ld,  /l'in/,l(in<ii(i.  ix.  ;i;!(j  (18til). 
WnllWi    fraxinifolia.   Ali'fcld,   /ion/itiiiiilia,  ix.   IVJG  (exrl. 

Iiali.  Aiitilli'si  (l.SlJli. 
Wallia  nigra  niicrocarpa.  Alofeld.  Ininj.l.inilin.  ix.  IKiO 

(l.sr.l  I. 
Wallia   nigra  macrocarpa,  Akfi'ld.  Huniitunitin.  ix.  Xi6 

(I.Mll). 


A  tree,  fre(|Ui'iitly  oni!  htimlriKl  fi'ct.  ami  oi'i'a.sioiially  mii'  liiimlrt'il  ami  lifty  feet  lii^li,  with  a 
Ntrai^iit  trunk  often  clear  of  brandies  for  fifty  or  sixty  feet,  ami  four  to  six  feet  in  iliaineter,  ami  stoat 
limhs  wliieli  sjirt-ail  gradually,  ami  form  a  eoin|iaratively  narrow  shapely  roiiml-toppeil  heail  of  mostly 
u|>ri<r|it  rijjiil  hranehes.  The  hark  of  the  trunk  is  two  or  three  ineiies  thiek,  dark  hrowii  sliirhtly  tiiif^ed 
witii  red.  and  deeply  divided  into  hroad  rounded  ridjjes  broken  on  the  siirfaee  into  thick  apjiressed 
wales;  that  of  younj;  stems  and  t)f  tlie  branches  is  li^lit  broNvn.  and  sei)arat(>s  in  tliin  papery  scales, 
which,  as  they  fall,  ilisplay  the  dark  {jray  inner  bark.  The  iiramdilets,  when  they  first  appe;ir.  are 
covereil,  like  the  jR'tioles.  with  pale  or  ferni^ineoiis  matted  inibcscence,  which  jfraihially  wears  off 
diirin}r  the  summer  ur  atitumn,  and  in  their  tirst  winter  are  didl  orano'e-brown,  pilose  with  short  soft 
hairs,  or  puberidous,  marked  with  rai.sed  conspicuous  oraiifje-colofed  Iciitiiels,  and  with  elevated  pale 
leaf-sears  ;  in  their  sj-cond  and  third  years  they  fjradiially  jjrow  darker,  and  become  li;^ht  brown.  The 
terminal  buds  are  ovate,  slightly  flattened,  obliipiely  rounded  lit  the  a])ex,  coated  with  pale  silky 
tomentiim,  one  third  of  an  inch  lonir,  and  one  ipiai'ter  of  an  inch  broad,  and  usually  covered  with  four 
scales ;  those  of  the  outer  pair  are  rounded  on  the  back,  thickened,  concave,  and  often  obscurely  pinnate 
or  pinnatuly  marked  at  the  apex,  and  little,  if  at  all,  accrescent ;  those  of  the  inner  pair  are  pinnate 
at  the  ni^ex,  covere<l  un  the  outer  surface  with  rusty  brown  tomcntum,  and  tui  iuch  lontr  at  maturity, 
and  often  resemble  the  scale-like  short-livetl  u|>pcr  leaves,  which  are  composed  of  sbort  broad  Hat 
j)etioles  and  of  thre«i  or  four  pairs  of  leallets.  The  :ixillary  buds  are  obtuse,  an  cijfhth  of  an  inch 
long,  luul  coated  with  pale  tomentuiu,  their  outer  scales  bein^  open  at  the  a|>cx  durinir  t  le  winter.  The 
leaves  tire  from  one  to  two  feet  lonjf,  and  are  composed  of  pubescent  petioles,  and  of  from  fifteen  to 


M 


Ii 


V22 


SILVA    OF  NOnril  AMi:iilCA. 


.lt'<iI,AXI)ACKyK. 


'f> 


)■    > 


twi'iitv-tlirct'  li'allcts,  ami  not  iiifri'(|iu'ntly  art-  e(|iialU-  piiiiiiitc  In'  tin-  suppression  of  tlii'  terminal  leaflet ; 
tlie  leallfts  are  (ivate-l.nieeolate,  often  inieijual  l)y  the  fjreater  development  of  one  side,  lonj^-pointed, 
shai'plv  serrate  with  callons  ajipressed  teeth  except  at  their  more  or  less  rounded  iiiiei|iial  hases,  and 
sessile  or  short-]ietiolid.ite ;  when  they  unfold  they  are  lustrous,  yellow-j^reen,  fjlalirous  on  the  upper 
surf'aee.  and  eoaled  on  the  lower  with  rufous  eadueous  tomentiiiu  ;  and  at  maturity  they  are  thin,  hrifjht 
vellow-jfreeii,  lustrous  and  j^lahrous  ahove,  and  soft-puhesceut  helow,  especially  alonj^  the  slender 
midrilis  and  primary  veins;  they  are  from  three  to  three  and  a  half  inches  in  lenjrth,  and  from  an  inch 
to  an  ineli  and  a  (piarter  in  lireadth.  and  turn  hrijjht  clear  yellow  in  the  autumn  hefore  falliu<r.  The 
calkins  of  st.iniiuate  ilowers  protrude  durinj;  the  winter  from  the  scales  of  the  hud,  and  are  coated  with 
pale  toincntuni  ;  at  maturity  they  arc  three  to  live  inches  in  len<(tii,  and  slijjlitly  puliernlous.  The 
hract  is  nearly  trianiijidar,  coated  with  rv;sty  hrown  or  pale  iomcntum.  and  ahout  one  tpiarter  of  an  inch 
louij.  The  pcriantii  is  rotiuid  and  six-lohed,  the  lohcs  hciu'j  nearly  orliicular,  concave,  and  puliescent  on 
tlir  outer  surface.  There  are  from  twenty  to  thirty  stamens  arranpfed  in  many  series,  with  nearly 
sessile  purple  anthers  surmounted  by  the  slightly  '.ohed  truncate  coniu'ctives.  The  female  Mowers  are 
|)ro(iutc  1  in  two  to  livc-llowcred  spikes,  and  do  not  exjiand  until  the  leaves  have  }jrown  nearlv  to  their 
fiill  size  ;  they  are  ovate,  j^radually  narrowed  to  the  apex,  ami  oiu'  (piarter  of  an  inch  lonjif.  The  hract 
and  liractlets  are  coated  lielow  with  pale  <;landidar  hairs,  and  ahove  are  <:^reen  and  puherulous  ;  they  are 
sometimes  irrctrularlv  cut  into  a  lacini.iti'  l)or<ler,  or  the  hract  is  often  uiidiviiled,  and  the  hractlets  are 
sonutiuu's  rciluccd  to  an  ohscure  riti'^  ju.si  clow  the  apex  of  the  ovary.  The  calvx-lolies  are  ovate, 
acute,  lij^ht  i^reen.  ])uherulous  on  the  outer,  <rlal)rons  or  pilose  on  the  inner  surface,  and  a  (piarter  of  an 
inch  long.  The  stigmas  are  clnli-shapi'd.  yello.v-green.  tinged  on  the  margins  of  the  lohes  with  red. 
and  one  half  to  three  ipiartcrs  of  an  inch  in  length,  ami  hegiii  to  wither  hefore  the  anthers  shed  their 
pollen.  The  fruit,  which  is  solitary  or  sometimes  pro<luce(l  in  jiairs,  is  gloliose,  ohiong,  or  slightly 
pyril'orm,  light  yellow-green,  roughened  with  clusters  of  short  pale  articulate  hairs,  and  an  inch  and  a 
half  to  two  inches  in  diameter.  The  nut.  which  is  oval  or  oldoiig  anil  slightly  tiattened.  without  sutnral 
riilgcs,  often  measures  aji  inch  tud  a  half  in  its  long  diameter,  and  an  inch  anil  an  eighth  in  its  short 
diameter,  and  is  dark  hrown  tinged  with  red.  The  hard  wall,  which  is  freipiently  a  ipiarter  of  an  inch 
thick,  is  deeply  divided  on  the  outer  surface  into  thin  or  thick  often  interrupted  irregular  ridges,  and 
contains  large  irregular  cavities.  The  interior  of  the  nut  is  four-celled  at  the  hase  hy  thick  dissepi- 
ments, and  slightlv  twiM-elled  at  the  apex.  The  cotyledons  are  concave  or  sulcate  on  the  hiU'k,  deeply 
loheil  at  the  hase  and  apex,  and  .ihruptly  narrowi'd  into  a  short  hroad  radicle. 

.Iinjliiii.i  iiiijni  is  distrihutcd  from  western  Mass,ichusctts  to  southern  Ontario,'  and  through 
southern  Michigan  and  .Minnesota  to  central  am!  northern  Nehra.ska  ^  and  eastern  Kansiis,  and  south- 
ward to  western  Florida,  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  the  valley  of  the  San  Antoiiio  Kiver  in 
Texas.  .\n  inhabitant  of  rich  bottom-lands  and  fertile  hillsides,  and  less  common  in  the  Atlantic  states, 
the  HIack  Walnut  oii'"  abounded  in  the  regii.n  west  of  the  Alleghany  Monnbiins,  ami  was  ir- )Ht 
abundant  and  grew  to  its  largest  size  di  the  low  western  >'lopes  of  the  high  mounttins  of  North 
Carolina  .and  TennesstH>  and  on  the  fer:ile  river  bottom-lands  of  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana,^  south- 
western Arkausiis  and  the  Imlian  Territory.* 


'  Dninit,  <\il.  Vi'ij.  /.ir/.  r.m.  Ifl.  —  Holt,  (Iroloi.  Ktp  Cimmln. 
IS7H  HO,  .-■;(•    -  .\!a.uiili,  (',!(.  Can.  /'/.  IIU 

'   H. viwy,  Itrp.  .\V/,r.l,iil  Stale  lUmnl  .i,/ri,\  ISOl,  108. 

■  Ki|;lil  liliick  Wiiliiiil  trf'cs  jfruwn  in  llii?  iHittoiiii  iif  (ircatlioiiM' 
(.'rrt'k  near  Mmint  ('ariiii-I.  llliiioiH,  tiiwl  nil  uii-ni^i-  lii'ijflit  of  oiu* 
hiinilrfil  fiiiii  *.ix  fi'ft  (iitp  ihhJ  iijic  Imlf  int'lii's,  anil  uu  nvrnim- 
tnirikHliAiiii'tiT  nf  thn-(>  fret,  wliilf  tin-  tatlrnt  uf  thiMii  mcoHiirfii 
OIU*  litiiiitrt'd  tinil  niiii-toiMi  fi'i't  six  iiiclicii.  A  tn*fi  i;rowii  on  tin* 
rivor-l)oltinnn  in  the  (tame  liKality  liai!  ti  tntnk  iliameter  of  five  fnl 
BIX  iiiolies  ttiiil  a  total  ii('if;lit  uf  one  liumlrid  ami  thirt^-oiu'  feet  ; 


and  ;i  HtAMilinp  tree  nieiuiiin'il  nix  feet  in  diameter  tliree  feet  iiUive 
tile  f^roiind,  and  w:ti  estimated  to  Ih*  one  liiindred  and  tiftv  feet 
in  heinlit.     (S*e  UidRway,  I'nr.  I'.  S.  \<ll   .Wu>.  1S8L',  70.) 

*  Lar^*-  Hlaek  Walnut  treeii  praetiealty  no  Itiiifrer  exist  in  the 
Anierieat!  fon-iitii.  Many  werv^  eut  tlown  and  bnrnt  or  Nplit  into 
fetiee-ruiU  when  the  riel:  iHittoin-laniln  of  the  MiiwiiMi|i|ii  Maain 
wen-  t'leared  for  a^rienitlire.  The  midilen  deinainl  fur  >;iiliHtiK>lu 
diiriii);  the  War  of  Seeewiiun  jfrently  Htiiiuilated  the  deiitanil,  which 
liaH  aU-ayi  bt-eii  lar^  for  tliiN  wood  fur  do  iieHtie  ii»>  and  fur 
exportation  ;  and  during  the  but  twenty  yean  the  agenta  of  lulii- 


JirOLANUACEilC. 


JUQI-ANI)ACEJC. 


SILVA    OF  NO  urn  AMHRICA. 


123 


\w.  terininal  luiiflet ; 

>  Hulo,   l()IIJJf-J)uillt(Ml, 

uiiiMjuul  liiiNcs,  and 
irons  on  the  niipcr 
liey  arc  thin,  hrifjlit 
alonj^  till'  slfndcr 
I,  and  i'ron)  an  incli 
ii'fort)  falling.  Tim 
and  are  coatud  witli 
'  |iu1ifrnlons.  Tlic 
'  (|nart('r  of  an  incii 
(',  and  pnlivsccnt  on 
scries,  with  nearly 
'.  I'euiale  llowcrs  are 
own  nearly  to  their 
■h  lonjj.  The  hract 
iilieruldus  ;  they  are 
id  the  hractlcts  are 
ilyx-hilies  arc  ovate, 
iind  a  ipiarter  of  an 
the  liihes  with  red, 
anthers  shed  their 
olilonjj.  or  sli;;htly 
and  an  in<'h  and  a 
ncd,  withont  sntnral 
II  ei;;hth  in  its  short 
<|narter  of  an  inch 
•rcf^nlar  ridges,  and 
se  hy  thick  disM'jii- 
Dii  the  hack,  deeply 

irio,'  and  thron^rli 
Kaiisi'.s,  and  sonth- 
AntoDio  Kiver  in 
the  Atlantic  states, 
ins,  anti  was  n- >8t 
onnUiins  of  North 
nd  Indiana,^  south- 


iaiiirt4*r  Ihrpf  fi'rt  hUiyp 

liiiiKlrt'il  hihI  tiftv  fi>rt 
Wu..  1S8'.',  7(1.) 

no  loiijrrr  ciint  in  the 
Hnd  liurnt  or  Nplit  ii*to 
f    tlir   MiMiiiuippi    Itiuiu 

ilt'iiiiuiit  for  K"i)*t*H'lu 
lutrd  till-  (IrniaiHl,  which 

i)o  iH'Htif  uu'  iiiiil  fur 
ri-un  thu  HgtMiU  uf  liiiii- 


Tlio  wood  of  JiKjIiiHH  niijrn  is  lieavy,  hard,  stronp,  rather  coarse-fjrained,  easily  worked,  and  very 
durable  in  contact  with  the  Hoil ;  it  conta  ns  numerous  huira  irrejjularly  distrilinted  open  ducts  and 
many  thin  ohseure  medullary  rays.  It  is  rich  dark  hrown,  with  a  satiny  surface  susceptible  uf  receivinir 
a  beautiful  polish,  and  thin  lijjht-colored  sapwond  composed  of  ten  to  twenty  layers  of  annual  {growth. 
The  specific  (gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  ().(>11."»,  a  cubic  foot  weifrliinfjf  .'{8.11  pounds.  It  is 
laif^ely  used  in  cabinet-makinjr,  in  the  iiitcritu-  liiiish  of  houses,  for  jrunstocks  and  coflins,  and  in  boat 
and  ship  buildinir',  its  value  was  recof^nizcd  by  the  early  colonists,  and  when  William  Stracliey  visited 
Virjjinia  in  1(1 10  black  walnut  was  already  sent  to  the  mother  country,'  and  was  an  article  of  some 
commercial  importance. 

The  nuts,  which  were  valued  by  the  Indians  of  the  Mississippi  ISasin,'  are  still  fijathercd  for 
domestic  u.se,  and  are  sometimes  oll'cred  for  sale  in  the  markets  of  western  and  southern  cities.  althou<rh 
the  kernel,  which  is  sweet  and  has  a  pleasant  tlavor  while  fiesli,  soon  becomes  rancid  ;  the  husks  are 
used  for  dyeiii}^. 

Introiluced  into  Kurope  ahiuit  the  miildle  of  the  seventeenth  century  '  by  the  younfrer  Tradescant,^ 
Jiiijfiiiis  niijra  was  first  described  by  Parkinson  in  the  Tlivnlniiii  lidtanivum!'  A  tree  in  the  garden 
of  the  Bishop  of  London  jiroduceil  fruit  before  1087.'' 

The  Black  Waliinl  is  fre<piently  used  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  parks  of  the  I'nited  States  and 
of  cciitr.il  Kiirope,  and  during  the  last  tuciity  years  many  piantatioiis  of  it  have  been  made  in  the  I'nited 
States  and  ('aiiaila  '  in  the  hope  of  lephiciug  bv  cultiv.itioii  the  wasteil  stores  of  walnut  timber  which 
oni'c  abounded  in  the  forests  of  North  .Xmcrica.  As  an  orii:imental  tree  the  Black  Walnut,  with  its 
massive  trunk  anil  handsome  shapely  head  of  beautiful  foliage,  is  surjias^cil  in  beauty  by  few  other 
inhabitants  of  the  .\inerican  forest,  althouirh  the  preference  of  the  Fall  Web-worui  for  its  leaves  and  its 
early  defoliation  somewhat  detract  frtun  its  value  as  an  ornaiiieiilal  tree  for  parks  and  pleasure-grounds.'* 


iKT^lfiiliT!*,  |MMii'tnitm^'  into  tin-  lno!*t  n-nioti*  unit  iniU'-'i''f<*iMr  [uirts 
uf  ttii'  coiintr).  liiiM'  l>oui;lil  up  ofti'it  Mn^'l^  nml  at  nitTrlv  noininal 
nricci*  t'vt'rv  Itliii'k  NN'iitniit  tri>f  of  uiiirki'titltto  sut*. 

'  "Of  HTiilniitt-H  th<'rt'  )n-  t)iri'<<  kiiitlrH.  tin'  ttlark  walniitt  wliicL 
iK  n>tnriitMl  Ininir  yi-arh  l>y  all  ••Itippiti^  from  tln>iu-f.  anil  yii'lils 
^<Mnl  protitt,  for  )t  IS  wi'll  lMiiit(lit  lip  to  inaki-  wayiisfott  taltir-  c  I>- 
lianl.  4,  cliHiri'N,  anil  ntiMili-M,  i>f  a  ili'lu-alt-  j^ruynt*  anil  t'lttloiir  Wki- 
cl>unu>.  anil  not  itulijt-i-t  to  tht*  worlnc  ;  tin'  fniirt  of  tliin  it  tittle,  \t 
i.<4  thinnr  iihi-IU'tl,  anil  thi>  karin-ll  liitt«'r."  (  I'Kf  llulorie  of  I'nirniU 
in/o  Wrijimit  HrxUvmul,  imI.  Major,  I'J'.I.) 

"  'nil'  Watnnt  whii-h  i*  tlivrrs,  (ionic  InMiritij;  niptan*  nuts,  otIu'P) 
liki'  oiir«,  but  ninatU'r  :  then'  in  IikrwiM'  lilaok  Walnut  of  prt'i-ioin* 
u-,!'  for  Trtlilt'!*,  Calnitftii,  ami  thf  like."  (.lo««,'lyu,  .In  .{'-fitnnt  ol 
'i'u-tt   \'i}yttijr>  ttt  .V.  tr  KntjUmtl,  tl',». ) 

*  "  11  t!M  i'!*t  lie  tn'-s-^nw.  iloiit  le  Itois  cut  pp'.iipu'  au.H.Hi  noir  que 
IVU-ne  ;  nuiiit  it  a  wH  jMire*  trt''.t  oiivert-H.  I.eur  fruit  avei'  Hon 
U>i)i  est  lie  la  ^[roi*!*eiir  li'mi  lenf  ili*  |MtuU';  la  eiMpie  en  est  tri-*- 
ntlHiteiiiie,  (wiiM  eeHureH,  &  iti  iliir,  ipi'il  faut  nn  tnarteaii  |H)ur  la 
euAaer.  \a  ehair  ent  enveIop|H<e  il'iiii  lioin  ni  fort,  ipn'  ipioi-ipt'elle 
aoit  il'un  tr^i»*lMin  K*'*'a,  la  ilinieultii  de  lea  tiri'r  en  fait  |H'nlre  Ten 
vie  ;  i-epeiulant  ten  Natnn'Is  en  funt  tin  |uin.  Coninn'  W*  venoient 
en  raniiiHNer  Hur  nia  Coneeisiuli,  oi)  j'eii  avoiri  nn  itoi.s  de  lliuite- 
Fiitiive  d'envinin  eent-einipiante  arpeiiN,  je  fiiM  eiirieni  de  \oir  par 
ipii'lte  induMtrn'  iU  parveuoienl  ii  di'taeher  eette  I'liair  lie  !ioii  U>is. 

■Je  led  vid,  apre.-*  avoir  eiw.ti<   Jk   pili'   les  noix,  let  Itre  ilaiH  de 

{^niuilit  vaism'aux,  oii  d?*  jetterent  la'aiieoiip  d'ean;  lU  frotterent 
4Mi!«uite  eette  i'H|H'ee  de  farine,  &  la  uianierent  loiiKtenit  enlri-  leurs 
uuiinrt,  de  Norte  ipie  le  iHtisi  &  I'huile  de  la  noix,  ipti  ewt  tri^s-aliou- 
daltt*'  dana  ce  fruit,  vinrent  auHlessua  de  I'eau,  it  la  ehair  dej;rai(i- 
M^e  tundia  an  fuiitl  par  sou  pntpre  puiiU.  It  est  h  pn^mner  ipi'eti 
(frelTaut  een  »rlin>«  avee  ilu  N'oyer  de  Krunee,  on  par.ieiulniit  ii  lea 


remlri'  plus  utiles."     (1,,-  l'.i};i'  du  I'l-al/.  Ui.-ituin'  ilf  la   I.imiMtwp, 
ii.  ■!:<  ) 

■  .\itou,  lliv.  K'lc    lii.  IKItP.  —  Loudon,  .\rh    llril.  iii.   113."),  f. 

rjfio.  t. 

*  See  i.  'JO. 

*  .Vi*j-  jHgttmx  ttii/ra  I'iriiinif'u.iii,  1111.  —  ('iitesiliy,  Sat.  Hist. 
Ciir    i.  Ii",  t.  ti7. 

,\<ir  jHtjhviA  I'lr'/iriian^l  ni'fnt,  llennauti,  i'lll.  florl.  Lml'i.-lnlt. 
l.->'.'.  I.       Idwrhaave,  ImI.  Ml.  Il'irl.  Luij^l.  Bat.  ii.  17."). 

Juijlafis  /Wio/w  UitiCfiiinlU  tniiwnttisut  itruli'  serrratis :  suptTwntixtA 
mmorihiu,  l.iuiueiis,  l/nrl.  (V(//.  Il'.».  —  Koyeii,  ^V.  Lri/J.  I'nxir.  Si.'. 

*  S'i'  Hermann,  /.  e. 

'  .*<»'e.Iolv.  lifp.  \timlrtilt  lltirtuiiUurill  tltid  Fntlt  (irnwerf*  .■!,«()- 
i-Mj/ion.  ISSO.  'J3.  —  /Vih-.  Am.  Forrs.Tii  Ctmtireii.it  ISiS."),  7y. 

.Mthou^h  the  youn^;  eultival»'d  tree.-*  ^row  rapidly,  trees  in  the 
fort'Ht  uiereiLse  slowly  ill  ^'irtli  of  trunk,  and  ;it  least  a  eentury 
would  lie  riipiind  in  wliitli  to  jjrow  a  Itlaek  Walnut  tree,  planted 
under  the  ini'.tt  favoralde  eouditioiis  iu  the  W^i  alluvial  soil,  to 
a  ni/e  n'ally  valualile  foe  tiluln-r.  The  lo^  speeimeu  in  the  .lesup 
Colleetiou  of  Xorth  .\n»'riean  WoihIs  in  the  .^lueriean  Museum  of 
S'atiinil  History,  New  York,  grown  in  Missouri,  has  a  truiik-iliaiue- 
ter  if'  twetitv-six  im-hes  inside  the  hark,  and  shows  one  hiilnlred 
and  ninety-two  layers  of  annual  Krowlh. 

*  .\s  an  oruanu'ntui  tree  the  lUaek  Walnut  tlouiishes  as  far 
north  as  .Moutrxal  and  l^uela'e  ;  aiul  on  the  .^tl.iutie  ei«lst  it  is 
hard\  as  far  north  at  least  as  eastern  Massai'husetts.  .\  speeiuu'li 
sl.mdiuj;  .HI  the  estate  of  Mr.  I'eler  ('.  lirooks  of  West  Medford, 
.Massiii'hiisetts,  is  iH'lii'ved  to  1h'  from  one  hundred  and  fifty  to  one 
hundred  and  seventy-live  years  old.  This  uolde  tn-e  is  prolialily 
the  largest  iu  New  Knglaud;  in  IS(W  it  had  a  trunk-^in'umfercnie 
of  thirteen  fiet  six  and  one  luilf  iiu'hes  at  tive  feet  aliove  the  siir- 


4 


^ 

rt 

^M 


^ 


124 


SILl'A    OF  NOIiTi'    AJ/h'h'ICA. 


JUOLANDACEit:. 


(   f    ■ 


fiii'i-  of  till'  (jrcMiiul;  anil,  nltliiiii(,'li  injiiri'il  m  li);litniii);  in  1878,  is  a  sizi- ;  lint  llii-  Itliii'k  Wiilniit  often  Hii(T<<n  tlipn-  fnini  i<|irin){  frimti 

■till  in  a  Inalllir  anil  viKiinmi*  nuiilitiim.     (Sor  Daini' &  Ilmokii,  in  its  rnrly  yoan,  anil  prmliii'i'ii  wiiml  *ii  aluwly  tliut  KnropcHn  for- 

Tiipiitil  i:im.i  anil  olhir  'I'rrr.t  n/ .\tii.'mrhu.trllt,  (W,  I.  I.'t. )  onli'M  iliiinit  ri'i'iminii'iiil  it  for  )^>ni'riil  fiirost  iilantiii);.    (Sic  Mayr> 

Sjiocinii'nH  of  Jiiiilitii.i  luijni  i\i  IimusI  a  rriitiin- iilil  iiiav  woasion-  Dif   ll'iiW.  .\i>riliim.  l."il,  t.    I,  f.    -  K.  Ilartig,  Ami.  Ilolz.  bnyir. 

oily  111'  M'l'ii  in  I'i'iitnil  iiml  .snntlii'ni  Kiiropi'.     1-Vw  otliiT  North  Sttmtji  ntUl.  [lu  l^Fortt'nat.  Zeit.  IHDl'J.) 
Aini'riran  lU'ciilnoua-li'itvi'il  treca  bavi'  grown  in  Kuro|ic  tu  so  largo 


^     . 


KXI'LANATION   l)K  TllK   PLATES. 

I'latk  CC'CXXXIII.     ,Iriii.ANs  nihka. 
1.   A  Miinvrlni;  lir.uirli.  natural  niro. 
'J.   A  Htninii'-iti'  tlowrr  lioforo  aiitlirHift.  I'nlarjjfed, 

3.  A  Ktaiiiinato  lliiwor,  rnlar^jt'il. 

4.  .Vriantli  ii{  a  ntniiiinato  llu',i'cr  dIfplsycH,  piiUrijed, 
r*.  A  Htanii'n.  ciilargi'il. 

0.  A  piMillato  HiiwiT.  pnlari;pil. 

7.  Virtinil  ni'rtion  of  a  pi»tiUut«  flower,  enUrged. 

J*.  A  leaf,  ri'ilui'i'ii. 

U.  A  winter  liranelilet,  natural  nize. 


I'l-ATE   CCCXXXIV.      JfULANH   VKIBA. 

1.  A  fruitini;  limneli.  natural  nine. 

2.  A  nut.  natural  »iic. 

3.  CruM  MH'tiun  uf  a  nuL,  natural  >iM. 


■if 


JlTOLANDArBiE. 


tien  there  from  ii|iriii|;  frinU 
Hii  hIowIjt  llmt  KiinipcHn  for- 
ftiri'Ht  |ilaiitiiij{.  (See  Majr, 
;.  Iliirtig,  Ami.  I  hi:,  bnyrr. 


ilva  of  North   Ame 


./ 


Tab  CCCXXXi 


"^r-"^ 


i-y 


1 


V. 


i~^% 


/ 


^1 


'•J»J* 


^ 


w 


M 


if 


'''   \'-'-  '7/    AMi:i:ir  f 


•ittini.'r»,  as  {h'om. 


KM'IASM      •     UK  THK   li Mi-s. 


JKiLANDACKA 


«|>MIH  fnvu 


■>     A    , 
■'    A  ■>■■ 


SoiTcr  eiii*ri,-Fii. 


i'         > 


fi.s-  .    ,    \ 


wrat 


,rm -hmr    fmm  apriiiK  (ni>u 

.    ■      r-...    M.i.r 


Silva  of  Norlh    Amct ;'.  .i 


Tab  cccxxxi: 


'i 


II 


! 

.1 

/^  /'  yii.rtfn  id^i 


JUGLANS    NIGRA    ;. 


A  /fu'tf^tu    iitte.t  ' 


/•»y   .      .orwttf   .' itr\f 


1 


1i 


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An 


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y 


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'mmxt>,Mv.i, 


Silva  o(   North   Amour  a 


il 


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JUGLANS    NIOKA 


A  .'fto.y^..i    J4. 


I     .«r#w 


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% 


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I        I 


JUULANUACE^. 


SILVA    OF  NOliTJI  AMFlilCA. 


125 


JUGLANS    RUPE8TRI8. 

Walnut. 

Leaflets  9  to  23,  lanceolate  to   ovatc-laiKoolate.     Fruit  usually  spherical;   nut 
globose,  deejjly  sulcate,  4-cc'llecl  at  the  base. 

Juglans  rupestria.  EiiKflniftnii,  .S'iVyrc<iiv,»'  Hr;i.  171,  t.  15  Kiwlini-.  Deufur/ie  Dniih.  I'l,  f.  24  B.  H.  —  Coulter.  Con- 

(lS,");t).  —  Tom'}-,   Hot.   Mix.   lioiiml.  Sun:    I'd".;    liW  Irih.  ('.  S.  y^it.  Ihrh.  ii.  ■11'.'  (M'lii.  I'l.  (('.  Ti'xas). 

Hep.  27.  —  C.  do  Camlollo,  Ann.  .SVi.  .Vii/.  st'r.  4,  xviii.      Jugltina  rupestria,  vm-.  major,  'I'urrey,  S!t;/reiirc.i'  Hiji. 


28,  t,  2.  f.  1 1  ;  I'rixlr.  xvi.  pt,  ii.  i;i8.  —  Brewer  &  Wat- 
son, liol.  (\it.  ii.  ',»;».  — Ru.iliy,  Hull.  Torrey  Hot.  Cliih. 
ix.  ."i4.  —  Liiiirlic,  Deu'ai/ir  Jliintr.  ;i(l."i.  —  IliMiisley,  /lut. 
iiiol.  .\m.  Cent.  iii.  1(14.  —  Sargent,  Forest  Trees  .V.  .{ni. 
!()//(  i'enttun  V.  iV.  ix.  1»U  (exrl.  »yn.  ftntjhins  Cnlifor- 
nicii).  —  l)i|i|K'l,    llnnilb.  Lnuhlwlzk.  ii.   'A'Z'.S.   f.    I4t). — 


171,  t.  m  (IW,"),!) ;  H„t.  Mex.  Jiouml.  Sure.  20,"> ;  Purijie. 
II.  It.  Hep.  vii.  20.  —  C.  dc  C'aiulullc,  J'rwlr.  xvi.  pt.  ii. 
l.'W. 
Juglnns  Cnlifornicft.  Kollimck.  If  heeler's  Hep.  vi,  249 
(iiiit  Wutmiii)  (1S7S|.  —  C'cmltir,  Cunlrih.  U.  S.  Xnt. 
Ilerh.  ii.  41'.'  (.)/.(».  ft.   II'.  Tex,is). 


A  trt'o,  Hoinotinios  fifty  fwt  in  h('i(;lit,  witli  ii  sliort  trunk  occasionally  tour  to  five  feet  in  diameter, 
and  sometimes  dividing  nwir  the  jj^roiind,  or  usually  ten  or  lifteen  I'eet  ahovc  it,  into  several  stout 
branilies,  wliieli  are  nearly  U|)ri<;ht  tliroii^liout,  fomiinjj  a  narrow  head  of  rather  formal  outline,  or, 
when  the  tree  is  prowiiijj  in  inoi.st  soil,  sometimes  i)e<jin  to  s|ueail  a  few  feet  ahove  the  division  of  the 
trunk  and  heeoine  more  or  less  pendulous  at  the  extremities,  makini;  a  handsome  symmetrical  roinid- 
to|)|>ed  head  ;  or  often  reduced  to  a  shridi  sendinff  up  from  the  i^rouiid  a  cluster  of  stems  oidv  a  few 
feet  in  height.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  varies  from  .i  i|uart('r  of  an  inch  to  i,  strly  an  inch  in  thieknes.s, 
and  is  deeply  furrowed  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  thin  a]>pressc  I  scdes  ;  that  of  voiniij  trunks  and 
of  the  branches  is  snuM)th,  pale,  ami  .sometimes  nearly  white.  The  branchlets,  when  they  first  appear, 
are  coated,  liki'  the  jK'tioles,  with  a  pale  or  li;;ht  brown  scurfy  pubescence  or  tomentuni,  which  often 
do«'S  not  entirely  disjip|)ear  until  the  end  of  the  second  or  third  yar  ;  in  their  first  winter  they  are 
oraiiije-red,  and  marked  hy  many  small  pale  lenticels,  ^rrowint;  liLfhter  in  their  second  season,  and  <rrad- 
ually  heri)me  pale  or  nearly  white.  The  terminal  liuds,  which  vary  from  one  (|uarter  to  one  half  of  an 
inch  in  len^h,  are  eonipressetl,  narrowed  and  often  oliliipie  at  the  apex,  and  arc  covered  by  two  pairs 
of  stra|)-sliaped  scales,  the  outer  pair  beinjj  pointed  and  often  obscurely  pinnate  at  the  apex,  and 
clothed  with  rusty  or  pale  tomentiim,  while  the  inner  pair  .ire  thicker,  rounded  on  the  hack,  Hat  on  the 
inner  face,  and  half  an  inch  Ion";  when  fully  fjrown.  The  axill.iry  luids  are  an  eiijhth  of  an  inch  lonp;, 
compressed,  covered  with  dark  scales,  often  open  at  the  ape\  diuiuLj  the  winter,  and  coated  with  pale 
pube.seence.  The  leaves,  compose<l  of  from  nine  to  twciitv-tlii-ee  leaflets  and  slender  pubescent  petioles, 
arc  from  .seven  to  fifteen  inches  in  leiii^th;  the  leaflets  are  lanceolate,  ovate-laneecdate  or  rarely 
ovate,  aente,  usually  very  iine(|ual  on  the  two  ed^es,  coarsely  or  finely  creniilati'-serrate  nearly  to 
tile  ha.se,  which  is  roniiih-d  on  one  and  rounded  or  wedj^^i-shaped  on  the  other  edije.  and  distinctly 
pe)iidula.te  or  sometimes  nearly  se.ssile  ;  when  they  unfold  they  are  bron/e-red.  pulieseent  below,  and 
piiheruhuis  above,  and  at  maturity  are  from  two  and  a  half  to  five  iiwlies  loni'-.  one  third  of  an  inch  to 
uu  ineii  and  a  half  wide,  thin,  tlark  yellow-fjreen  and  fflabrous.  or  often  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface, 
especially  alon;;  the  stout  yellow  midribs  .■\iid  [iriniary  veins,  which  are  also  sometimes  pilose  ahove.  In 
the  autumn  the  leaves  turn  yellow  hefore  fallin;j.  The  catkins  of  staminate  fhiwers.  which  protrude 
slif^litly  from  the  bud-scales  (birinjj  the  winter,  are  slender,  sli<>htly  puhernlous,  and  from  two  ami  one 
lialf  to  four  inches  lonjj.  The  bract  of  the  staminate  flower  is  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  and  coated  with 
tiiiek  i)ale  tomentuni.     The  perianth,  wliieh  opens  in  April  and  May  after  the  leaves  are  about  half- 


w 


ti 


ii 


rff 


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1-JG 


SILVA   OF  ^'01iT^  AMERICA. 


JLGLANnACEA;. 


'    I 


m 


r  > 


grown,  is  three  to  five-lobed,  nearly  orbicular,  light  yellow-green,  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubescent  on  the 
lower  surface,  and  raised  on  a  slender  stalk,  which  is  about  a  ijuarter  of  an  inch  long.  There  are 
ibout  twenty  stamens,  with  nearly  sessile  yellow  anthers  and  dark  conspicuous  slightly  lobed  con- 
nectives. The  pistillate  llowers,  wliicii  are  produced  in  few-flowered  spikes,  are  narrowed  at  both  ends, 
coated  with  pale  or  rufous  tonientuni,  am'  from  one  eighth  to  one  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length ;  the 
bract  and  liractlcts  are  green  above,  puberulous  at  the  apex  on  the  outer  surface,  and  irregularly  divided 
into  a  laciniately  cut  border  rather  shorter  than  the  ovate-acute  sepals,  which  are  puberulous  on  the 
outer  surface.  The  stigmas  are  clul)-shapod,  spreading,  green  tinged  with  red,  and  one  third  of  an 
inch  long.  Tiu'  fruit  is  globose  or  rarely  t)bl(»ng.  and  varies  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in 
diameter,  with  a  thin  husk,  glabrafe  or  coated  with  short  rufous  articulate  hairs.  The  nut  is  globo.se, 
witiiout  sutural  ridges,  often  compres-sed  at  both  ends  and  sometimes  flattened  laterally,  dark  reddish 
brown  to  Maclt.  and  deeply  sulcate  with  longitudinal  simple  or  forked  grooves;  it  is  four-celled  at  the 
iiasf  Mild  fw()-<'elled  at  the  apex,  with  very  thick  hanl  walls,  containing  numerous  interior  cavities,  and 
inclosing  a  small  sweet  kernel.  The  cotyledons  are  keeled  on  the  back,  flat  or  slightly  concave  on  the 
inner  face,  more  or  less  dee|>ly  lobed  below  and  above,  and  abruptly  contracted  into  the  short  pointed 
radicle.' 

./iii/liiiis  ni/i<  stius  is  distributed  from  the  v.iileys  of  the  up]>er  Colorado,  the  I^lano,  and  Ciuada- 
loupc  Uivcrs  in  central  Texas,  westward  ihrougii  southern  New  .Mexico  and  .\ri7.0na,  and  siiutliward 
into  the  states  of  niirtliern  Mexico.  In  Texas,  where  it  is  coiiunon  west  of  the  ninety-eighth  meridian 
on  streams  tiowiiig  to  tiie  (iulf  of  Mexico,  •hnjliins  riipi  siris  is  often  shnd)l>v.  and  is  rarely  more  than 
tliirtv  fiet  in  heigiit,  growing  on  tiie  limestone  banks  of  streams  or  sonu-times  in  their  stonv  beds  with 
tlie  narrow-leaved  Chestnut  Oak,  the  Plane-tree,  the  Green  Ash,  the  Cetlar  Elm,  the  Ked  Midiu-rry,  and 
the  black-fruited  I'ersimmoii  ;  in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  where  it  attains  its  largest  size,  it  is  a 
common  iidialiitant  of  canons  in  all  the  mountain  ranges  south  of  the  Colorado  plateau,  growing  from 
tlieir  mouths  up  to  elevations  of  six  thousjuid  feet,  with  Cottnnwoods,  the  IMack  Willow,  the  .Mder,  and 
the  l'lani>-tree,  always  close  to  the  banks  of  the  streams  or  in  situations  where  the  roots,  |>cnetrating 
deej)  into  the  soil,  are  able  to  secure  a  constant  supply  of  water. 

The  wood  of  •hiij/diis  riijn  stris  is  heavy,  hard,  not  very  strong,  and  coarse-grained,  with  a  sjitiny 
surface  susceptible  of  receiving  a  good  ])olish  ;  it  contains  numerous  irregularly  distributetl  large  o|ien 
ducts  and  thin  obscure  medullarv  rays.  It  is  rich  dark  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwotMJ.  The 
specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  ilry  wood  of  the  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  trees  is  ().t)t*(il,  a  cubic  foot 
weighing  l'J.71  pounds. 

In  .New  Mexico  and  Arizona  the  nuts  are  gjithered  and  eaten  by  Mexicans  and  Indians.  The 
kernel  is  very  sweet  and  r<>maiiis  fresh  for  a  long  time,  but  its  commercial  value  is  lessened  by  its  small 
size  and  the  thickness  and  hardness  of  the  walls  which  inclose  it. 

Jii'jlaiiK  nijiislr'is  was  discovered  in  western  Texas  in  1830 '■'  by  the  Belgian  botanist  Berlaiulier ; ' 
in  lS(iS  it  was  growing  in  the  Hot.tnic  Garden  at  Berlin;*  and  in  IST'.t  it  was  introduc«'d  int(t  the 
Arnolil  Arboretum  by  means  of  seeds  gathereil  in  western  'J'exas.  It  is  perfectly  hardy  in  eastern 
Mas,sachusetts,  where  as  a  low  shrub  it  lias  ri|M'ned  fruit. 

In  the  canons  of  the  .\ri/ona  mount.iinH  i/iiijliiiin  niprntriK  is  a  handsome  and  conspicuous  tree, 
particularly  in  winter,  when  its  head  of  rigid  white  branches  makes  it  jH-culiarly  ellective. 

'  Thr  t-aiitiTn  iiiitl  wfHierii  fortiiA  nf  Jiii/lunt  ni/tr>^irut  Hi-t-m  miiiif-  <-i«'\\ivi.,  the  vi\r.  mnjitr  uf  'IVirn-v)  ii*  n  !»r(f«»r  live,  witli  lirttailer 

tiiiu-K  liki^  iliKliiK-t   h|hm-i(>n;    Itiit    ill   tilt'   I- xtn-iiic   wi'itttTii    |mrt    of  uiiil  iiior,'  rtMinit-ly  HiTnilt-  ittalkol  liMilli-t.t,  •ihiiiiII)-  |>iitM-r,<>i<iit  on  tho 

Ti-xiiN  mill  ill  N<-w  Mcxifn  tin-  two  fonim  ^rniw  toj^'rtlhr  itii'l  ii)>|M'Hi'  towrr  hiirrii4't',  Ur^i-r  fruit  r'uitcil  witti  riifiiim  hiiim,  iini)  u  tlurkcr, 

to  ytv%s  oiif  into  the  other.    The  Texju,  form  ( Plate  ,-ci'i:xiv,)  in  ili»-  iiiori'  l)nlti-ne<).  unil  more  ileeiily  inlcHte  nut  with  iiro|turtiunatel^ 

tiii^tiiNhiMl  hy  itii  Hiimlh-r  i,izi',  liy  itM  narrower,  tiiore  f;labruiiH,  ami  thinner  walla  and  a  larger  kernel, 
more  finely  Herrat^'  leallrtK,  whieh  are  often  nearly  Heaaile,  ami  hy  '  No  'J-t.'iU,  "  Kio  de  Medina,  'IVziis,  «luue,  IHIU." 

till*  Hinall  fvlolKiHe  ^hihrate  fruit  and  very  tliiek-walled  nut  ineloNiii);  *  S«>e  i.  H2. 

a  kernel  often  xearci'ly  larfrer  than  a  |iea.    The  wentern  form  (  Tlitte  *  Teste,  Herb.  Kn^'lin.llin. 


JUGLANDACEiK. 

:ly  pubescent  on  the 
h  long.  TliiTe  are 
slightly  lobt'd  con- 
•owod  lit  both  ends, 
inch  in  length  ;  the 
irregularly  divided 
|)uberuh)U8  on  the 
[id  one  third  of  im 
I  inch  and  a  half  in 
riie  nut  is  gloliose, 
'rally,  dark  reddish 
s  fonr-t'elled  at  the 
iterior  cavities,  and 
itly  concave  on  the 
>  the  short  pointed 

Llano,  and  Guaila- 
ina,  and  soutiiward 
I'ty-t'ighth  meridian 
is  rarely  more  than 
leir  stony  beds  with 
Ked  Miili)erry,  and 
argest  si/e,  it  is  a 
can,  growing  from 
low,  the  Alder,  and 
i  root**,  iienetrating 

ined,  with  a  satiny 
rihuti-d  large  open 
lite  sapwood.  The 
.t)8(31.  a  cubic  foot 

ind  Indians.  The 
Hsened   by  its  small 

anist  Berlandier ; ' 
iitrodiiced  into  the 
>•  hardy  in  eastern 

I  conspicuous  tree, 
live. 

urgcr  tret',  with  hnuuler 
iiHimlly  iiulN'M'viit  oil  Iho 
oun  httini,  anil  a  ilurkor, 
nut  with  |ini|M)rti(iimtply 

JB,  1834." 


il  < 

II. 


,:-MmK,,*nn»mmmn<mtitt^^^;-^t  li im iwhiiiibii 


'         :  III 


!  ■  1 


fl| 


■^^\.-' 


I 


't  f 


EXl'KANATION  OK    11  IK   IT.ATKS. 

PLATK    CCCXXXV.        '•.-lil.ANS    Kl'l'MTKK.   KKOM    'I'kXAH. 

1.  A  Itowpriii);  liranrli,  natural  »i/.o. 

'.'.  A  itnniinati-  flonir.  cnlarfjed. 

3.  A  staiiu'ii,  t'tilar);;e<l. 

4.  Vrrlical  section  of  a  pistillati'  Howor,  I'lilarged. 

5.  A  friiitin){  Imiiirli.  natural  siic. 
(t.  A  nul.  nattiral  n'uv. 

7.    Vcitiial  section  of  a  nut,  natnnil  »l/i'. 
H.  Crurw  Kcrtion  of  a  nut,  natural  ai?i'. 
9.  A  winter  branrhtet,  natural  nhi'. 


Pl.ATK  CCCXXXVI.     .Ifdi.ANs  111  ir.-iricf.  from   Akizoma. 
1.    A  friiilini;  lirancli.  iiaturul  »\i.i-. 
'J.    A  nut,  natural  ni/.e. 
.S.  Cross  si'i-tion  of  a  nut.  natural  si/.e, 
•4,  A  li-af    rriluri'il. 
5    A  winter  branchl  •        'i'nl  si/e. 


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A/f/»../  puu'tu   Parti, 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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L25  III  U    ,  ,.6 

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HiotQgraphic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STMIT 

WIBSTn,N.Y.  UStO 

(716)872-4S03 


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JUGLANDACKS. 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


129 


JUGLANS   OALIPORNIOA. 
Walnut. 


Leaflets  11  to  17,  ovate-lanceolate, 
sulcatc,  4-celled  at  the  base. 

JuBlana  Calif ornioa,  Watson,  I'roc.  Am.  Acnil.  x.  349 
(I'xcl.  syn.)  (1875). —  Brewer  &  WaUon.  Jiot.  Cat.  ii.  93 
(excl.  »yn.).  —  Sargent,  Forest  Treet  N.  Am.  10<A  Cen- 


Fruit  globose  ;  nut  obscurely  and  remotely 


sua  U.  S.  ix.  131  (in  part).  —  Greene,  Man,  Bot.  Bay 
Region.  301. 


A  tree,  occasionally  forty  to  sixty  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  eighteen  to  twenty  inches  in 
diameter,  and  stout  penduh)us  branches  which  form  a  Hymmetrical  graceful  round-topped  head ;  or 
often  much  smaller,  aud  sometimes  shrubby  in  habit.  The  bark  uf  the  trunk  Ls  one  third  to  one  half 
of  an  inch  in  thickness,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  irregular  ridges, 
.separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  appressed  scales ;  that  uf  young  stums  and  the  branches  is  smooth 
and  pale  or  nearly  white.  The  brauchlets  are  covered  when  young  with  rufous  scurfy  tomentuni,  which 
soon  disappears,  and  in  their  first  winter  are  puberulous,  dark  reddish  brown,  and  marked  with  pale 
scattered  lonticcls ;  becoming  darker,  and  gradually  glabrous  in  their  second  season,  they  begin  to  grow 
pale  during  their  third  year,  and  idtimately  are  nearly  white.  The  terminal  buds  are  acute,  compressed, 
more  or  less  obli(|ue  at  the  ai)e.\,  coated  with  pale  tomentur  i,  and  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long. 
The  axillary  buds,  which  are  often  solitary,  are  nearly  globose,  one  sixteenUi  of  an  inch  in  length,  and 
covered  with  thick  pale  or  rufous  tomentum.  The  leaves  are  composed  of  eleven  to  seventeen  leaflets 
and  of  slender  puberulous  petioles,  and  are  six  to  nine  inches  long ;  the  leaflets  are  ovate-lanceolate, 
often  somewhat  falcate,  long-pointed,  coarsely  crenulate-serrate  except  at  the  equally  or  unequally 
rounded  or  subcordate  or  wetlge-shajMjd  ba.ses  ;  when  they  unfold  they  are  bronzy  green  and  jiilose,  or 
covered  with  s<nirfy  pubescence,  and  at  maturity  are  thin,  light  green,  glabrous,  or  sometimes  furnished 
on  the  under  surface  with  tufts  of  pale  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  primary  veins,  an  inch  and  a  half  to 
three  inches  in  length  and  one  half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch  in  width,  with  pale  midribs  and  short 
stout  {letiolules  grooved  on  the  up]>er  side.  The  staminate  flowers,  which  open  in  April  and  May, 
when  the  leaves  are  nearly  fully  grown  and  after  the  stigmas  of  the  female  flowers  have  begun  to 
wither,  are  produced  in  slender  puberulous  anients  two  to  three  inches  long.  The  perianth  is  elongated, 
liglit  green,  coiited  like  its  bract  on  the  outer  surface  with  rufous  pubescence,  divided  into  five  or  six 
ovate  acute  lobes,  and  raised  on  a  short  slender  stidk.  There  are  from  thirty  to  forty  stamens  with 
yellow  anthers,  sunnounte<l  by  short  connectives  bifid  at  the  apex.  The  pistillate  flowers  are  broadly 
ovute  or  subglobose,  glabrato  or  puberulous,  and  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long.  The  free  border  of  the 
bract  and  bractlets  is  ring-like  and  nearly  entire,  and  much  shorter  than  the  broad  ovate  pubescent 
calyx-lobes.  The  stigmas  are  clul>-shai>ed,  half  an  inch  in  length,  and  yellow.  The  fruit  is  globose, 
and  three  (puirters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  quarter  in  diameter,  with  a  thin  dark-colored  husk 
coated  with  short  soft  pubescence.  The  nut  is  nearly  globose,  without  sutural  ridges,  slightly  com- 
pressed, and  sometimes  flattened  at  both  ends.  It  is  dark  brown,  and  obscurely  sulcate  with  remote 
shallow  grooves,  and  thin  walls,  and  is  four-celled  at  the  base,  with  low  basal  medial  paititions,  a 
slightly  divided  apical  cavity,  and  a  large  sweet  kernel,  which  retains  its  sweetness  and  flavor  for 
several  months. 

JughttiH  C'dliforniva  is  an  inhabitant  of  the  California  coast  region,  where  it  grows  along  the 
banks  of  streams  aud  on  their  bottom-lands,  usually  twenty  or  thirty  miles  from  the  sec.,  from  the  valley 


I 


a 


' 


■<i 


fh 


h 


130 


SILVA    OF  NOllTII  AMERICA. 


JUGLANDACEiG. 


of  the  lower  Sacramento  River  t<)  the  southern  slopes  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  where  it  some* 
times  nsceiuls  to  an  elevation  of  three  thousand  feet  above  the  ocean  level.' 

The  wood  of  Jutjhtns  Cullfornka  is  heavy,  hard,  and  rather  coarse-grained,  with  a  stitiny  surface 
susceptible  of  receiving  a  good  polish.  It  contains  numerous  regularly  distributed  open  ducts  and  thui 
obscure  medullary  ravH,  and  is  dark  brown,  and  often  handsomely  veined  and  mottled,  with  thick  pale 
sapwood,  composed  of  eight  or  ten  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry 
wood  is  0.G2CG,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  31).(M  pounds. 

tlwjhtnit  Cali/ornica  appears  to  have  been  first  noticed  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Parry,'  who  found  it  in  1850 
north  of  Los  Angeles.' 

Jwjhnts  Cali/ornica  is  often  cultivated  in  California  as  a  shade-tree,  and  is  sometimes  used  there 
as  a  stock  upon  which  to  graft  different  varieties  of  Juijhmx  reijiii.  Introduced  into  Europe  through 
the  Arnold  Arboretum,  it  flowered  in  the  spring  of  188!)  in  the  garden  of  the  Villa  Thuret  at  Antibes 
in  southern  France. 


'  S.  ».  Parish,  Zo,.  iv.  M5. 

<  Clmrlos  ChriMtophcr  i'lirry  (180,1-1800)  waa  bora  at  Adming- 
tou.  iu  (ilouceiiteRthire,  Kiigland.  and  in  1833  came  to  Aiiicrii'a 
witi)  his  family,  who  si'tth*d  uii  a  fann  in  Wushin^on  Cminty,  Now 
York,  lit*  wall  f;radiiatc(l  from  I'niun  College  at  Si'luMiectady,  and 
subsequently  from  tliu  Medical  School  of  Columbia  College,  New 
York.  In  184»>  Dr.  I'arry  established  himself  in  bis  profeuion  at 
Paveupurt,  Iowa,  which  he  considered  his  home  during  the  n>main- 
dcr  of  his  life,  although  he  soon  abandoned  the  practice  of  medicine 
to  devote  himself  to  iHituuical  eiploration  in  northern  Wisconsin, 
Iowa,  and  Minnesota,  along  the  southern  Uiundary  of  the  I'nited 
States  as  butuuist  of  flie  I'nited  Stiites  and  Meiicaii  Iloundary 
Conimissiun,  in  southern  California,  iu  Colonulo,  whose  alpine  tlora 
he  first  made  known,  in  southern  I'tah,  in  Wyoming  and  Montana, 
in  Lower  California,  Mexico,  and  San  Domingo.  No  other  iHitan- 
ist  of  his  generation  explore<l  so  many  unexplored  fields  iu  North 
America  or  revealed  so  many  uudeacribed  North  American  plaDta, 


I'inwi  aritlnia,  Pimu  Torrryana,  Pimu  Pnrrynna,  Pirta  pungeiw, 
and  Pirt'a  Eugtlmnnni  being  among  the  trees  which  he  added  to 
cur  silva. 

Dr.  I'arry  wa*  the  author  of  many  papen  published  in  scientifln 
journals  and  in  the  Prwerdingj  of  the  Dnvenporl  A  mdemi/  of  Sn- 
encf,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  founders  and  for  many  years  the 
president.  One  of  the  peaks  of  the  Snowy  liange  of  Colorado  bears 
the  name  of  this  indefatigable  and  successful  explorer,  and  Parry' 
flla  of  (iray,  a  shrub  iliscovered  by  him  on  the  banks  of  the  Kio 
(■rande  in  New  Mexico,  reminils  .Vmerican  botanists  bow  greatly 
they  ar<-  indebted  to  bis  teal,  industry,  and  intelligence.  His  her- 
barium, gathered  in  the  wanderings  of  forty-eight  years,  and  con- 
taining duplicate  types  of  his  discoveries,  has  been  acquired  by  the 
AgricultumI  College  of  Iowa.  (See  I'restun,  Proe.  Parmport 
Arnil.  Sri.  vi.  3.),  fur  a  sketch  of  Ur.  i'arry's  life  and  a  list  of  his 
writings.) 

'  Torrey,  Hot.  Alei.  Bound.  Sure,  'JOd. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 

PlATK  CCC.XXXVn.      .Il'DLANS   CALiroBNICA. 

1.  A  flowering  branch,  natural  size. 

2.  A  pistillate  flower,  rear  view,  enlarged. 

3.  A  stamen,  enlarged. 

4.  Vertical  section  of  a  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 
!).  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  file. 

6.  A  nut,  natural  size. 

7.  Cross  section  of  a  nut,  natural  .nize. 

8.  A  winter  brwiclilet,  uatur»l  size. 


i  ! 


.lUOLANDACE^.. 

,  where  it  some- 

a  siitiny  surface 

ducts  and  thin 

with  thick  pale 

e  absolutely  dry 

jund  it  in  1850 

imes  used  there 
Europe  through 
luret  at  Antibes 


ynnn,  Pirta  pungent, 
!>  which  he  added  to 

)ubUihed  in  scicntiiin 
tport  A  mdemi/  of  Sd- 
I  for  many  jean  the 
ngo  of  Colorado  bean 
explorer,  and  Parry- 
ho  banki  of  the  Kio 
iMitaiiiita  huw  Ki^atly 
iitelligence.  \\\%  hor- 
-eight  years,  aiid  con- 
been  acquired  by  the 
ton,  Proc.  Pavmport 
life  and  a  liit  of  his 


Silva  of  Norih   America 


:^- 


J—'" 


y^^ 


■  i 


y-r 


4^i 


H 


%i      *f»' 


-.jr..  > 


Tab,  CCCXXXVll 


ll 


/ 


■ORNU 


If 

m  '■ 

' 

i 

i 

1  1 

1 

I 


i     i 


.1 


} 


m 


il.ij  1'^  d!     I  I.J  tail    ^' 

r  li  fpet  abovi'  (In-  oc -.i 
i>.  heavy,  hard, 
.xiliiih.     It  I'DiilAiiM  numtii).iu- 
...1   ir.  (Uiik  hfowu,  ttiiJ  often  hni)ds<(ii.<lj,   .< 
I'lglit  or  l«ii  lavent  of  uunual  jfrowtli.     Thv  spii  ■ 
■  lUiii!  foot  weijjhiijg  35MM  {iuuikIk. 
/'firnicn  H(ip«iUrH  to  liave  hven  (ii>.t  iiotico'l  by  l>r.  (. .  (,'.  l'.'irr\ 

■  (yfilifhriiicu  18  often  cultivated  in  California  an  a  ghude-trec,  and  i- -.> 
)     :<  ii|)(»i  wlvii-h  to  i^raft  (liiTurijiU  varietitw  of  Jwjlunn  rmjin.     liitroduowi  inh 
-  .iiin.ld  Arbort^tiiiii,  it  tiowi-ixMl  in  th«  spriuj^^  of  18.SU  in  the  garden  of  the  Vili:i   i 
II  MnitbiTi;  Pmni'f. 


■ :..  ..    . .  .ais. 

■  '"luiries  Chri»u.,ner  Pwrrf  (llfj3-l8W>)  <n»  unm  »t  Ad- 
uik  i«  liiouewil«nliire,  Englaod.  mwt  -n  1833  eani*  to  An 
..  ,t  u  liui  fauiily,  wUo  ^<!U1ihI  an  ii  t»pw  i!\  M  4«hu>^tuii  Cmtutv , 
\'t»rk     He  wa*  ^fadu*!**!  frt>m  I'ni^Mi  I    !w(f«  iil  tv^hwiie^t*!!! 

Vork.  Iju  181n  Dr.  V«.rry  h>iit4hhftli<wj  htnjjw«lf  in  ht«  pn'f^Mii^i;  .^i 
J>A.-'«R(>vrt,  IfiWA,  wliitib  ko  {-4U«Hlnrrri  bie  Itiiuf.'  during  thtf  r«tn«.^ 
diT  i»f  hu  iiff,  sitliough  bt.  »fnm  fcli«n<loti»^  ilir  pr»otiw  of  mntli  -»>»r 
In  <lev<>U)  bimM'lf  to  botttjiicsl  explumtton  in  uorthoni  War*^... 

SUMfS   as  htibui.it  of  flta  I'niteil  Kttilea  uxi  Mrxiim'i   It-        ' 
Ci>ininiwMiu,  iu  •uiithetn  Calitorai*,  in  C'dlanida,  wbm   > 
b«  Hnt  uuu)«  knotrn,  in  aouUwra  t*t»l>,  in  W^ranitDg  »i' . 
ill  l,ower  ratifortuA,  Mexi«<--,  mod  San  i><»mii)Ko.     N<> 
isl  i,i  blfc  tr^ifr«Chvfi  |.tj<Iur«d  %i>  iQitity  unfrx)>lortv;  * 
Anu'ridft  ^t  »v^»^iij**i  «>  utanj  iiiKi(>-^<!ri)«d  N'urtii 


■  manni  being  iuiionj(  ih- 


'        .Olll'.- 

ly  surfiioc 

Hid  tliin 

ick   pale 

wi.ily  dry 

'  ;.i  i,s:,(t 

is*»d  there 
t)iroii){h 
\i!ldi('s 


>  '    thtt  WDtbor  of  iiiftiiT  paptTft  publiabf.'il   '    -^  triitino 

1 .1  .1,  tb*  Prt<eKiin<t$  ff  lie  />inx>n»«»  (carfir(«*  .>f  AVt- 

"J.  bt*  wKM  oiMS  of  *h«'  fuumlim  luht  ^;*  oainj  >.•*«  lh« 

l«iw;.:-ii  lu.   ''*!.»  i»f  tb*  jionks  of  the  Smmy  lWt|r*  txl  t'rtlor-idu  boura 

l}if  »«(»»■  ■■•"  '^*j-  ifidf!f.«tiifiil>it*  alid  fiucceswfiii  »ip-i'ip»r,  nnii    f'urftf- 

^/.i  SniV' iliavoverrd  by  him  on  thf   .'•■sAr  h^  ibc  Hio 

fin-.!  V   Mexifwj,  fvioindfl  Atuftri..*au  bo^»o'«u  bnw  ,fr«Atit' 

'  Ui  hi«  w*l,  industry,  iwhI  int*llmnft*.     Mm  bi*r- 

»'.  in  the  wftn«it'riflgii  of  forty .^igiii  f)**»#«,  M.d  foii- 

irp««  of  hiA  di^ov'oriM,  huA  beee  h-^^MWd  by  the 

V 'n!i»^  of    lows.      (Se*"    Treston.    /V... ,    !>nt>^^fnjri 

I   3j>,  fut  a  tkoteh  of  l*r,  PaTnr'ii  life  uid  »  iiil  of  fai.i 

'    itej:.  fiouHti.  Sun.  V0&. 


J'UITE. 

t '  t  i.rroMSiCA. 

.  :j,   ;m1. 

i»ti>  rtiiwer.  onlaritwl. 

.>    »i.'«:. 


».  A 


bilva  of  North   America 


Pab.  CCCXXXVIl. 


■ ...  -iuri.ii ' 

..1*1  thin 

•k   [m\v 

•■•\\  tlry 

.■;.'(l   there 
liiruiiifh 


-y.il'i,  '      •!■■•», 

iM  «h<  'i  to 

'    ■■«- 
.  lh« 

^■<'ighi  fi'vn^  M»l  Poll- 
I  tieee  &  -i^auiKl  b;  tlt« 
iton.  /V.n ,  t>nP€^fwri 
9  life  aiu]  s  iut  af  bin 


11 


*  i 
I  I 


l^i 


/■f.n 


liut^r  i!4'f. 


.^wir^if    re 


JUGLANS    CALIFORNICA    Wats 


A  Jiuxy^etij    >ii/t\    ^ 


.'•^V'  .'  ^{iftfu^  .  tiru 


% 


1  /  r! 


*  I        ' 


i!  ' 


f 

5     J 

Jl'liLANUACKA 


aJLVA   OF  M\OliTH  AMElilCA. 


i;il 


HI  CO  II I  A. 

Fi-owEHs  monopcious,  apotahnis ;  calyx  of  tlu-  staminato  flower  unoqually  2  to  .'}- 
lolu'd,  the  lolu's  iinl)ri('at"d  in  (estivation;  stamens  .*{  to  10;  calyx  of  the  pistillate 
flower  l-lohcd;  ovary  inferior,  l-celle<l,  surrounded  hy  a  4-lobed  involucre;  ovule 
solitary,  erect.  Fruit  a  nut  inclo>cd  in  the  l-valved  thickened  involucre.  Leaves 
alternate,  unequally  pinnate,  destitute  of  stipules,  deciduous. 


HiooHa  ("Scoria).  Raflnpiu|iic.  .V.  )'.  Me>i.  Jie/i.  )wx.  ii.  v. 

■Xrj  (ISOH);  AlfKjrajih.  Am.  Go.  —  baillon,  Jlinl.  I'l.  xi. 

40ri  (Scoria). 
Carya.  Nutull,  OVii.  ii.  L>'J()  (1818).  — Mi-Uner,  OVn.  7t,— 


KmUicliiT,  r^..i.  ll'JC  — r.  .'e  CamloUe.  .Ihii.  Sri.  y,it. 

MT.  1.  xiiii.  ;iti.  —  lieiitliiim  &  HiMikir.  (ifii.  iii.  .'t'J8 

Kiigler,  Knijler  it  I'nintl  I'jianxenfam.  iii.  pt.  i.  -a. 


Aromatic  n-siiiou.H  trees,  with  wiitci y  juice,  .scaly  hark,  tougli  strong  hard  l)r(»wn  wood,  tough  terete 
tlexihlo  l>raiichli>tH,  solid  |iith,  scaly  huds,  long  stimt  iicrpendicular  roots  and  thick  fibrous  rootlets 
covered  with  thick  dark-colored  hark.  Huds  covered  with  few  vidvate,  or  with  numerous  ind)ricated 
■iccreHceiil  and  often  bright-colored  scales  ;  the  a.xillary  buds  superposi'il  two  or  three  together  and  often 
stalked,  or  H<ilitary.  I.*aves  alternate,  une(|ually  pinnate,  many  or  few-foliolate,  often  glandular  dotted, 
deciduous,  the  Icwest  often  scale-like  and  short-lived,  with  broad  flat  stalks  and  few  small  leatiets, 
the  uppermost  freipiently  reduced  to  small  bract-like  acuto  bodies,  more  or  less  per;  Utent  during  the 
winter.  Petioles  elongated,  terete,  tlattei  cd  and  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  and  gradually  enlarged 
toward  the  has*',  often  persistent  on  the  branches  during  the  winter,  leaving  in  falling  large  elevated 
oblong  or  semicircular  more  or  less  three-lohcd  emarginate  leaf-scars  (displaying  small  marginal  clusters 
and  central  radiating  lines  of  dark  fibro  vascular  bundk'-scars.  Leatiets  involute  in  vernation,  ovate 
or  oliovate,  usuidly  acuminate,  thick  and  tirm,  serrate,  mostly  une(|ual  at  the  entire  ba.se,  usually 
increnMing  in  size  from  the  lower  to  the  up))er,  ses.sile  or  short-petiolulate,  or  the  terminal  leaflet  rai.sed 
oil  a  long  stalk,  (leniiiveiiied,  the  veiuH  forked  and  running  to  the  margin  of  the  leaflet  and  connected 
by  reticulate  cross  veinlet«,  turning  clear  bright  yidlow  in  the  autumn,  and  often  separating  from  the 
|ietiole  in  falling  Staminate  flowers  appearing  in  l.ite  spring  after  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves  from 
buds  in  the  axih  of  the  last  leaves  of  the  year,  or  at  the  ba.se  of  branches  of  the  year  from  the  inner 
scales  of  the  terminal  bud,  in  solibtry  or  fa.scided  |>eduiiculate  termite  ameiits,  the  lateral  aments 
produced  from  the  axils  of  lanceolate  acute  persistent  bracts.  Calyx  usually  two,  rarely  threc-lobed, 
Bubteiided  by  an  ovate  acute  elongated  bract  free  nearly  to  tiie  base,  and  iisu;dly  much  longer  than  the 
ovate  rounded  calyx-lolies.  Stamens  three  to  ten,  inserted  in  two  or  three  series  on  the  slightly 
thickened  t'lr-.is-like  inner  ?id  lower  face  of  the  calyx ;  filaments  abbreviated,  free ;  anthers  ovate- 
oblong,  emarginate  or  divided  at  the  apex,  pilose  or  hirsute,  two-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally, 
08  long  or  longer  than  their  slender  conn(H!tive.  Ovary  wanting.  Pistillate  flowers  mostly  proterogy- 
nous,  sessile,  in  two  tc  ten-flowered  clusters  or  spikes  borne  on  a  peduncle  terminal  on  a  leafy  branch  of 
the  year.  Calyx  reduced  to  a  single  posterior  lobe.  Ovary  inferior,  one-celled,  formed  of  two 
transverse  carpels,  crowned  with  two  sessile  persistent  median  commissural  spreading  stigmas  papillo- 
stigmatic  on  the  inner  face,  inclosed  in  a  perianth-like  slightly  four-ridged  involucre,  composed  by 
the  more  or  less  complete  union  of  an  anterior  bract  and  two  lateral  bractlets,  adnate  below  to  the 
ovary,  uue(iuully  foui>lobed  at  the  apex,  cup-shaped,  villous  on  the  outer  surface,  the  bract  exterior  in 


I 
I 


II 


i  u 

I 

1 


} 


il 


VV2 


SI  HA    OF  M  HIT  1 1   AMKIiirA. 


Jt'OLANDACKit:. 


ii'Niivatioii  iiiiil  niiu'li  li)ii}!^(>r  tliiiii  ill*'  lirai'tlctM  iiiiil  cuIvx-IdIic  ; '  oviili- HdlitarVt  <>rrrt  from  the  liottoni 
of  till-  t'i'll,  oi'tlioti'o|ioiiN.  Fruiting  iiivoliicri'  ovoiil,  <;1oI)imi-,  or  pyriforiii,  tliiii  or  tliii'k,  lit'coniiiig  liard 
ami  wockIv  at  iiiatuiitv,  foiii--valv('i|.  the  NuliircH  alt(>riiaU>  witi'  •'iom«  of  ih<>  iiiit,  Moint'tinicH  iniirt'  or  Iokh 
liroaillv  wiiifrcil,  s|ilittiiijr  |iroiii|illy  or  tardily  to  thu  Iiiimo  or  to  the  iiiiil<ll(>,  inarkcil  on  tlir  iiiiu-r  Niirface 
with  liroiiil  ilarii  veins  railiatiii^  from  the  tliickcncil  l>aN(<.  Nut  oliloii^,  olio\  itc,  or  Hiili)r|ol)ON)>,  acuto, 
a<'Uiiiiiiat(' or  roiiinliMl  at  tlu<  apex,  awtl  ti|i|ii>(l  liy  tliu  liiknlciii'd  rfinnaiits  of  tli(>  HtyU'H,  iiiirrowiMl  and 
iiNiially  niiiinlrd  at  tlu>  baH(>  furniHiii'd  witli  tht>  iiHiially  |H>rMiHti>iit  hardcnud  acute  point  of  attichnu'nt 
to  till'  iindliuTi',  I'vlimlrical  or  t'omprt-HHcd  i-ontrary  to  tlu'  valvcN,  H('|>aratin^  l»y  tint  donal  HUturen 
ill  )rcrmiiiatiiiii  into  two  valvcN,  tlu>  valvt'H  alttTiiatt'  witli  tlic  cotylcdonH,  their  wails  thin  and  lirittit*, 
or  thick,  hard  aiul  lioiiy,  HniiMitli  or  variously  ru^oso  or  rid^i-d  on  tiu>  outer  Hiirface  and  contniniiiK 
numerous  lar)re  or  narrow  loii^itiiditia!  lacuna'  or  interior  cavities  filled  witli  dark  or  li^iit  astriufrcnt 
coarse  powder,  four-celled  at  the  liase  l>y  the  dovelopineiit  to  ahove  th.'  middle  of  a  thin  dorsjil  partition 
at  ri^iit  angles  with  the  valves,  and  liy  a  lower  ventral  partition  in  tiieir  direction,  and  two-celled  at  tiie 
a|M>x  hy  tile  projection  downward  into  the  cavity  "f  a  thick  partition  at  ri^lit  uncles  witli  the  dorsal 
hasiil  partition,  and  divided  to  receive  tlie  sliort  liroad  point  of  the  see<l.  S<'ed  stditjiry,  tilling  tliu 
cavity  of  the  nut.  exallmminoiis,  two-lolied  from  the  liottom  nearly  to  the  middle,  tlie  loltes  oldon^, 
compressed,  variously  ^rrooved  on  the  liack  hy  the  projiH'tioii  inward  of  lon^itudin.'il  rid^res  on  the  walU 
of  the  nut,  concave  on  tlie  inner  face,  more  or  lens  deeply  two-lolH-d  at  the  a|M'X,  the  connective  thii'k 
and  sliort-|)ointed  ;  testa  thin,  memliranaceous,  of  two  coats,  tlie  outer  coat  li^lit  lirown.  Knihryo  (iat, 
oily,  swet  t  or  hitter;  riditde  short,  superior,  lillin)^  the  apex  of  the  cavity  of  tlie  nut.' 

Ilicoria  is  conliiied  to  the  temperate  regions  of  eastern  .North  America,  and  is  distriluitctl  from  tlio 
valley  of  the  St.  i-awrence  I{iv4'r  to  the  hi^rhlands  of  Mexico,  where  one  '  endemic  species  (k-cuin.  Nine 
s])ecies  are  known,  ei^ht  of  wliicii  inhaliit  the  territory  of  tlie  I'nited  States,  tlie  lieadijuarters  of  the 
^eiins  .IS  represented  liy  the  jfreatest  iiiimher  of  species  heinjj  in  Houthern  ArkansaM.  Traces  of  Ilicoria 
iiavc  heen  found  in  the  tertiary  rocks  of  (Ircciilaiid  ;  *  paheontolo^ists  have  <lescrilied  numerous  siM-t-ies 
from  the  upper  tertiary  form.itioii  of  Kuro|M-,''  and  there  are  evidences  that  it  once  ranjffd  in  North 
America  far  to  the  westward  of  its  present  home.'' 

Many  of  the  s|H'cies  of   Ilicoria  produce  stronjr  tou;;li  and  very  valuahle  woo<P  and  e<lihle  muIm  of 

'  T^i'  invnliicml  ilinrni'tfr  nf  tlu*  iiittcr  ci'Vi-riii)^  "f  tlu*  piiitilliit)'       tiiiiliil   iittii  h  vm\.     Ciitkilit  of  itUllitimti-  lliiwcr^  Ht   tlii'   ltAi%<>  of 
Huwrr  tif  llirurm  m  mIihwii  hy  thi*  fiit-t  thiit  il  •,(iiiM'tiiiii>*  ciititiiiiiH      .^"loi^    hriiiu'lifH   fn'iii   tlit*  tiiilii  nf  tlit<  lutifr  Imil-M'ulrH.      Iltink 


tw<'  iir  tlirti'  nvitrii'i,  {irc^liii'in^  twit  <tr  tlin-t*  Hf|iariiti>  or  iiiim'  tir 
lenH  iiiiitc<l  liulu  ilii-loMMi  111  I'tii-  liii^k.  (Si-r  (iriiv,  t'ntt \  PhtL  .1(11'/. 
IKHl.  1.-1. 1 

'  The  ii|iecicii  i»f  llii-oriji  iiiav  In-  ^roii|>4'il  in  tlir  fiilloWMi);  M-r- 
tioim :  ^ 

AllM-AUVA  (('.  ill*  ('jlllilollr,  /Vm/r.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  III).  UiliU  ron»- 
pn'H.MMl,  i-uvt'n>il  wall  four  ncatcH  viilviitf  in  a'stivatiuu,  tin-  inner 
ulijjlitlv  a<'creM!piit.  ufU'ii  tibiM-urt'ly  iiini:iili*  Ht  the  npt'X  ;  ;ixilliiry 
hu(U  su(H'r|KiiH>tt  two  or  lhn*4'  to^'thi-r.  often  HtipitAte,  the  nntJ'r 
M'lih'N  unitiMl  into  n  !,:ii-k  mkmi  o|M'liin^  nt  the  h|h'X.  ('atkiiiH  of 
htmninJite  llowi-n*  nitnnlly  from  fi'piirali'  or  niri'Iy  h'af-lh-iirin^ 
IiiiiIm  in  tilt-  uxiU  of  k-uv<-H  of  the  pri-vions  year,  uik  forniei)  h"fur»' 
iiiiil<tininH-r.  or  iK-oii.Hionully  at  the  liiiHr  of  HhiM>ti  of  thr  yir.ir. 
Ilii<ik  of  the    fruit   thin,  proniini-ntly    riil^'U  ut   the    nutiirfH;    nnt 


of  the  fruit  thiek  or  rarely  thin,  wtthoiit  mitural  rttiffeii,  or  ill 
line  i4}H>i'iin  ohHenrely  rnl^'eil;  lint  rotnpreiUHiil,  more  or  lenN  prollii- 
iii-ntK  fiiiir-riil^eil  aiul  aliKleil;  the  walU  and  partitions  Ihiek 
mill  Imiiy ,  laeniiH'  minute,  Hllisl  with  li|{ht  yellow  |Miwdrr;  kernel 

««eit. 

'  Utrvrtti  Mriifana,  Itritton,  ItuU.  Tirrrrif  tUtt.  i'luh,  xv.  'Jt*;i 
(IHHM). 

Ciiryn    Sfezicttna,  Kngclinann,  llmuiry,  Itiil.   ItiiU.  Am.  ('ml. 

iii.  Itil'  (IfW'.'). 

*  Sa|Mirtii.  Orii/ine  Pnlfimtolnyiiiur  rffj  Arhrtii^  1^. 

'  Ziitel,  ll.i'M.  rnl,r,ml,Jo<).  ii    M7.  f.  'J"'-',  4  «. 

"  XewU-rry,  Ann.  Avr.  .V.  )'.  ix.  1*2  (.Vd/m  on  thf  l.atn  Krttfi^-t 
Fdtma  of'  .\iirth  .-l/n/Tii-ii). -■  Ix'iiipier«ux,  I'.  S.  tiettinif.  Stirr.  vii. 
•JS'.»,  t.  ',7,  f.  I  A  I.  .Vt,  f.  -2  ;  viii.  'j;l«  (Cuntrik.  /■'m.iV  Fl.  II'.  Trm- 


vyliliilricnl  or  eonipn-ixeil.  not  at  all  or  olinenn  Iv  riit^^ed;  the  walU  turon,  ii.,  iii.). 

ami  partitionn  thin  anil  hrittte,  or  in  one  i,|i«i-ie>i  thiek  iinil  linrtl;  *  No  other  wtHtil  eipiuirt  the  U-Mt  lliekory  in  Rtrenj^h  and  touf^h- 

laciiiin*    larjfe,  irn'^ntar,  Hlleil  with  iliirk  powdi-r,  or  in  uiic  i,|ieeii*t,  ne-*H  eonihined  with   li^r||tne<«ii.     'Hie  Imlinlis   knew   itii  value,  and 

■mall;  kernel  Hweet  or  hitter.  used  it  fur  the  liandlei  uf  their  ttMiU.     (.Se  Ihi  Vagf  du  rnitz,  llii- 

Kt'CAHYA  (C.  de  Candolle,  /.  >-.  Ul').     ItniU  eoven-d  with  ten  tmre  dt  la  Louitiittw,  ii.  *2C.)     The  Kuro|M'an  eoluniiitM  soon  learnt 

to  twflve  closely  inilirieated  M'lUeH,  the  outer  opetiin^'  in  the  an-  il.s  ipiality,  and,  writing  early  in  the  M^veiiteenth  eeiitury,  William 

tuinn.  and   fallini^  *:.  f  in-  winter  or  i-arly  in  tin-  i*prin^,  the  inner  Woml  in  the  Srw  KntjUiniV*  /'ntn/ffrl  (M)  telU  uh  :   "The  Walnut 

l^'i'resi'eet.  uir^e,  iinri  ofti-.  hrii'htly  eotiired  and   retlexed  at   mu-  tree  i»  soni.-thinK  different  from  the  /*-n^/i.<A  Walnut,  lieinjf  n  (fn-at 

turity;  axillary  hudii  .'iulitary,  thtir  outer  scalei  at  tint  .Hiiinetiine.H  ileale  inure  tou^h,  and  mure  MTviceable,  and  altogether  an  heuvie: 


JUOLANDArKA 


JUULANDACKJC. 


SILVA    OF  NOUril  AMKRICA. 


\\\\\ 


pt  from  tin*  huttom 
ii*k,  IxM'oniin^  lmr<l 
'timoH  iniiro  or  Ichh 
II  llif  iniivr  Hurfuce 

Hiil)^]ol>oK4s  arutt% 
yloH,  iiiirrowtMl  iinil 
>oiiit  of  iitticliiut'iit 

tliu  (lonuil  HiiturcH 
Ih  thin  and  hrittlo, 
u'(>  and  rontjiiniiif^ 
or  li^ht  aHtrin^eiit 
hill  dorsal  jmrtition 
id  twiMvth^d  ut  the 
h'H  with  the  dormil 
Holitjiry,  tilhii^  tlie 
,  tht*  h>hoH  ohhiii^, 
rid^iH  on  tho  wuIIm 
ku  connuctive  thick 
iwn.     Kniliryo  Hat, 

iMtriliutcHi  from  the 
LM'i»»H  <HTnr>4.  Nine 
iea(h|uarti>rs  of  the 
Tra;'*'s  of  lliroria 
1  nuineroiiH  M|MH'iofi 
i;  ratified  in  North 

and  iMlil>lv  nutH  of 

lloWlTH  hI  till*  liaM*  llf 
IIIUT    lltlil-M'ult-it.         lliuk 

It  mitural  riil^'H,  or  in 
mhI,  iiiiirt'  or  li>NN  proiiii- 
U  ami  |>artitiiiiu  thick 
t  )i'Uuw  piiwdrr;  krrtwl 

wrty   Hot.  CUh.  XV.  28:i 

fy,  lU)t,  lUiA.  Am.  Cent. 

rhren,  *Jt». 
:7*J.  1  8. 

ntfg  ,m  the  Later  Eitinrt 
('.  S.  firtUinf.  Sitrv.  vii. 
trib.  Fmsil  Ft.  W.  Terri- 

y  in  Ktrrn^ti  and  touf^h- 
UK  knew  it-H  valiir,  iiiid 
>  Lr  I'iiK*'  du  I'nitz,  //i.i- 
an  i-nluniitU  mmn  Inirnt 
itft'iith  rentiiry,  William 
tflU  tm  ;  "Tlio  Walnut 
^h  Walnut.  U'in^  a  ^^n-at 
id  nlto{p*ther  an  livavie: 


commercial  im|H>rtance.  Oi!  .aa<Uf  from  the  kernolR  of  the  nutH  waa  iiHod  hy  the  Indiann,'  who  aUo 
presMMl  a  milky  HuhHtance  from  thcni  ; '  the  hittt'r  aHtrin^ont  inner  hark  has  heeii  employed  HUCcesHftilly 
ill  the  treatment  of  dyHpepnia  and  intermittent  fever;*  and  in  hoiiKeopathio  practice;^  and  a  yellow  dyt* 
IH  ohtjiine<l  from  the  inner  hark.  No  other  treen  ^ivt*  greater  dignity  and  I'liaracter  to  the  forests  of 
eaHtcrn  North  America  ur  HuqiUHH  the  Iliekorien  in  vigor  and  beauty  of  appearance/'    Numeroun  iuHeclH" 


and  wht'iraa  our  (iunneii  itiat  arc  HtiH'ked  with  Emjli^h  Walnut, 
arv  •iNinr  broken  and  vrackeil  in  (riMl,  iM'ing  a  hrittli?  wimmI;  wfn 
an)  drivtui  to  Rtuckr  thnn  new  with  thit  Country  Walnut,  wliirh 
will  indurv  all  lilowrM,  antl  wt'alhcr;  liuting  tinii'  out  of  niintli'. 
Theftf  triTM  l>oant  a  Vi*ry  gtHwl  Nut,  Moini'thing  Hmallur,  but  nutbing 
inferiour  in  iiweetnvsM  and  guudnuMu  tu  th«  Uttyluih  Nut,  having 
nu  bitter  pill." 

Their  Hii-kury-wiHNl  handh'M  have  nia4lti  AiiiiTiean  aim  known 
all  uTfr  the  wurld,  ami  it  in  to  tbr  light  Anteritaii  carriaKrs,  ouly 
made  pontibje  by  tlif  um*  of  llirkury  wimhI  in  tbcir  roniitruL'tion, 
that  tha  American  trotting  lmrtu>,  omt  uf  the  greatuitt  triunipliM  of 
th«  breeder'*  art,  uwi'n  bin  NU|M^rionty.  llii>kory  wutal  i.s  the  Itent 
fuel  yipltird  by  the  Anu-rican  foreata;  and  fur  hu«>[>s  n«)  uther 
American  wtnid  r<|ualM  it. 

*  '*  The  third  <tort  in,  aji  this  laiit,  eieeeding  banl  iihellvd,  and  bath 
a  iHumihg  Rweet  karnrll  ;  thiit  hut  kind  th(*  IndiauH  lH>at  intu  pirceit 
with  Rtuhei,  niid  putting  them,  MhelU  iind  all,  into  murtern,  niin^litig 
water  with  them,  with  lung  wiMMldeii  (H-iitellii  p«)iind  them  ho  long 
togither  untill  they  make  a  kiiul  of  mylke,  or  tiyliu  liquor,  wbitli 
they  call  |iowcohic4ira."  (Stnu-bey,  7'A*  U%*tnrie  of  TruvtuU  tnin 
\'triftni4t  Hhtnnniii,  eti.  Major,  \'J\>.) 

"The  Wdd  Wallnnt,  or  Hiipiery-Tree,  gifeii  the  tmlinu  oy 
buyling  it«  Kernel,  a  wholeiionie  Oyl,  from  whom  the  Km/li^h  fre- 
quently Rupply  theuiM'lveii  for  their  Kitchen  uac*  :  It't  i-ouimriuleil 
for  a  good  KeuHMly  in  Ihdont,  anti  (irii>eii  of  tlii>  lU'lly;  wliilnt  iu>w 
it  hax  a  pleaiiant  Taxte;  but  after  n'xx  Miutfthrt,  it  dcrayi*  and  grown 
acid;  1  iM'lieve  it  might  make  a  giHNi  tlyl,  and  of  a^  genenil  uu  unv 
aji  that  of  the  Olive,  if  it  were  U'ttt-r  puritled  aitd  reeliticd." 
(ThoniaA  Ash,  'VjriWind,  ftr  ti  I)r»iTif>tnm  of  the  i*re»rnt  Stnte  of  thnt 
Cnuntry,  V2. ) 

"lliceory  NutA  have  vi>ry  hani  Shells,  but  eieellent  Hweet  Krr- 
nelri,  with  whu-h,  m  a  plentiful  Year,  the  ohl  llogM,  that  t-an  crack 
them,  fatten  thuniM'lvert,  ami  make  eicellmt  Pork.  Tlu'iw  Nutn 
are  gotten,  in  great  (^uantitieti,  by  the  Saviigen,  luul  laid  iqi  for 
St4>res,  uf  which  thi'y  makr  M-veral  l>tHhcN  and  Uam|uctii.  One  of 
tbrne  I  caui.ut  forlwar  mentioning  ;  it  ia  thin  :  They  take  tlu'^u 
NutH,  and  break  them  very  miiall  bctwiit  two  Stoneit,  till  tlie  SbclU 
and  Kt-riieU  an*  indifTereiit  umall,  And  thin  Powder  you  are  pre- 
leiited  withal  in  tlirir  Cabins,  in  little  wiHMleu  Ihalies;  the  Keriirl 
diiuu>lveN  in  your  Mtuitli,  aiul  the  Sludl  is  Npit  out.  Thia  tanti'H  ilh 
well  an  any  Almond.  Another  I)i»h  i*  the  Snip  which  the\  make 
of  theM  Nuta,  iN-aten,  and  put  into  Vfuiton-ltrotli,  which  dirtrtolvcH 
the  Nut,  and  thickens,  whitfit  tlu-  .Shell  precipitaten,  and  n-miiiim  ut 
the  bottom.  Thia  llroth  taatfa  Tcry  rich."  (Uiwaoii,  ilutnrif  of 
Cawiimi,  98.) 

*  "'Hie  fruit  in  in  great  eatimation  with  the  present  gi'iicnttioa 
of  Indiana,  |>articiilarly  Juglnu*  ixri/Zfi/a,  eonmionly  calletl  hIu-II- 
biirked  hiccory.  The  t'reeka  store  up  the  biat  in  their  towna.  I 
have  aecn  abovu  an  hundred  buaheN  of  tlieM>  iiula  ladongiiig  to  one 
family.  They  pound  litem  to  piMCfii,  and  then  cait  them  into  bt>iU 
ing  water,  which,  after  paaaing  through  tine  Htrainer^,  presen-ea 
the  moat  oily  part  of  the  litiuid:  thia  they  call  by  a  name  which 
nignillea  hicci>ry  milk;  it  ia  aa  aweet  and  rich  iw  fn'sth  cream,  and  ia 
an  ingredient  in  motit  of  their  cookery,  eR|»ecially  hoiiiony  and  com 
cakoB."     (William  Uartram,  Travels  in  Xurth  Ameriva,  38.) 


'  U.  S.  IHnfiew.  e*l.  !«,  1744. 

*  MilUpaugh,  Am,  Meit.  IH.  in  llomtropathic  fiemedien,  ii.  157. 

•  I'on-her,  lUmurvrit  o/  Southern  Firldii  and  ForfMl:^,  3li'J. 

"  In  the  Fifth  Annual  Ui-port  of  the  I'nited  Statea  KntomolugU 
cal  CoinmiMaion,  publiahed  in  IHIM),  one  liMndred  iind  aiity-nine 
specica  of  inaecta  are  rccordeil  aa  living  upon  llicoria,  and  very 
little  i.-i  known  of  thoau  which  attack  tlieau  trcea  in  the  noiithiTU 
atatea.  Many  imtecta  that  injure  tlir  llickoriea  feed  alau  on  other 
planta,  although  a  large  numlaT  acem  tu  cuntlne  thomaelvea  to  this 
geiiu.s.  More  than  tlfty  apec-ca  are  known  to  alTect  the  bark  and 
wood  of  the  trunk  and  branchea,  buth  when  tlicy  are  green  and 
after  tlii-y  ha\e  Wcome  dry.  A  large  |Mirtion  of  the^e  wo«Ml-borers 
aru  the  larva*  of  lieetlea  iNdongiiig  to  the  family  Ceramliycida*. 
Cj^llme  iHttmit  l)rury,  which  rescmblea  the  eoiunum  Locuat-burer, 
often  dik'4  HvrioUH  itijiiry  to  the  llickoriea.  ftifff  litfritm-^^  l)e  (leer, 
and  several  other  t«|H'cieH  of  thia  genua,  are  often  I'ommon  ttii  these 
treen,  in  the  larval  Mtate  iMiring  Hrat  into  the  bark  and  aiipwiNMl  and 
later  into  (be  r«oliil  wihmI.  ('hi>in  nuctu.i,  l>rury,  in  often  deatruclive 
to  drying  hickitry  timU-r.  (S-e  tianlvu  ami  Fore"!,  i.  1 18.)  Sajtfnta 
'/i.«. ■-.(«/. fi,  Fabrieiua,  and  .SV* fi«.*/»Arniw  witatu^,  Olivier,  are  alno  aaid 
to  atTt'it  tlie  Hickories,  and  aeveral  apccica  of  iHcerca  and  Chryao- 
bothrin,  iire  common  on  them.  Larvie  o'  audi  niiimte  beetlea  as 
Stnitrit'on  /MiAf/iir'-,  Say,  and  .l/wfc  /laMilari-i  Say,  often  make  deep 
nleiider  tuiineU  in  the  dry  wuod.  A  twig-girdlcr,  Onculere*  cifii/u- 
latnA,  .Say,  and  Klaphulum  vUl^mum,  Kaliriciua,  aoinetiinea  cut  otf  the 
ainall  bnuu-liea.  Some  a|H*ciea  of  .\griliiH,  Ai-aiilhi>'tf'rni  'juailnt/ift' 
hti.i,  Suy,  I.iii-ni.*  cifKrefi.*,  Lecoiite,  and  the  lurvai  of  aeverul  oilier 
iM'eth-.  bore  into  the  bruiiclies  and  twigs,  although  frequently  not 
iititit  tlii<  WimhI  ih  di'iul.  The  llyiiiehopteroii^,  Trrtnti  < '•numf>at 
l:.iiiim-u>*.  i^  reputed  to  Im>  a  destrmtive  l>t)rer  of  the  Hickory  iu 
aonie  liH'alitie^.  Chnvnr.tu.i  Irnn-r,  \.v  I'oiite,  iiiul  SculijtHA  \-.i(iiiif}- 
jii",  Say,  and  .trverul  other  apeiie'*  of  .Solytidie;  and  Miigdaiia, 
and  other  i'ureultonidie,  live  in  the  bark  i>f  dead  or  living  tree.s. 
A  Ncale  ina«'ct,  f.'iitnium  Carifr,  Kitcli,  and  large  maaHe<t  of  apliida, 
like  FriftMiima  <'iiri/ir,  Kitch,  LorhwLi  Ciirtfir,  llarria,  an*  found  on 
the  aurfaee  of  the  bark  of  young  lirnncliea. 

The  llickorie.4  are  faviirite  foml-ptaiit.t  t)f  .sevcrul  species  of  the 
large  Silk-.opitiiicri  mid  other  Homhu'idii'  which  alno  feeil  upon  llio 
foliage  of  .Inglans.aiid  uf  nuiuerout -iiH'«ieH  of  Cutoeula.  H'lUiiilota 
C'lrifr,  liiirn.H,  i>,  ofleu  eomiiioii,  and  the  Kail  Wel^-wortn  and  the 
larva*  of  IhUnna  mim.itni,  l>rury,  frequently  defoliate  tiie  liraiichcs. 
The  l.irvie  of  i*h</n-<  rnhn/asrirlUi,  Piu'kard,  live  iu  the  bud-^  and 
leafstalks  iu  spring  and  curly  summer,  and  soiiie  titht*r  I'vralidm 
and  some  species  of  Tortricidic  luiil  Tiueida<  live  cither  in  the 
folded  leavea  or  in  curiously  conatructed  eaaea  which  protect  tlieir 
Uidiea,  (irltrhia  cttrifterorrUii,  PackanI,  lives  wilhiii  the  young 
leavea,  which  it  rolls  up,  and  larvie  of  Cnleophora  rtirvfr/'n/tW/rt, 
ChamU'rs,  live  in  eylindrieal  eaaea  on  the  under  surface  of  the 
leaves.  Among  leiif-minera  which  attaek  tlie  llickoriea  are  I.itho- 
cttllitit  rari/(rf'itiifllu,  '.'Iiineiis,  LithtH^ollfti.-*  rnriiirnllnllii,  t'liaiiihe7s, 
and  Xrpticula  airijirfolkUa^  LT''mciis.  The  leaves  of  Hickories  are 
frequently  atTeeted  by  numerous  sjiccies  of  gall-making  inseeta, 
which  often  twist  ami  diHtlgnre  them,  Itetween  tifteen  ar  twenty 
distinct  kinds  of  galls  havo  U'cn  described  as  formid  by  dilTerent 
B|M»ciea  of  Phylloiera  on  these  trees,  /'hylhurera  carym'aultii,  l-'itch, 


>     i 

•I 
I 


ii 


/ 


r 


IJM 


SUVA    OF  NORTH  AMKItlCA. 


JUflLANDACC^C. 


\nv\  u|>on  and  do  oonnidernble  injury  to  all  tlio  H|M*rum  of  the  genuN,  whirh,  however,  are  cuni|Nirutively 
ivvM  from  fungal  diHooMt'K.' 

Hickorieti  can  he  rainvd  from  soodri,^  which  should  not  be  allowinl  to  becumu  dry,  m  they  hoou  Ium 
their  power  of  germination,  and  the  vurietieH  ran  he  propagated  hy  graftH. 

Tlie  generic  name  ^  in  formed  from  the  popular  name  of  theHe  treeH.* 


bciii^  mil*  (if  till*  nii><it  nil  I  dpi  I' IK  Mm,  om  on  iiw  leAf-ititlkii  anil 
y<Hin|(  Nliiiut'4  it  iimki'i  UrKo  liolltiw  Ifuthory  ^alU  which  do  nut 
diHap|H-ur  during  thr  winter.  VHriutm  MiHM'ifN  nf  ^iillit  fnrnit'd  hy 
('<-ridi>ii)Yidtf  lire  cnniiiiuii  tin  thcuf  tn't'w  and  iM-ndiar  to  tlii'in- 

Ainnnft  |iliint-lit'f  MntuUn  cfirvf/Zii,  Fitch,  and  ■om**  M|H'ciri  of 
('idh)itrruH,  an*  common  on  the  foliage.  Ninurrouii  M|HM'it>it  nf 
Ilcnii|>li'ni  U'longintf  to  thu  JaRHida*  or  l.rf'af-hop|HTfl,  and  t»  ths 
Mcnihricida'  or  Trcu-hop|>rni  arv  fuuud  on  thorn,  hut  apparently 
di>  thnn  lilth'  injury. 

TIu'  yonit^  fruitH  and  tht*  mature  fruit-hiiiik»  of  llicoria  an'  often 
much  mined  iitid  eaten  hy  the  larvie  of  (irtipholithti  airyntui,  Kiteh, 
a  Htniill  Torlrix  moth,  aiul  hy  'tome  other  allied  niHu'iea.  The  nuta 
.ire  frei|iieiitly  iiifeHted  by  a  weevil,  littiiininui  tuMirtiJ*,  Say,  while 
lUiittmnuM  ri-ttii:!,  Say,  in  aUo  re|Htrted  as  attacking;  the  fruit. 

*  The  dineiiHe  which  prultahly  attracirt  more  attentiiui  than  any 
other  that  atTcctA  llicuna  appears  in  the  form  of  very  roiif(h  tumors 
on  the  nide  of  the  smaMer  hriiichcA  or  nearly  nurroitiHling  them, 
lUMue  trees  iH'iuf^  covered  with  hundreds  <if  Huch  knot-like  excres- 
cence!*, pii"tentin}(  a  curious  ap|H'arance  after  the  leaves  have  fallen^ 
and  often  rvnuiiiiing  un  the  hranches  fur  years.  It  was  long  ku|>- 
|Hised  that  the«e  knots  wert>  the  n-Hult  of  the  visitation  of  some 
ins(*cl.  This  is  now  tienied  hy  t>ntuinolo^Hts  ;  yet  i\t*  niieriHicopical 
exaniiiiiition  <ltH>s  not  kIuiw  the  cun>ttaiit  pn'sence  of  any  fuiif^is, 
and  as  the  Hickory  tumors  re<MMnlile  those  formed  t>n  the  Olive  in 
Knro)M\  whidi  mtuw  ve^etahle  paliroiitnlo^iHts  lielieve  are  due  to 
l>;icteria,  a]thiMi);h  othern  do  not  at^ree  with  them,  it  is  possihle  tlutl 
the  tumors  of  (*arya  may  have  a  similar  iirif^m  despite  the  fart 
that  no  vtiu-i  observations  have  yet  contlnned  this  view. 

Mtrr'Mtroma  JuijUvultx,  S«eeBn1a,  is  one  uf  the  most  widely  dia* 
tribi)t4>d  fungi  on  the  leaves  of  Hicoria,  appearing  aa  a  thin  white 


layer  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaHeta  and  earning  (hem  to  ffiirl 
and  ultimately  tu  shrivel  up.  Two  N|H>i-diM'ases  on  the  leaves  of 
tlickory-treos  an>  due  tti  /'A'///tM/i(M  fViryrr,  IVck,  and  HnmuUrui 
atf»t-mttrulitUi,  Peek  ;  neither  of  them  dia's  the  trees  any  ■erioiia 
damage. 

*  CohlN'tt,  WiHMlhnih, 'JtW.  -  Knilrr.  I'mrlinil  hWratry,  115. 

*  The  generic  name  pro|Htsed  by  lUHnesipie,  who  first  se|Mrate<l 
the  Hickories  frtun  the  Walnuts  in  IHOH,  was  originally  printed 
Settria,  hut  this  waa  evidently  a  misprint,  as  in  1N17  UnHnes4|uft 
himself  corrected  it  to  llicoria  in  the  Fl'vn  l.ntlnrwuvui,  lOf) ;  and 
again  in  IHIO  in  the  AhiujrttftHui  .Iffifrirfjna,  where  he  ret^stablisbed 
bis  genus,  diviiling  it  into  four  subgeneni,  baaeil  prineipatly  on  the 
cbanu'ter  of  the  kernel  of  the  nut. 

The  distinctions  between  Walnut-trees  and  Hickories  wen*  dis- 
n>garde<|  hy  all  the  Itotanists  of  the  eighteenth  century,  although 
Caspar  Kauhiii  hail  recognized  the  fact  as  early  as  Ul'jH  that  there 
were  Wiilnuts  of  two  very  iliffen-nt  sorts  in  Virginia  (/'imir,  117). 

*  Hickory  is  from  the  Virginian  |Miwcohicora  or  pawcohiccora,  the 
name  of  the  milk,  or  mly  li<|uor  obtained  by  |Hiunding  the  kcrneli. 
Hickory  nuts  were  called  paean  by  the  Indians  of  the  sealioanl,  a 
general  name  for  all  nuts  hani  enough  to  n*4|iiin'  a  Hti>ne  or  ham- 
mer to  crack  them  ;  and  .his  niinie  was  appropriated  hy  the  Kreneh 
settb-rs  uf  the  Mississippi  basin  for  the  nuts  nf  one  (if  the  s|H'cies 
{Hunria  rratn).  The  tbiii-shelleil  nut  of  the  eastern  Shug-liark 
Hickitry  was  distinguished  by  northern  Algmikins  ks  one  tu  b« 
cracked  with  the  teeth  (Abn.  s*  kwskaililmenne)  ;  this  by  the  de- 
scendants nf  the  Ihtteh  settlers  in  New  York  was  changed  into 
i'uskatomiiiy  or  Oiiskat<uniny,  or,  as  written  by  Mtclmui  {Hut. 
Arh.  Am  i.  HNI),  Kiskythuniaa  nut.  (See  Trumbull,  7'rafw.  Am. 
VhMnifiral  Site.  JH72,  2fi.) 


If 


I, 


ry,  OM  thuy  huou  Iom 


CONSI'ECTUH  OF  THE  NORTH  AMKRICAN  SPECIES. 

AliicARYA.  Kuil-icalvK  vulvnle ;  mtkiim  of  iitaiiiiniitii  fldwcrs  iimiully  friini  IiiiiIh  formed  in  the 
kxiU  ut  le»vii«  of  tliii  |irpvioii«  ypiip  ;  fruit  riil);''il  »t  llii'  miliiri'!< ;  nut  siilic)  lindrical,  iir  in  ono 
•|HH'ieii  much  roin|iri'iiiif'<l  unci  aii|{lvil,  thii  wall  tliin  anil  brittle,  or  in  ono  Kpt'iius  thick  und 
bony  :  litcuna<  ii«uiilly  Ittr^o ;  kirnul  awpct  or  hiltcr. 

Cutkina  of  nUtniinittu  tlowum  fiocirlcd,  ni'iirly  ■('•■ilr,  niuully  on  branchvH  of  tlio  |ir>'vioui 
yoar. 

Lrnth't*  I. 'I  to  in,  ol>lonK-lanceo|i\tP,  more  or  Iuih  fiilcutf :  nut  ovatc-<iblon){ ;  cylin- 
drical, thin-»hellpd  ;  kcrnid  «wf<-t 1.   H.   Pkcak. 

Catkin*  of  atnniinntu  tlowcm  |i<'duMridutc  from  braiichi'i  of  thi'  year  or  of  tbi'  |iri'viouH  yriir. 
livatl**lN  7  to   II.  binccoUtc  or  ol>bm^-tfinceolalc  ;  iitit  often  broailur  thun  lon^,  tbin- 

•bi'lli'il,  uli^htly  'l-nn|;b'd  ;  kernel  bitter '.'.  H.  minima. 

LraHetn   7  to   11,  ovute  bincpolate  tu  laneeoUte-olxivutu ;    nut  ellipnoldal,  cylindrical, 

thick-aliellnl  i  kernel  iweet ,'1.  II.  myhihtickkohmIH. 

I><>alleti<  7  to  Kl,  lanceolate,  more  or  Ii'm  falcate ;  nut  coni|ire»iied,  rui(oM',  thin-iilielled  ; 

kernel  bitter 4.  H.  AIJUATICA. 

Et'CAKTA.  Hud-icalrn  imbricated  :  catkinn  of  iitaminate  lb>wcnt  |H'duncuh4te  on  branchen  of  the 
year.  Fruit  without  natural  rid|;eii,  or  in  one  ii|M!cieH  slightly  ridged  ;  wulla  of  the  nut  thick 
and  iKiny  :  laruno  minute  :  kernel  iiwi-et. 

Bark  leiiarable  from  olil  trunkii  in  loiiK  luoae  |>lateii. 

Lrf'aHetM  .'i  to  7,  ovate  t4)  oblong-lunceolute  or  olM>vate  i  nut  thick  or  thin-wulled,  ovate, 

more  or  lew  flattened  and  4-annled,  pale  or  nearly  while 0.   II.  OVATA. 

l^^alletN   't  to  9,  olmvate  or  oblonff-lanceolale.  puberubiUH  on  the  lower  Nuvface  :  nut 

ovate,  thick-walleil.  prominently  4-an^'led.  ilull  white  to  li|^ht  reddinli  brown    .     .      .     C.   II.  LACINKMA. 
Uark  closely  furrowed,  rarely  exfoliating  in  pbitelike  Hciiles. 

Leaflet*  7  to  it.  oblong  lanceolate  or  obovate  lanceolate.  no)rc  or  lens  tomentoiid  on  the 
lower  aurfat'e,  very  fragrant ;  nut  globoiH*  or  oblong,  often  long  (Hiinted,    i-ridged 

toward  the  a|iex,  thirk-ubclled,  reddiah  brown 7.  H.  ALliA. 

IjcaHeta  uaually  >'>  to  7.  oblong  or  olH>vate-lanceolate,  glabrou*  or  villous-pubesrcnt ; 
(niit  pyrifunu  or  glolxw :  hunk  unually  thin,  alightly  ridged  at  the  Huturen  ;  nut 
oblung,  uval,  or  globune,  thick  or  tliiii-«helIeU 8,  H.  iilauha. 


.«   i 


4* 


JUOLANDACKJ^. 


SILVA   OF  NOHTU  AMERICA. 


137 


HIOORIA   PECAN. 


^e.-a. 


Leaflets  9  to  11,  lanceolate  or  ()l)lon}j;-Iance()late,  more  or  less  falcate.  Fruit 
four-winged  nearly  to  the  base  ;  nut  ovate-oblong,  cylindrical,  thin-shelled ;  kernel 
sweet. 


Hiooria  Pecan,  niilton,  null.   Torrnj  Hot.  Ctuh.  xv.  28'.' 

(1S88).—  Uipiwl,  llaiM.  LnuhhoUk.  ii.  340,  f.  l.")6.  — 

K(iehiiL-.  Deutsrhe  Deiiili:  7.'i,  f.  '2'i  H.  H'.  H".  —  Coulter, 

Cnntrih.  U.  S.  y<it.  Ihrli.  ii.  410  ^  Man.  I'l.   H'.  7Vj-,m). 
Juglana  Peoan.  Miirsliiill.  .irlnmt.  Am.  (ii)  (ITH.'i).  —  Wul- 

tcr,    Fl.    I'lir.    '.Mt'i.  -  -  Unrkhuiisi'ii,    Uniulh.    Fomllint.    i. 

7.MK  —  Mm-hlenbcrj;  &  Wiiltlont»w.  ^Vh**  Srhrijt.  Gf.^rll. 

nut.  /•>.  llerlin,  iii.  aStl!.  —  Uii  Munt  ilo  Cuuraut,  IM.  Cult. 

I'll.  L'.  vi.  '.'.■((•>. 
Juglnna  lUinoinensis.  WnnKenhciiii,  Xont'tm.  //oh.  fit,  t. 

IS.  f.  4;i  (.•X.I.  fniit)  (17H71. 
Juglana  angUBtifolia.  Alton,  //nrf.  h'lir.  iii. 361  (178'J).  — 

Sl<,l(.-i.,  /tot.  M,it.  .Unl.  iv.  400. 
Jutllnns  alba,  t  pacana.  CaHti({lioni.  I'lm/.  nei/li  .Stali  I'niti, 

ii.  •-'(;■.'  il7'.H»). 
Juglana  cylindrioa.  I'oiri't,  Lam.  />/.7.  iv.  "lOS  (1707)  ;   ///. 

iii.  ;i('Ki.  I.  7S1.  f   ."i.  —  Xoiit'i-'iu  /hi/iiiwr/,  iv.  17S. 
Juglana    olivinformia.    Mi.lmiix,    Fl.    /lor.-.\m.    ii.     10'.' 

(lSO;ii  -^  WilliU'riiiw.  .S>«-.   iv.  4.">7  ;    Knin,,.  070;    /(.;/, 

/iiiiimx.  I'll.   '.'.    104.  —  I'tTniioii.  .S'l/H.   ii.   ."itMi.  —  Di'sfon- 

taincii,   /linl.   Arli.   ii.  ;)4S.  —  Mirlmiix   f.  /Hnl.  .trii.   .tm. 

i.  17;t.  t.  a.  —  Ailoti,   liorf.    Kiir.  I'll. 'J,  v. '.'(Hi.  —  riirsli. 

FL  Am.  liept.  ii.  (Wli.  —  lluyiu',  /hiiilr.  Fl.  Ui;?. 


Carya  olivffiformis.  Nuttall,  Gen.  ii.  221  (1818). — 
S|ir.'iii;el,  S;/s>.  iii.  840. — .Spacli,  //l.if.  (Vy.  ii.  17.'i. — 
.Sclitelu.  /ioemiT  Tfxus.  -147.  —  Eil.  Jlorreii.  /kl'je  l/ovt. 
2'_'3.  vi.  t.  4."i,  f.  2.  —  Torrey,  /I'll.  Mi'jr.  /loiinil.  Sure. 
'2iC>. — C'lKi]iiii;in,  /•'/.  418. — C  ilii  C'aniloUe,  Ann.  f!c!. 
Xnt.  si'p.  4.  xviii.  ;»;.  t.  I.  f.  ;t,  t.  (J.  f.  r>9  ■,  Pmlr.  xvi.  ))t. 
ii.  144.— Uiil-«ay,  /'m,:  ''.  S.  \ut.  Mas.  1882,  77.  — 
llt'iii-sley,  /till.  /iiol.  Am.  l.'ent.  iii.  IG.'i.  —  Sargent,  Fi)ri>.it. 
Treeji  X  Am.  \Of/i  Censii::  l'.  S.  ix.  l.'i-'.  —  lla\aril. 
/Vw.  (L  S.  ynl.  J^(.^■.  viii.  .lOCi.  —  Wat.son  it  C'oiillor, 
'.■/■.../ ■.<  .!/.(«.  0,1.  t).  I'kS.  —  Mayr.  Il'-ilil.  Xoflmn.  Kil, 
t.  4. 

Carya  anguatifolia.  Sivnt,  //nrt.  /U-it.  07  (1827).  —  Nut- 
tall.  .S'v/iv/.  i.  41. 

Carya  totraptera.  Lielimann,   I'iden.il:.  Jledil.  fm  nut.  For. 

l\i„i„iiii.  is."iO,  so. 

Hiooria  Texana.  l,c  Ooiile.  /'(•«<•.  I'kil.  Acad.  1853,  402. 
■?  Carya   Toxnna.    C  il.'  Candiillc,  Ann.  Scl.  Xut.  si'r.  4, 

will,  'i:!  (ISI'i'.')  ;   /'i-iflr.  xvi.  |it.  ii.  l-t."i. 
Carya  lUinoensia,  Korli,  /hndi:  i.  ')'X\  ( 1800).  —  Lauclio, 

lh„l.irl,e  /hndr.  307,  f.  124. 
Hicorius   Pecan.    Sargent,    Garden    and    Fnrest,    ii.    400 

(l.S,SO). 


A  tn-e,  iiiu'  liuiidrtMl  to  iiiu'  liiiiiih't'il  and  seventy  ft'ct  in  lifijjlit,  with  ii  tall  ma.ssive  trunk  occa.sion- 
ally  .nix  feet  in  diameter  above  it.s  t'niarjjed  and  huttri'ssi'd  base,  and  stout  slii;;iitiy  spreading  branches 
wliich  form  in  tlie  forest  a  narrow  symmetrical  and  inverseiv  |ivrami(lal,  or,  wiiere  they  find  room  to 
Hprcad,  a  broad  round-to|)|ied  liead.  Tlie  baili  of  tile  trunk  is  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  iialf  in 
thickness,  Hght  brown  tinged  witii  red,  and  (h'ejiiy  and  irregnlarly  divided  into  narrow  forked  ridges 
broken  on  the  surface  into  thick  a|>[)rcssed  scales.  The  bark  of  the  young  stems  and  branches  is 
snumth  and  light  reddish  brttwn.  Tiie  bianchlets,  when  they  tiist  apiiear,  are  slightly  tinged  with  red 
and  coateil  with  loose  pale  tomentum  which  soon  wears  awiv,  and  in  their  first  winter  thev  are  glabrous 
or  piiberulotis,  or  pubescent  toward  the  extremities,  and  are  marked  with  nunu'i'ous  oblong  orange- 
colored  lenticels  and  with  large  obliing  obsciirelv  thret-lobed  roncave  leaf-.scars  surroundi'd  bv  a  broad 
thin  mend)ranaeeous  border  which  etid)raccs  the  lower  axiliaiy  bud.  The  terminal  buds  are  acute, 
comju'essed,  half  an  inch  long,  covered  with  clusters  of  bright  yelK)w  articulate  hairs,  and  during  the 
winter  are  coated  with  pale  tomentum  ;  the  scales  are  strap-shaped,  ofteti  obscurely  pinnate  at  the  apex, 
bright  green  on  the  inner  surface  and  slightly  accrescent.  The  axillary  buds  arc  ovate,  acute,  co.n- 
pressed,  and  covered  witii  clusters  of  yellow  articiihite  hairs,  and  are  often  stalked,  especially  the  u])per 
one  of  the  node,  which  is  fretpieutly  twice  as  large  .is  the  buds  below.  The  leaves  are  from  twelve  to 
twenty  inches  in  length,  and  are  composed  of  from  nine  to  seventeen  leaflets  and  of  slender  ,,'labrous 


r;i 


If 


J 


138 


siLVA  OF  Nonrn  America. 


JUOLANIIACE^,. 


'i 


I 


ll 


} 


or  pubescent  petioles  flattened  and  slifjlitly  grooved  along  the  upper  side  toward  the  base ;  the  loatlets 
arc  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolato  and  more  oi-  less  falcate,  anil  increiise  in  size  from  the  lowest  to  the 
uppermost ;  they  are  long-pointed,  and  coarsely  and  often  doubly  serrate  with  incurved  cartihiginous 
teeth,  rounded  or  sonu'times  wedge-shaped  on  one  side  and  shorter  and  wedgi-shaped  on  the  otlier  at 
the  base,  and  are  borne  on  stout  petiolules  often  a  (juartcr  of  an  inch  long,  or  are  sometinu's  sessile  with 
tiie  exce|)tion  of  the  terminal  leaHet.  whicii  is  synnnetrical  and  wedge-shaped  at  the  base  and  raised  on 
a  slender  stall;  an  inch  or  :in  iiu'h  and  a  half  in  length  ;  when  they  unfold  the  leaflets  are  bright  green 
and  glandular,  and,  like  the  petioles,  are  coated  with  thick  pale  tonientum  which  soon  d!  <ap|iears ;  at 
maturity  they  are  thin  and  firm,  dark  yellow-green  and  glabrous  or  pilose  on  the  upper,  and  pale  and 
glabrous  or  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  from  four  to  eight  inches  in  length  and  from  an  inch  to 
three  inches  in  width,  with  narrow  yellow  midribs  rounded  on  tin-  n]>pcr  side,  and  thin  conspicuous 
veins.  The  stamiiiate  flowers  appear  in  late  spring  in  slender  puberulous  clustered  aments  three  to  five 
iiu''ics  long,  usually  i)roduced  from  buds  fornu'd  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  ytsar,  or  occasion- 
ally on  shoots  of  the  year,  and  sessile  or  short-pcduiu'ulate  ;  the  perianth  is  light  ycHow-green  and 
hirsute  on  the  outer  surface,  with  broadly  ovate  acute  lobes  rather  shorter  than  the  oblong  or  obovate 
bract,  which  is  narrowed  at  both  ends  and  twice  as  long  as  the  nearly  sessile  yellow  stamens.  The 
pistillate  flowers  are  oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  slightly  f'oni"-angled  and  coated  with  yellow  scurfy 
pubescence,  with  a:i  ovat»'  more  or  less  elongated  bract,  broadly  ovate  bractlets,  and  an  ovate  acute 
calyx-lobe.  The  fruit,  which  is  produced  in  clusters  of  from  three  to  eleven,  is  oblong,  pointed,  four- 
winged  and  angled,  one  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  bni  \(|,  dark  brown  and 
more  or  le^s  thickly  eoated  with  clusters  of  yellow  articulate  hairs  ;  the  hu.sk  is  abuui  a  sixteenth  of  an 
inch  thick,  hard  and  brittle,  and  splits  at  maturity  nearly  to  the  base,  di.scharging  the  nut  aiul  often 
remaining  on  the  brani'h  during  the  winter.  The  nut  is  ovoid  to  ellipsoiilal,  nearly  cylinilrical  or 
slightlv  four-angled  toward  the  acute  or  acuminate  apex,  rounded  and  usually  a|)iculate  at  the  base, 
bright  reddish  brown  with  irregular  black  marks,  and  one  to  two  inches  in  length,  with  thin  brittle 
walls,  thin  papc-y  partition.*,  the  basal  vfutral  partition  being  often  not  more  than  an  eighth  of  an 
ini'h  high,  and  large  irregular  lacuna-  lilleil  with  a  dark  astringent  powder.  The  s»'ed  is  sweet, 
ovate-oblong,  di\idcd  from  tlu'  base  to  above  the  middle,  aui'i  covered  with  a  red-brown  coat  ;  the  lobes 
are  nniiuled  and  slight  1\  divided  at  the  base,  nearly  flat  and  .slightly  gr(H)ved  on  the  inner  face,  and 
rounded  on  the  outer,  which  is  marked  from  near  the  ba.se  to  the  ajiex  by  two  tleep  longitudinal 
grooves  caused  bv  ridges  on  the  wall  of  the  nut,  and  ruuntled  and  two-lobed  at  the  ajK'X,  with  lobes  as 
long  as  the  short  flattened  [xiint  of  their  connective. 

J/icorid  J'liiiii  is  distributed  from  the  valley  of  the  Missi.ssippi  Hiver,  where  it  probably  finds  its 
most  northern  home  in  the  neighborhood  of  iSabula.  Iowa,  through  southern  Illinois  and  Imliana, 
western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  to  central  Mississippi  and  Alabama,'  and  through  Mi.s.s(mri  an'.! 
Arkansiis  to  southciustern  Kansas,  the  Indian  Territory,  western  Louisiana,  and  the  valley  of  the  Concho 
Hiver  in  Texas,  reajipearing  on  the  mountain  ranges  of  Mexico.  The  largest  of  the  Ilickory-trees,  the 
I'ecaii  inhabits  low  rich  ground  in  the  neighl)(>rhood  of  streams,  growing  to  its  greatest  si/<>  on  the 
fertile  bottom-lanils  of  southern  Arkunsus  and  the  Indian  Territory,  and  in  western  Texan  surpoMsing 
all  other  tretts  in  8ize  and  value.'' 


'  .Mrilir,  fitiriit'ti  tintt  Forrri,  vt.  Ii72.  A  mnArkfibl»  Ilickory-tn***,  evidt-iitlv  ft  liyt>riil  ln'twrni  Hixiritt 

'  \  liirk"rv-tr,M*  iliat  sprung'  up  twenty-Hvp  or  itiirty  yimrn  n^>  I'eiiin  mid  out.  of  llii-  tnic  llirknrii'H,  pniliHlily  llu-tina  turinitim  ur 

nrar  ti  pliintt-il  lV'cAi)-tn>i.'  in  Il/.niilton  Couiilv,  nhin,  M-jih  pulu-Hrrnt  llirona  nltm.  ^^nmiii^  in  WiibaHli  Cniiiityi  Illinuia.  wbh  iiiii<Ip  kimwii 

winliT  liniiirliU'lii.  hiiihII  Imnlit  yilliiw  liuils,  liiiviH  loiijpo.'.iMl   (if  liy  I>r.  .laiob  S'linrik  of  Mount  Cariiii-l  in  tin.  uutunin  of  ISIM. 

four  or  Hvi*  pairn  of  luirrow  falciiti'  Irultrt;.,  oliinnf;  tliin-hii-^k.'il  fruit  TliiK  trci>  Iiiim  Ntoiit  pulN'm'iMit  linini-lilctA,  tlip  Ur^'  terniinul  Inulii  uf 

pruitiiiii'nlly  riil|;i-<i  from  Iuim' to  apfx,  iinolilon^'-olHiviitt'roniprcsM'd  tht*  trut'  Itii'korii'H,  Military  axillary  luaU  rovrn'd  wi(h  valvat*'  or, 

and  slightly  an^^lcd  nut  with  a  Huint'wliat  bittt>r  kcrnid,  in  |i(>rbaps  in  one  ii|MM-ina'U,  with  inibriratt'd  HcalcH,  bniad  IfatU'tH,  and  oblong 

a  hybrid  ItPtwcpn  Hicorin  I'eran  and  Uicoria  minima.     (Sou  S.  .1.  fruit  ni'arly  two  and  a  half  inches  in  Irngth  ;  tkt^  hunk,  which  i« 

(iallowar,  f tar^trfimff,  ii.  TM,  f.)  dark  brown  on  the  outiT  iurface,  '\a  a  third  of  an  inch  thick  and, 


JUOLANDACEjB. 


JUGLANDACKiK. 


SJLVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


139 


3  base ;  the  leaHets 
111  the  lowest  to  the 
urved  cartilaj^itiouH 
tell  on  the  other  at 
inetiines  sessik'  with 
>  hase  anil  raised  on 
i'ts  are  hrij^ht  j;reen 
soon  (Kv'ippears ;  at 
ipper,  and  pale  and 
tnd  from  an  inrh  to 
id  thin  eonspicnons 
mients  three  to  five 
IS  year,  or  oecjision- 
it  yeHow-jxreen  and 
e  ohlonj^  or  ohovate 
'How  stamens.  The 
1  with  yellow  scurfy 
and  an  ovate  aeute 
)lon^,  pointed,  four- 
ad,  dark  hrown  and 
I  a  sixteenth  of  an 
;  the  nut  and  often 
learly  eylinilrieal  or 
ii'ulate  at  the  hase, 
th.  witii  thin  brittle 
an  an  eighth  of  an 

The  seed  is  sweet, 
own  eoat ;  tlie  lolws 

the  inner  faee,  and 
o  deep  longitudinal 

a|R'x,  with  tohe.H  as 

it  probably  finds  itH 
Uinois  and  Indiana, 
rou<;h  Missouri  and 
valley  <»f  the  C-oneho 
ie  Hiekiuy-trees,  the 
j^reatest  si/.i-  on  the 
^rn  Texas  surpotwiug 


a  )iyt)rtil  between  //i<  .»ri<i 
ni)>Hl>ly  lltrorui  lariuumfi  or 
v,  Illiiiuis.  WBH  iiiK'le  kiinwii 
i>l  in  the  iiutiiniii  of  IHfM. 
,  tlio  Urf^*  teriiiinal  1>u(Im  uf 
U  i-nvcn'd  with  vulvate  or, 
lirtiad  li'iitU'ttt,  and  oliluiig 
ii^th  ;  the  litiHk,  wliicli  in 
lirtl  of  liii  iiuli  thick  and, 


The  wood  of  Ilirorut  l\v(tn  is  heavy,  hard,  not  very  strong,  brittle  and  close-gained,  with 
numerous  thin  medullary  rays  and  bands  of  one  or  two  rows  of  large  open  duets  marking  the  layers  of 
annual  growth.  It  is  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  lighter  brown  sapwood.  The  speiilie 
gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  O.TLSO,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  44  "i. 3  pounds.  Less  valuable  than 
the  wood  of  most  of  the  other  species  of  Hickory,  it  makes  excellent  fr.el,  and  is  now  occasionally  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  wagons  and  agricultural  implenients. 

The  nuts,  which  vary  in  size  and  shape,  in  the  thickness  of  t'leir  shells  and  in  (juality,  are  an 
important  auicle  of  connneree.  They  are  usually  gathered  for  market  from  wild  trees,  Texas  producing 
the  largest  quantity  ;  but  in  recent  years  orchards  of  Pecan-treei  raised  from  selected  nuts  have  been 
planted  in  many  of  the  southern  states.' 

Growing  remote  from  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  IHroria  Pt  ran  was  not  known  to  the  early  Europeans 
who  explored  the  American  forests;  in  170-t  Peniraut,  a  follower  of  Bienville,  noticed  the  nuts  among 
the  fruits  usimI  in  the  village  of  the  Natchez  Indians  on  the  Mississippi."  and  they  were  described  by 
Charlevoix  *  and  Le  Page  dn  Prat/*  in  the  narratives  of  their  travels  in  Louisiana;  and,  according  to 
Alton,  the  tree  was  introduced  into  European  gardens  in  IT()*J. 


Aplittin^r  nrai-l\  to  thr  ha.Hr,  rcnmiiis  nii  |h«'  hniiii-h  iiftiT  dint  lmr<;in<; 
th*'  mil  ;  thi.H  in  oliton^,  two  iin'lu-H  hm^,  two  thirtU  of  iiii  iiuh  hiuai), 
.Hhortpninird,  slightly  i>oni]>n>sHrd,  >li};htly  or  inti.''piiMioMs]y  :ii)^h-d, 
iiiiil  li^'lit  rt'ddii^h  hrown.  v^itli  thin  H.illsurid  |iiirtititiiis,  hiri;i'  irri'*;. 
td.ii  luruiia>,  and  a  swt't'l  krrnrl. 

'  l>ci>|i  !4aiidy  h>ani,  into  which  ita  lon^  root.t,  sonu'tinu's  dt'Hcrnil- 
U\^  tt)  a  depth  of  twenty  feet,  may  |)on('trato  frt'ely.  i.n  hvst  siiitt-d 
fttr  ihi'  ('iilti\nli>  n  of  the  IVnin-trec,  whih>  Ihi^^v  land  with  water 
i.tandiri};;  near  the  Hurfaei*  irt  h-a.Ht  favnrulite  to  it.t  ^i^omus  growth. 
I'lie  treen  are  u<«ually  Net  from  forty  to  eighty  feet  apart  lu  .itnti^ht 
r<ms,  iieeonlin^  to  the  iptality  of  the  <tnd,  the  \»'»i  noil  siip|Kirtin^ 
the  ^rraieitt  niindwr  uf  tn**-*.  S-cdhn^  trees  one  ur  two  UHr--  ohi 
are  generally  uti'd  ;  and  some  of  the  most  eX]M»rieneed  iV'ran 
pljinterM  ret'oinnieiid  eiittin^  liurk  the  tap-root  to  the  h>ii^tli  of  tU- 
ti'eii  or  twenty  int-lieii  t«t  make  it  hntneli  anil  thiin  ini  reuHe  (he  nunt- 
U'r  of  nnitn.  In  ortU"-  to  keep  the  );round  ihar  of  weedf*.  a  erop 
i>f  cotton,  cum,  «)r  |H>tut(M'ii  in  often  ^ruwu  ainung  thn  trees  ihirtn^ 
their  Hrst  year  ;  and  a  erop  uf  ehivr  or  eow-jM-a*  inay  U'  plowed 
under  the  iteeund  year  with  ailvantaj;*)  tu  the  yonn^  treen.  ^Vhen 
the  trei'jt  an-  lliree  i»r  fnnr  yearn  ohI  the  ground  eau  Iw  laid  ilown 
to  |H>rnmnent  pa.>tturt*  ami  ^razetl  with  rtlieep  or  eulve!*,  and  the 
orehard  will  reijuirt^  no  further  ean*  U'vond  the  frrtili/atiun  of 
the  In-eji  to  inerea.^e  tlnir  prodintiveneHS.  The  seedling  trees  are 
raided  froni  wdeeted  nutn  planted  at  soon  ha  ripe,  tit  n>wH  four  feet 
ajwrt,  and  an-  eovered  with  thn-e  or  four  inehen  of  soil  ;  dnrini; 
the  rtrst  year  they  jjmw  from  ei^ht  to  fifteen  inches  in  height. 
S>edling^  vary  in  the  sizu  anil  tpuility  of  the  nutii  they  pr>>tUh't*, 
and  even  when  raided  from  the  finest  nuts  produce  small  and  infe- 
rior fruit.  The  U'Ht  n'sults.  an*  obtained  hy  nsini;  plant-,  (grafted 
with  scions  taken  from  seleited  tre*-?*,  although  the  first  eost  of 
Hueli  plants  is  \i\^h.  'Ilu'  I'eean  ean  In>  grafted  hy  a  rin^-;;raft 
uf  the  lia-k,  liy  (uti^ne  and  hy  elrft-^raftin^  ;  Imt  the  operation  is 
iti-lieale  and  dinieult,  unil  often  failn  unlest  performiMl  hy  iin  e\pe- 
rieneed  hand. 

A  pound  of  JVeun  nuts  uHually  contains  fnmi  eighty  to  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  nuts,  although  lorty  to  sixty  of  the  largest  nut.s 
sonu'times  weigh  n  iMuind.  Si'veral  named  varieties,  selecteil  on 
iKTOunt  of  their  size,  the  thtnnesH  of  their  shells,  and  the  iptality 
of  their  kernels,  aw  now  eultivated.  Cohnnhian  is  slightly  hmader 
tthuve  than  ladow  the  middle,  short-pitinted  at  the  ajvex,  full  and 
luuniled  at  the  hase,  sometlnu's  two  inehes  and  a  ipnirter  lon^  and 
one  ineh  and  an  eighth  hroad.  .lewett  is  a  rtlender  aenminate  nut 
nearly  two  and  one  half  inches  long  and  seven  eighths  id'  an  meh 


liruad,  with  a  prominent  hasal  point.  Van  Dennin  is  a  hroad  uho- 
\.Ue  init  slmrt-pointed  at  the  full  apex,  gradually  narrowed  at  the 
rounded  ha.se,  iihuut  two  inthcs  Kmg  and  two  thirds  of  an  ineh 
lirund.  Stuart  is  rather  fuller  heluw  than  ahuve  the  middle,  ni'arly 
eipiidly  short-puintcd  at  both  end.s,  very  symmetrical,  one  and  one 
third  inches  long  and  three  quarters  uf  an  inch  hroad.  Mcauty  is 
slightly  olH>vate,  sunn-what  angled  at  the  full  short-puintcil  apex, 
gradually  and  regularly  narroweil  at  the  hase,  an  inch  anil  three 
)pi;irterH  long  and  threi-  ijuarters  of  an  inch  hroad.  (See  'I'hf  I'e- 
rtttt  iiHi{  Hnir  to  (irow  It^  "jS,  t.  I  ;  see,  also.  Muhr,  (inrden  nnd 
tnml,  ii.  .".»;it.  —  Van  I>euian,  /^/^  f.  S.  Ihpt.  A>jrir.  1S90,  U.">. 
t.  l.J) 

111  the  forest  the  I'ecan-tree,  like  othiT  llirkories,  diies  not  gruw 
rapidly.  The  log  specimen  in  the  dcsup  ruUection  uf  North 
.\nu-riean  WimhIs  in  the  Aineriean  ^tuseutn  of  Natur-.d  History, 
New  Yor'.,  grown  in  Mi.ssouri,  is  twenty-four  inches  in  diameter 
inside  the  hark,  and  shows  one  Innulred  and  twenty-nine  layers  uf 
annual  growth,  of  which  twenty  are  of  sapwood.  In  eultivatiou, 
however,  and  when  ahumhuitly  fertilized,  it  grows  rapidly  and 
U-giiis  t*i  prtsluce  fruit  in  small  ipiantilii's  at  the  end  of  i-ight  or 
ten  years.  Two  IVian-trees.  planted  in  IST:.',  when  twtt  years  old. 
hy  I>r.  CharleH  Mulir  in  his  garden  in  Midtile,  in  samly  land  origi- 
nall\  eovered  with  {'iue-trec*.  are  now  from  .sixty-five  to  .seventy 
ft-et  high,  with  trunks  five  feet  eleven  inches  and  five  feet  eight 
inches  in  cinumferenci-  three  feet  above  the  ground  ;  and  four 
tn-es  in  the  sanu-  ganlen,  planted  in  ISSO,  are  all  about  lifty  feet 
high  with  trunks  which,  at  ihree  feet  aUtve  the  ground,  girth  f'.'ur 
feet  nine  inches,  four  feet  five  inches,  t\mr  feet  eight  inches,  five 
feet  uini'  inches,  ami  five  feet  five  inches. 

^  "  lis  unt  tie  trois  stirtes  de  noyers  ;  il  y  en  n  dont  les  noix  s<mt 
gros.ses  comme  le  polng.  et  ipn  servent  si  fane  dii  pain  pour  leur 
siiupc,  tuais  les  meilleures  ne  sont  gutres  plus  grosses  ipie  le  poulee  ; 
iU  les  appellent  paeanes."  (Miirgray,  .U- "loire.*  it  IfiK'umt^ili^  v. 
n.".  I  /Vv,Ti/.f(.»,  ./n  Vilh./flf  X'llrhf:].) 

^  "  l.i-  Tacane  est  uiw  Noix  de  la  longueur  &  de  la  ligiitv  d'un 
gros  lilaml.  II  y  en  a  dont  In  cotpie  est  fort  ininee,  d'nutres 
Tout  plus  dure  9i  plus  i^paisse,  vS:  c'est  autant  de  dt'falipit^  sur  le 
fruit  :  elles  sont  un'me  un  pen  plus  f>etites.  Toutes  sont  d'un  gout 
fin  and  delicat ;  I'Arhre,  ipu  les  porte,  vient  fort  haut  :  son  bois, 
son  (fcon'e,  I'lMleur  &  la  figure  de  ses  feuilles  m'ont  paru  asscz 
semhlables  au\  Noyers  d'Kurope."  (./rtunni/ </'um  Voijatjv  j'mt  f»tr 
onlrf  <iu  fioi  iliin.*  /'.h/it  ri'/ur  Sri'tentrinmilc,  vi.  111.) 

*  "  II  y  a  encore  les   Pacanicrs  dont   le  fruit  est  uue  espece  lU"" 


<i  I' 
n 


I   i      i  ( 


i 

T 

1 

' 

I 


>  n 


} 


140 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMEIilCA. 


JUOLANDACEjE. 


The  Pecan,  with  its  tall  straight  trunk  and  great  head  of  cheerful  yellow-green  foliage,  is  one  of 
the  impressive  trees  of  eastern  North  America;  and  as  ornamental  trees  some  of  the  wide-branched 
specimens,  planted  early  in  the  century  to  shade  the  homes  of  the  Creole  planters  of  Louisiana  and 
now  grown  to  vast  proportions,  rival  the  Elms  of  the  New  England  farmhouse  and  the  Live  Oaks  of 
the  Carolina  uiansiun  in  stateliness  and  grandeur. 


iioix  fort  pi'tito,  &  ijr'oii  prpndroit  aii  coup  d'fDil  pour  dei  noi- 
settes, piiri't-  ipiVlleii  rn  ont  la  forine,  la  I'ouleiir,  &  la  coipie  auMi 
tciulrf  ;  iiiiiis  en  (UmIiiiih  oUcs  sunt  tij^iirdes  coiiiiue  les  iioix  ;  elles 
ttolit  plus  ili-lieates  tpte  le»  liotrcD,  inoilis  biiilleuu^H  &  d'llll  guilt  si 
tin,  que  les  Kntni;ois  en  font  des  pmliuos  aussi  bonueA  ()ue  celles 
d'anmndes."     {liiitoire  tie  la  Louitiiitift  ii-  -0.) 

The  first  ileseription  of  the  I'ecan-tree  wan  publiahcd  in  the  Ar- 
hmttim  Ainfriavmm  u{  Miirshall,  who  evidently  had  never  wen  it ; 
the  next  aeeuunt  waa  that  of  Waiigvnbeim,  drawn  up  from  a  small 


rultiratMl  tree  in  the  nunerj  of  William  Prinee  at  Fluahing,  New 
York.  This  tree  had  not  borne  fruit,  and  Wangrnheim'a  flgure 
pnihably  repnwnted  a  peanut.  The  I'ecan  doei  not  secui  to  have 
been  known  on  the  Atlautiu  Benl>oanl  before  1702,  when  some  of 
the  nuts  were  carried  tu  New  York  by  fur-traders  from  the  Miuia- 
sippi  valley.  In  1772  William  Prince  planted  thirty  nuta  and  sue- 
ceeded  in  raiiiin);  ten  planta,  eight  of  which  he  aold  in  Kuglaud  for 
ten  g'.iiueaa  each  (Urcudel,  Am.  Mai.  xiii.  7'>7). 


EXPLANATION   OK  THE   PLATES. 

Pl.\te  CCCXXXVIH.     Hicoria  1'k.  an. 

1.  \  flowering  branch,  natural  size. 

2.  Diagram  of  n  staininate  flower. 

3.  Diagram  of  a  pi^tlllatu  flower. 

4  A  ataininate  flow,  i .  front  view,  enlarged. 
f>.  A  stftniinate  flower,  rear  view,  enlarged. 
G.   A  stainen,  enlarge)). 

7.  A  iiistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

8.  Diognun  of  a  wint«>r-l>ud. 


t 


Platk  CCCXXXIX.     IIi.okia  Pkcas. 

1.  A  fruiting  branch,  natural  size. 

2.  A  nut.  natnnil  site. 
'1  A  nut,  natural  site. 
4.  A  nut,  natural  siiLe. 

.'i.  Crowi  section  of  a  init.  natural  site. 

r>.  A  thin-sliellcil  nut  cut  transversely,  natural  lize. 

7.  A  leaf,  reduced. 

8.  A  winter  branclikt,  natural  size. 


JUGLANDACEJB.  ■  Sllvd   ol   Moith    Ann 

en  foliage,  is  one  of 

the  wide-branched 

8  of  Louisiana  and 

id  the  Live  Oaks  of 


I  Prince  at  Flunhing,  New 
and  Wangfuheiu'a  flf^ure 
!An  docs  not  hpcui  to  havo 
cfore  170'J,  whrn  >ome  of 
ir-tnidi<ra  from  the  Miuia- 
aiitod  thirty  niita  and  aue- 
ch  he  sold  in  Kugtand  for 
7r>7). 


/t' 


m^ 


_/^: 


f 


r/h^- 


m 


■^ 


V 


I  '^ 


Tab.ccrxy.xv:i! 


<\ 


140  .SILVA    Or'  NOliTlI  AMKHICA.  juglandaceje. 

The  Pecan,  with  its  tall  tttrniirht  trunk  and  irreut  head  of  r-lie<>rfn1  vAllnw-oroon  fnlimrp  in  (<n»  nf 

■  "        'I-.  >  f    .  1  K--  -  .4    I  .     .1 .     .'.  ii,iii-'-ii,ii     til-. I!  [HI     II  ,  : 

*u>  ii'i\tiiry  t«>  Hhadi'  tin;  lioiiiex  nl'  tiitt  (lr«><>lp  |ilni>t»r«  .  >ntt  ottj 

i  ottiouH,  riva)  the  Klnut  of  ♦.he  Nrw  Kiifjluiid  I'liniihoiiiH'  uoti  \\\r  f.fvt/ i)uk«  nf 
tjiu«)int>««  aori  gritmli'ur. 


.  ,    mnilKlir,  j}    t»    (1H|U0    MUI 

\  ltgitt<>r*  oumnin  '.m  ntiu     elUn 
•  .  :iit>in«  ljuUleu»H«  &  d'tin  fgiAi  «i 

'  .  ii. 'Jfl.) 

i'  .  ■>  «u  pnliliiiliml  !i 


.'iilli>iil*4i  irt'f  in  tl«'  imrwrj  ut  \Villi»m  I'rim'f  •«  KinahmK,  '^•» 
York.     Ti.is  tiv«  liul  uut  burur  truil,  uu)   W4U|[k.nh«ia<'>  flpirv 
ptuVkUy  rvpruaatwi  •  peauat.     Th«  Vf^n  iluvn  not  xwiu  to  li«t« 
tiwui  knowu  im  tbv  AtUutic  HnlHMnl  bdfurp  1703,  vhvn  Mtiw  <.( 
(W  ■mU  iirtt  urriiiil  lo  N'l-w  Ynrk  \<r  (tir-tr><l«n  fr«m  ilic  MIwm 
illi>y      In  177!J  VViilntm  IVwuf  pliuiU'il  thiHv  iintu  iiwl  -i 
'11  rauiiitt  t<'ii  pluiilji,  figiit  u(  whii^)^  li<'  «>M  in  KiijrlAinl  ^ 
WM  Mcli  (Unwitrl,  Am.  Jfai.  xiii.  7ii7). 


KXl  I 

1     \  I- 


1    A 
.V  A 

C.    \ 


\TK»i 


I'l:' 


."1 
.  .1 


(   i 


i.-turai  t'tte. 


JUGLANDACEJJ. 


Silva  nl  M'Jtth   Aiiii'iK  a 


Tab .  CCCXXXVIU 


Prinw  •!  Kituihiiii,',  Nf» 

kii  iltN-'H  not  »t'r>tu  It'  Iia«u 
lor*'  170V,  «rhf»a  w»tu»  uf 
-tnxUM  Jnnn  lUc  Mi«r.» 
jiuiil  thirty  niilt  »ii>i 
ill  br  wM  III  Knjitx")  ' 
737). 


C  E  Fita^-i  litM 


r- 


<-^  --> 


0)) 


t; 


HICORIA    PECAN,    t'li'.t 


JitfKeXU 


i 


A  Ht.'^^fn.^  Jtr.u-  ' 


.'"U"  .   :r-,-r,r    .■  ,/.-,.. 


^ 


! 


1      I 


l1 

i    , 

1 

hf 


i! 


HI 


»! 


■it 


J 


/ 


V 


'ill 


i 


fr 


_     ,i! 


- 


!  r 

f 


li 


} 


1 1 


It         ! 


'I  I 


,lvH    >!"  Nofth  Aiticti'  I 


C  i  fiJ,-.   ,/rt 


",1,  i-r-xtt.\i. 


¥ 


! 


I( 


/•V/vWt, 


ll 


HICORIA    PECAN,  butt. 


^4  Ruuf^at    ,/u 


^•if  . '  iit'u  :,r  rari,% 


•Si 


fl 


"■  A 


} 


II  I 


JUOLANOACKA 


aiLVA   OF  NOJiTJI  AMh'JiWA. 


141 


HIOORIA   MINIMA. 

Bitternut.     Swamp  Hlokory. 

Li;afi-i;ts  T)  to  0,  lanceolate  to  ohlonn-limceolate.  Fruit  4-winp;ed  from  the  apex 
nearly  to  the  middle;  nut  ovate  or  oljlong,  often  broader  than  long,  thin-shelled; 
kernel  bitter.     Winter  buds  bright  yellow. 


Blooria  minlmA.  lirittun.  /lull.  Torre;/  Hot.  I  lull,  XV.  '.'M4 
(1888).  — Dipiwl,  Hnndh.  Uuhhultk.  ii.  ;W7,  f.  154. — 
Koelin*.  Deiiltrhf  Prmlr.  7.'t,  f.  '.'.'t  K.  K',  —  CuultiT,  r»«. 
Irih.  U.  S.  Xal.  Ilrrh.  ii.  411  ( .l/iin.  I'l.   iV.    IVnis). 

Juglana  alba  minima.  Mnnliatl,  Arlmni.  .I»i.  t>S(t7H.')). — 

CiutiKlioni,   Ti'/y.  iifijli  Slnli  I'niti,  ii.  L'fl2. 
Juglana  cordlformia,  \VaiiK«i>lieiiii,  Nonlam,  HoU.  2ff,  X. 

i(».  r.  'jr>(i7s7). 

Joglana anBUatlfoUa,  I'oiret,  l.nm.  Dirt.  iv. mM  (nut  Aitiiii) 
(1797).  —  Ihi  .Monl  ilii  ('oiir«i'l,  llnl.  Cull.  e.l.  "J.  vi.  '.';H>. 

Juglana  auloata,  Willileimw,  lUrl.  Ituumx.  l.'>4  i.K'-'*') : 
Sfite.  Iv.  457.  —  liiirkliniiiwn,  Ifiimlh.  Furrthof.  i.  7">8.  — 
MudiUnlwrK  A  Willili'iiow.  .S'rur  Srhrlfl.  fletrll.  mil.  Fr. 
Brrllii,  iii.  .'I'.M —  IVniHin,  Syii.  ii.  oM.  —  DenfiiiiUiini'H, 
llUl.  Arh.  ii.  .'UN. 

Juslaoa  mlalma,  liurkliauMii,  llatuUi.  Furtllmt.  \.  70() 
(tWH)). 

Juglana  muoronata,  Miohaux,  A7.  Ihr.-.lm.  ii.  ID*.'  (IHo;i). 


Juglana  amara.  Michaux  f.  Jlht.  Arh.  Am.  i.  177,  t.  4 
(IMIO).  —  I'linili,  Fl.  Aui.  Srpl.  ii.  (l,'W. 

Carya  amara,  Niiitnll,  (leu.  ii.  '.".'•.'  (I«1H).  —  Klllott,  .V*. 
ii.  ()'.'(>.  —  S|ireiiKel,  .Si/hI.  iii.  HI!).  —  Spacli,  /lUt.  Vfij.  ii. 
177.—  lliMik.1-,  Fl.  JInr.-Aiu.  ii.  141.  — Torrey,  /'/.  A'.  )'. 

ii.   IK't — KiiierMiii,   Trren  Muta.  tOil,  t.   15 I)arliii){. 

ton.  Fl.  Criilr.  ncl.  H,  '.'(VI.  —  Curtif,  Kei).  (Iriilwi.  Sun: 
X.  Cur.  INtMl,  iii.  44.  —  rhnpimin,  Fl.  410. —  C.  ile 
CjiikIciIIi',  Ann.  Sri.  .\,it.  »,<r.  4,  xviii.  .'»>,  t.  I,  f.  'J,  t.  5,  f. 
55  1  f'riKlr.  xvi.  pi.  ii.  144.  —  Kwli.  I)euilr.  i.  59'-'.  — 
Laiii'lio,  l)eul»elni  Ihnilr.  .'(08.  —  Uid^wny,  Pror.  V.  S, 
Xul.  Mu:   18M'.'.  77.  —  Sarijeiit,  Fure.il    Tree*   X  Am. 

\Of/i    Ceu.iun  I'.  S.  ix.  I.'t5 WiiImdm  A;  C'oiiltcT,   llnii/'t 

.lAi/i.  ..(1.  fl.  4t'i'.».  —  Muyr,  If'uhl.  .V.i/v/./m.  Hid,  t.  4. 

HicoriuB  amarn.  Uiitlin'miiio,  Fl.  Luiliu-lr.  \m  (18'J7>. 

Hicoriua  mlnimuB,  .Sargoiit,  Ounleii  aud  Forest,  ii,  460 
(l««'.l). 


A  tree,  often  one  liunilri>(l  feet  in  lieijjlit,  with  ii  t4ill  HtraJKht  trunk  two  to  three  feet  in  diameter, 
and  Htout  spreiidiiifj  linilm  whicli  form  i  hriiiid  handsonu'  head  of  sliiidir  rather  stiff  ii|)rijjht  hrantlu's; 
or  toward  the  northern  and  noutliern  limits  ol  its  rati^^e  iiiueli  smaller.  The  hark  of  the  trunk  is  from 
one  third  to  three  (juarterH  of  an  ineh  in  thickness,  li^ht  lirown  tinned  with  red,  and  broken  into  thin 
plate-like  wah's,  their  surface  separating  in  small  thin  tlakcs.  The  lir.inchlcts  are  slender  and  marked 
witii  olilon^  pale  lentic"l.s,  and  wiien  they  lirst  apjiear  are  l)ri<;lit  fj^recn  and  covered  more  or  less  thickly 
with  rusty  itairs  which  soon  liis^ippear ;  during  their  tirst  sunnner  they  are  reddish  lirown  and  ^lalirons 
or  puheridons ;  during  the  winter  they  are  reddish  or  oran^re-hrown  and  lustrous,  with  small  elevated 
ohseurely  three-lohed  olicordate  Ieaf-s<'ars,  and  arc  often  covered  toward  the  apex  with  the  clusters  of 
liri^ht  yellow  articulate  hairs  that  likewise  clothe  the  liiids  and  the  fruit ;  in  the  second  year  they  t;i'ow 
^adually  darker  and  ultimately  are  lii^ht  ^''I'V'.  The  terminal  huds  arc  from  one  third  to  three  ipiarters 
of  an  inch  lonj;,  compresseil,olili([ue  at  the  apex,  anil  covered  hy  two  [lairs  of  scales,  the  outer  pair  lieinij 
ovate  or  ohovate,  rounded  and  reticidate  or  sometimes  oltsenrcly  pinnate  at  the  apex,  yellow-fjrecn  and 
pulK-ridous  on  the  inner  surface,  while  the  inner  pair  are  straj^shapcd,  pinnate  at  the  apex,  coated  (Ui  the 
back  with  rufous  tomentnni,  and  sprinkled  with  j;olden  jjlands,  rellexed  and  an  inch  and  a  half  lonjj  at 
maturity,  resendilinjj  in  their  broad  Hat  stalks  and  in  their  coverin-j  the  tirst  pair  of  leaves.  The  lateral 
buds  are  compressed,  slightly  four-anj.{led,  often  stalked,  and  from  one  ei)i[hth  to  one  (piarter  of  an  inch 
in  length,  with  ovate  iM)inted  scales  keeled  on  the  back,  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  slightly  accres- 
cent and  retiexcd  after  the  opening  of  the  bud.  The  leaves  are  composed  of  from  five  to  nine  leaflets 
and  slender  pubescent  jir  hirsute  slightly  grooved  petioles,  and  are  from  six  to  ten  inches  hmg ;  the 
leaflets,  which  increase  in  size  from  the  bmte  to  the  apex  of  the  leaf,  are  lanceolate  to  oblong  or  ovate- 


u 


if 


if  , 


^1 


) 


112 


ISILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


JUOI-ANDACEiK. 


luni-eolate,  or  obovate.  loiirr-poiiiti'd,  and  rather  I'onrsely  nerratc  with  rcHoxed  calloi'><  teetli  exct'iit  at  the 
h;iS(',  w  hich  i^<  »'(jiiall_v  or  mKM|iially  wedfjt-sliaped  or  Kiihconhito,  and  art-  sessilo  with  tile  cxcfptioii  of  the 
terminal  leatU't,  wiiiiii  is  gradually  narrowed  into  a  h)n)i;  or  sliort  |)etioinle  ;  when  they  nnl'old  they  are 
histrons,  hriijiit  veiiow-jrreen  or  bronzy  red,  [jnbeseeut  above  and  eoated  beh>w  with  paU'  tonientnm  and 
histroiis  jjolden  often  persistent  glands  ;  an<l  at  niatnrity  tliey  are  thin  and  firm,  (hirk  yelhiw-frreen  and 
"■lalirons  on  tlie  npper  surfaee,  ami  on  the  lower  surface  lij^hter  and  ^rlabrous  or  pubescent,  especially 
alonjf  the  midribs,  or  roated  with  {golden  <;lands,  from  four  to  six  inches  in  lenj^th  and  from  three  (piar- 
tt  IS  of  an  inch  to  an  incli  and  a  quarter  in  width,  with  narrow  rounded  pale  nii(bibs  and  slender  primary 
veins,  or  those  of  t!ie  lowest  pair  are  often  not  more  than  half  this  size.  The  catkins  of  staminatc 
llowers  are  nsuallv  produced  from  branidies  of  the  previous  year,  but  sometimes  frtmi  the  base  of  shoots 
(if  the  vear ;  they  are  siifjlitly  pubescent,  and  from  tliree  to  four  inches  long,  with  a  slender  jjcdnncle 
often  an  inch  in  lenjjth.  and  lanceolate  acute  bracts  ronndeil  and  boat-shaped  on  the  bach,  coated  with 
li)n<;  rustv  hairs,  and  half  an  inch  in  lenjjfth.  Before  they  unfold  the  buds  of  the  staminatc  Howers  are 
tlattt'ned.  fjreen,  (glandular  with  scattered  pale  glands,  and  covered  toward  the  apex  with  long  slender 
pale  lufous  hairs  ;  the  bract  is  ovate,  acute,  twice  us  long  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  and,  like  them, coated 
on  the  outer  surface  witli  scattered  rufous  hairs;  there  are  four  stamens  with  ovate  yellow  anthers  deeply 
eniarginate  at  the  apex  and  aliout  as  long  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx.  The  pistillate  llowers  are  half  an 
inch  ill  length,  slightly  four-angled,  and  covered  with  yellow  scurfy  tonientnm  ;  the  bract  is  hmceolato, 
acute,  hairy  at  the  inargiiis.  and  coated  on  the  inner  surface  with  soft  pale  hairs  ;  the  bnictlets  are  broadly 
ovate,  acute,  thin  and  spreading,  liairy-|iiibescent  on  the  inner  surface,  and  rather  shorter  than  tiie 
acute  calvx-loiie  ;  the  stigmas,  which  mature  and  begin  to  wither  before  the  staminate  tloweiM  open,  are 
exserted  and  rellexed  at  maturity,  as  long  as  the  bract,  and  light  green.  The  fruit  is  three  quarters  of 
an  inch  to  an  iiiih  and  a  half  long,  obovate  to  subglobose,  and  four-wiiiged  fnmi  the  apex  to  about  the 
miilillc,  with  a  busk  an  eighth  of  an  inch  thick  or  les,s,  more  or  less  thickly  covered  on  the  outtT  surface 
with  gidden  scurfy  pubescence,  and  conspicuously  marked  on  the  light  brown  inner  surface  with  dark 
veins  radiating  from  the  base.  The  nut  is  ovate  or  oblong,  often  broader  than  long,  compressed, 
ruiiiided,  and  marked  at  the  base  with  dark  lines  along  the  sutures  and  alternate  with  them,  de- 
jiressed  or  ohconhite  and  abruptly  contracted  into  a  long  or  short  point  at  the  apex,  gray  tinged  with 
red  or  light  rcdilish  brown,  and  irregularly  and  coarsely  reticulate  on  the  surface,  with  a  thin  or  rarely 
with  a  thick  brittle  shell  which  contains  numerous  htrge  lacuna',  and,  like  the  thin  rugose  partitions 
of  the  interior,  is  dark  reddish  brown  and  very  rugose  on  the  inner  surface.  The  si-ed  is  eumpres.seil, 
with  tfat  cotyledons,  rounded  and  deeply  two-parted  at  the  base,  rounded  and  lobed  at  the  a|)ex,  the 
lobes  being  as  long  or  longer  than  their  short-pointed  connective,  dee])ly  rugose  with  irregular  cross 
folds,  covered  with  a  bright  reddish  brown  coat,  and  very  bitter. 

Iliroriii  tiiiiiiimt  is  distributed  from  southern  Maine  to  the  i.shtnds  of  the  St.  Ijiwrence  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Nicolot  River,  westward  from  the  neighborhood  of  Montreal  through  Ontario,'  central 
Michigan  and  Minnesoti  to  southeastern  Nebraska,'^  eastern  Kaiis;is,'  and  the  Indian  Territory,  and 
.soiitliward  to  the  valley  of  the  Appalachicola  Iviver  in  western  Florida  and  to  that  of  the  Trinity  Kiver  in 
Texas.  An  inhabitant  of  low  wet  woods  near  the  borders  of  streams  iind  swamps  or  of  high  rolling 
uplands.  Jlinirid  ininiiiin,  which  rea<dies  a  higher  latitude  than  any  other  Hickory-tree,  is  the  most 
abuiiilant  sjiecies  in  Canada,  where  it  is  commoi'i  south  anil  west  of  Montreal,  growing  usually  in  low 
ground,  and  in  the  western  part  of  Ontario  is  one  of  the  principal  trees  of  the  ferest.  Absent  from 
the  iiionntain  forests  of  northern  New  Kngland  and  Nt-w  York,  in  southern  New  Kngland  it  is  one  of 
the  largest  and  coiiiinonest  s]iecies  of  the  genus,  and  is  often  founil  remote  from  streams;  it  abounds 
in  all  the  central  states  east  and  west  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains,  growing  to  its  largest  size  on  the 


'  Hriinit,   Ciil.   IVi/.    f.ii).   Can.    17.  —  Hell,   Gfolog.    Hrp.    Can. 
187'.t-80,  r,T.  —  Mmuiiii,  Cal.  Can.  PI.  434. 


■'  lt.'»»i>>,  Kc/).  .W/.niW.i  .Sliilr  ttxir./  .lynV.  181M,  lOU. 
•  .MiUHju,  Ihftributioti  of  Kattta*  Trett^  13. 


juoi,ani)acea:. 

loii-^  teeth  except  ut  the 
itii  the  exception  of  the 
11  lliey  unfold  tliey  are 
itli  jKiU'  tonientuin  and 
,  (lark  yelh)w-frieon  and 
>r  pubescent,  especially 
ii  and  from  three  (piar- 
l)s  and  slender  ])riinary 
e  catkins  of  staminate 
from  the  base  of  shootH 
itli  a  slender  peduncle 
II  the  back,  coated  with 
e  staminate  Howers  are 
ipex  with  lonjj  slender 
,  and,  like  them,  coated 
>  yellow  anthers  deeply 
iate  Howers  are  half  an 
the  bract  is  lanceolate, 
lie  bractlets  are  broadly 
ither  shorter  than  tiie 
iiiate  flowers  open,  are 
lit  is  three  (juarters  of 
the  apex  to  about  the 
'd  on  the  outer  surface 
iner  surface  with  dark 
iian   loiiff,  compressed, 
L'rnate  with   them,  de- 
ipex,  jijray  tinjjed  with 
with  a  thiu  or  rarely 
thill  rujfose  partitions 
lie  seed  is  compreased, 
iibed  at  the  apex,  the 
e  with  irrcfjular  cross 

St.  Lawrence  near  the 
Duj^h  Ontario,'  central 
Indian  Territory,  and 
)f  the  Trinity  I{iver  in 
Jis  or  of  hi;rh  rolliufr 
iory-tree,  is  the  most 
rowinjj  usually  in  low 
fcrest.  Absent  from 
Kn^land  it  is  one  of 
streams ;  it  abounds 
its  larfjest  size  on  the 


A(/rii:  181M,  I0«. 

t,  1:1. 


.IlIOLANDACK.*. 


SILVA   OF  NOKTU  AMERICA. 


1J3 


rich  bottom-lands  of  the  lower  Ohio  Basin  ;  '  it  is  rare  on  the  south  Atlantic  seaboard,  and  probably 
does  not  reach  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  but  north  of  the  coast  Pine-belt  in  Alabama  and  Mis- 
sissippi it  is  the  most  multiplied  species  on  the  poor  dry  gravelly  soil  of  the  uplands;'-  in  Iowa  and 
Nebraska  it  is  the  commonest  species ;  it  is  very  abundant  in  Kansas,  growing  farther  west  in  that 
stiite  than  any  other  Hickory-tree,  but  gradually  becomes  rarer  in  southern  Arkansas  and  in  Texas. 

The  wood  of  lllcoriit  minima  is  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  tough,  and  close-grained,  with  numerous 
obscure  medullary  rays  and  bands  of  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts  marking  the  layers  of  annual 
growth.  It  is  dark  brown,  with  thick  light  brown  or  often  nearly  white  sapwood.  The  speciKc  gravity 
of  the  ab.soliitely  dry  wood  is  0.7.ir)2,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  47.(Ki  pounds.  It  is  hugely  used  for 
hoops  and  ox-yokes,  and  for  fuel. 

J/ivoriit  niiniiiKi  was  not  distinguished  by  the  early  European  travelers  and  botanists  in  North 
America,  who  usually  confounded  the  diil'erent  s|)ecies  of  Hickory;  and  the  first  mention  of  it  ajipears 
in  Marshall's  ArlniKtuin  AnnricanuDi,  published  in  178.").  .\ccording  to  Loudon,^  it  was  introduced 
into  Knglish  gardens  in  18(K). 

The  noble  si/c  of  the  nitternut,  its  strong  trunk  covered  with  close  l)riglit  bark,  and  its  handsome 
head,  make  it  at  all  se:isons  of  the  year  one  of  the  most  beautiful  trees  of  the  northern  forest.  In 
cultivation  it  grows  more  rapidly  than  the  other  Hickories,*  with  the  exception  of  the  Pecan,  and,  still 
little  known  or  appreciated  by  planters  it  might  more  often  be  ased  with  advantage  for  the  decoration 
of  parks  and  pleasure-grounds. 

'  KiilKway,  I'nir.  V.  S.  Sal.  Mm.  ISS'J,  77.  Hirnrid  mmimii  in  llii'  .Icsiip  ("<iIl«tion  of  North  Anicrionn  Woods 

^  (hi  thiH  HtMtlltrrii  u|iltiiii)  trt>i>  ilio  nut  i.4  ufU'ii  tinnHuully  tliii'k-  in  tln^  Aini'rican   Must'uin  nf   Nittunil  History,  New  York,  from 

shflti'd,  iintl  itt  i-nvon-d  witli  ii  tliick  husk.  Missouri,  is  fourteen  inches  in  diiinieter  inside  the  bark,  with  one 

'  .\rh.  IWil.  iii.  141.'*,  f.  VH'A.  liiindred  and  nine  layers  of  auuual  growth,  twenty-two  of  which 

*  All  the  8|>eeiea  of  Hieonii  j;r»)W  slowly.     The  log  speeilncn  of  are  .sapwooil. 


Ii 


(^< 


I  : 


(I       I 


\i 


t 


i! 


EXPLANATION  OK  THK   PLATEa 

Pl.ATK    CCCXL.       Hli  IIHIA    MINIMA. 

1.  A  flowerin);  brancli.  natural  aiie. 

2.  Diajn-an)  of  a  ataminat)'  ticiwcr. 

3.  A  staiiiiitdte  tlowcr.  n-ai*  \\vw,  riilar^cKl. 

4.  A  Htaiiiinati'  lliinpr.  fnint  view,  eiiUrgmL 

5.  A  .MtaiiKMi,  enlarged. 

6.  A  piatillati!  Hower,  ai<lo  view.  pnlarKed. 

7.  Vertical  nectinii  <>(  a  pintillati'  flower,  enUvgad. 

8.  A  winter  b^anclilet.  natural  nize. 


PlATK   CCCXI.I.       UlroKIA    MINIMA. 

1.  A  fruiting;  lirancli.  natural  niui. 

2.  A  nut,  natural  »icp. 

3.  Cross  sertion  of  a  nut.  nal.<ral  site. 

4.  Vertiral  leetion  of  a  nut.  natural  size. 
C.  An  enibrj'o,  natural  Kite. 


A- 


I 

% 


f ' 


-\ 


i' 


M-r 


M 


y  / 


%^. 


\. 


J 


MINIM. 


Hi 


f         ! 


Kxri. 


t'l.ATBS. 


li 


} 


I    A  tl>.". 

4.  A    »!!<!' 

5.  ^  >iii-i 


6.  A 


7.  \>ni. 
t*.  A  wii 


Tjfed. 


i:itaral  kuo. 


i        I 


Silva  of  North  America. 


TaL   CCCXL 


:.'■.*,;„,..,  .i^ 


HICORIA     Ml  N  IMA,   :mi!! 


A  Mt,u  '>*<-••  ./i.-fii- 


/"V       '  /'Iftr^ir     J'.ifXf 


Ij 

^. 

\ 

'■\ 

■ 

^v 


!i( 


f 


Silva.  of    Noi'h   Ameru.a 


Tab    CrCXL; 


HICORIA    MINIMA    Hriu 


i 


i  i 


.■/  IiuHf'fn.c   ihr 


Intp  J  Titfifur  Parui 


,  ! 


!| 


t' 


f  ■ 


JL'OLANUACEift 


SILVA   Ut'  MUliTll  AMKUWA. 


HICORIA   MYRISTIOiEFORMIS. 

Nutmeg  Hickory. 

Lkaflets  5  to  11,  oviitt'-lanci'olatf  to  ohlonj^.tjljoviitc,  pale  and  lustrous  on  the 
lowor  surface.  Fruit  ellipsoidal,  c()ns])icuuusly  l-winged  to  the  btuju  ;  nut  ellipsoidal, 
thick-shelled ;  kernel  sweet. 


Htooria  mjrriatlotefomiia,  ilritton.  Hull.  IWreij  Hut.  I  lit/), 

XV.  I'M  (1«^4M).  —  C'.mlter,  Contrib.  U.   S.  Sal.  llfrh.  ii. 

411  (Mm,,  ri.  \y.  7V.,.M). 
Jutflans  inyrUtloturormiH.   Miclmux   f.   Ilht.  Arh.  Am.  i. 

'-M  I,  t.  10  (1810).  —  \'ntn\\.  ft.  .\„i.  .S,/,t.  ii.  fs'tS.  —  ruint. 

/.iim.    Diet.  .Su|i|il.   iv.   111.'.  —  |{itlirieiii|iie,    /'/.    I.ml'ifif. 

ir.i. 
Carya  myrlstloaBrormts.   Nuitall, 'iV/i.  ii.  '."."J  (IHIS). — 
Klliiitl.   .Sk    ii.  ti'JS.    -  S|>reni;il,  Si/at.  iii.  SI'J.  —  Spiuli, 
lli*t.    JV;/.    ii.    17'.».  —  l^mji.n,    .\rh.    Ilril.    iii.    I4.M,   f. 
1^75.  —  Clia|iiiiuii,  Ft.  410.  —  C.  >lu  Citiidnlle,  Ann,  Sci. 


Nut.  Bi'r.  1,  xviii.  'Mt,  l.  (i,  f.  C8  ;   I'rmlr.  xvi.  jit.  ii.  145.  — 
KiH'li,  iJeiiilr.  i.  riUr>.  —  I..uucIib.  Oenttehe  Dtiulr.  ^08,  — 
.Sargent,    Fnrett    Trees  .V.   .Iwi.    \Wh  Ceiuiu    I'.   S,  ix. 
l:t,"..  —  Muyr.   IIW./.  A'.-n/«/«.  Iti2,  t.  4. 
Carya  araara.  vui-.  1'  myristlcieformtii,  Ci)o|ier,  Smitlito- 

iii'tii   /Ay.   IH.'iS,  •.")."». 

Hicoriua  myrlBtioturormis,  Sargent,  (Jun/fn  ami  t'oreat, 

ii.  4r,0  (I.SSiH. 
Hicoria   Pernowiona,   •^mlworth,    Treen   of   H'ashiiiijtoii, 

(1801). 


A  trw,  cijjhty  to  oiu'  hiiiidrt'il  fet't  in  lii-i<;lit,  with  a  U\\\  «triiijjlit  trunk  oftt'ii  two  feet  in  (Iiamc'tt>r 
and  Mtunt  Nlijriitly  N|irva(iin^  hranchus  wliii'li  t'orni  a  t'oniparativi'ly  narrow  ratliur  u|)en  Ituad.  Tliu  Imrk 
of  the  trunk  is  from  ono  lialf  to  thruu  (|uartc'rs  of  an  iiit'li  thiuk,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  and 
broken  irri'jjnlarly  into  small  tliin  appres.scd  stall's.  Tiu-  itranciilcts  are  slender  and  arc  coated  at  lirst 
with  lustrous  jrolden  or  brown  |>eltute  s<-ales  which  often  <lo  not  entirely  disa|ipear  until  the  second  year; 
during  their  lirst  winter  they  are  li^ht  brown  or  ashy  ^I'ay  and  marked  with  small  scattered  pale 
lenticels  and  small  oval  emar^inate  elevated  leaf-scars,  and  in  their  second  year  they  become  dark 
retldisli  brown.  The  terminal  buds  are  from  an  eighth  to  a  ipiarter  of  an  inch  long,  broadly  ovate  and 
rather  obtus**,  the  outer  scales  being  coated  with  thick  brown  scurfy  pubescence  and  soon  splitting  so 
that  the  inner  Hcali-s,  wbiuli  are  covered  with  thick  pale  tomentum,  are  displayed  ;  the  a.xillary  buds  are 
much  smaller  and  are  acute,  slightly  tiattened,  se.ssile  or  short-stalked,  and  often  solitary.  The  leaves 
are  compowd  of  from  live  to  eleven  leatlets  and  of  .slender  terete  or  slightly  grooved  8cnrfy-j)ubesceut 
]ietioles,  and  are  from  .seven  to  fourteen  inches  in  length  ;  the  leallets  are  ovate-lanceolate  or  the  upper 
ones,  which  are  usually  twice  as  large  as  those  at  the  base  of  the  leaf,  are  broadly  obovate ;  they  are 
acute  with  short  or  elongated  points  at  the  apex,  usually  eipially  or  sometimes  unecpially  wedge-shaped 
or  rounded  ut  the  narrow  base,  coarsely  serrate  with  remote  incurved  teeth,  and  short-petiululate  or 
nearly  sessile,  the  terminal  leaHet  being  decurrent  on  a  broad  .sUilk  rarely  half  an  inch  long ;  when  they 
unfold  they  are  coated  with  scurfy  brown  pubescence  on  the  lower  surface  and  are  covered  on  the 
up|M'r  by  circular  more  or  less  persistent  clusters  of  brown  scales;  at  maturity  they  are  thin  and  firm, 
dark  green  above,  and  below  are  uu)re  or  less  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  and  silvery  white  and  very 
lustrous,  changing  late  iu  the  oeiwon  to  bright  bronzy  brown  ;  they  are  four  or  five  inches  in  length  and 
from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  breadth,  with  pale  midribs  scurfy-pubescent  on  both  sides  and 
numerous  straight  primary  forked  veins  and  thin  cros.s-vcinlets.  The  catkins  of  the  staminate  flowers, 
which  are  three  or  four  inches  long  and  are  coated,  like  the  bract  and  caly.v  of  the  Hower,  with  dark 
brown  scurfy  jtubescence,  have  a  common  peduncle  three  (juarters  of  an  inch  long  and  linear-lanceolate 
lateral  bracts  half  an  inch  iu  length  ;  the  bract  of  the  Hower  is  ovate-oblong,  acute  and  about  twice 
as  long  as  the  broadly  ovate  rouuded  lobes  of  the  culyx ;  there  are  six  stiimens  with  oblong  emarginute 


•i 


i: 


tl 


f 


140 


SIIA'A    OF  NOUril  AM  nine  A. 


JI'dl.ANIIACKit:. 


antlirri).  Tho  fi>mult>  (lower  Ih  dliloiifr,  iiiirr)iw<>(l  iit  Ixitb  cikIn,  Mli)(litly  foiir-anKliMl  imd  ciivitviI  with 
tliick  brown  Hciirfv  |)uIii>im-('Iici>  ;  llii>  liract  Ih  clon^iitvtl,  latu'tnlutts  iiviite,  ami  twici>  iu«  loti);  iin  tlio 
tiviitd  aciiti'  lii'Mctlt'ts  and  llii'  ralvx-lolii-.  Tlii'  fruit,  wliii'li  is  iimially  military  ini  tlu'  liraiicli,  iH  <'lli|)- 
miiilal  or  Nli^litly  iiliovatc,  l'iiiir-ri<l)ri-il  to  the  liaH*-  willi  liroail  thick  riil^cN,  alioiit  an  inrli  ami  a 
half  lontd  ami  coatcil  on  tlu' onttT  Mnrfacc  with  y*'ll<>^v  or  lirown  Kcnrfy  iinhi'Mfcncc ;  the  luiNk  Ih  not 
more  than  ont'  tliiity-Ni-conil  of  an  itii'li  thirk,  ami  in  opening  HpiitH  nearly  to  thi>  hasc.  The  not  in 
(>lli|woiilal  iM'  HoMU'liuD'H  Kli^htly  oIiovmIc,  an  inch  lon^,  thriT  i|iiarli'rN  of  an  inrh  hroail,  ronniird  and 
a|iictdat(>  at  iioth  rmU, Mnooth,  dark  rcddiKli  hrown  and  marked  with  irregular  loii);itndinal  lirokcn  hands 
III'  Hinall  ^ray  spots  which  often  cover  the  entire  snrface  at  the  ends.  It  liaN  a  very  hard  hony  shell  one 
eiirjith  of  an  inch  thick  or  more,  with  a  tiiick  dixnepinicnt  separating  tin-  cotylcdonN,  a  low  thin  dorsal 
di>se|iiiiiciit  and  a  small  sweet  seecl  \Nith  two  deep  lon^riiiidinal  ^rooxes  on  the  ontvr  Nnrfuce  of  the  thick 
cotyledons,  a  short  hnmd  cunnm-tive,  and  a  dark  hrown  testa. 

Il'itiiriii  iiii/rintiriiftiniiin  inhaliits  tiie  hanks  of  rivers  and  nwampn,  jjrowinjj  in  rich  molut  noil  or 
Hometimcs  on   higher  ^ronml  at  a  considerahlc  distance  aliove  the  stream.      It  is  rare  and  very  local  in 

tin liHt  re^rion  of  Sonth  Carolina ; '   it  occiu's  in  the  cretaceous  licit  of  central  Alaliama  '  hetwecn  the 

Tondii<;liee  and  Alahama  Uivern,  where  it  (JTowh  with  //irnriii  I'miii  and  (^inrciin  Ihirnnilii,  und  in 
central  Mississippi;'  ami  it  is  connnon  in  sonthern  Arkansas*  and  on  the  Sierra  Mudre  Monntains  of 
northeastern  Mexico.' 

The  wood  of  //ifiirlii  nti/rlnflcdl'iiniils  is  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  tou^h,  and  closj'-jjrainiHl,  and 
ront.iins  numerous  thin  inconspicuous  medidlary  rays,  many  small  open  duets  and  hands  of  one  or  tw4i 
rows  of  larger  ducts  marking  the  layers  of  annual  growth.  It  is  li;;ht  Inown,  with  thick  lighter  colored 
Hapwood  composed  of  ei;;hty  or  ninety  layers  of  annn.d  ^rrowtli.  The  it|iecilic  ^rravity  of  the  alisolutcly 
dry  w(Mid  isO.SdIti,  a  cuhie  foot  wei^hin^  IM.'.Ni  pounds. 

Jliiiiriii  tiii/risliiiii'uniiis,  which,  licfore  the  exploration  of  thi'  forests  of  Konthern  ArkansaH,  wan 
considereil  one  of  the  rarest  trees  of  eaMtern  AnuTic.'i,  w.is  tirst  made  known  hy  the  yonn|;er  Muhanx, 
to  whom  nuts  finind  in  the  MWanipH  of  (iiMise  ('reek,  lifteen  or  twenty  niilcH  wext  of  (JharlcHton  in  South 
Carolina,  were  jjivcii  in  1S()*J.  The  lustnuis  under  •'iirface  of  the  leaves  makes  it  |M>rhaps  the  most 
heautiful  of  the  Hickories,  and,  although  it  is  now  i.irely  cultivated,  it  might  well  lind  a  place  a.s  an 
urnamentil  tree  in  the  gardens  and  parks  of  temperate  countricH." 


'  111  S,nith  ('Hruliitn  llunnii  mttrintu-if/tirmn  (fniwn  on  (ttwtt*  Civrk, 
whcrr  llif  R|N>(-if4  whs  Hml  dlHiMivfn'il,  hihI  in  thi*  valley  uf  the 
C'lNjjHT  Kivrr  not  fur  fruiii  Itliu'k  Ouk  on  tin-  .Sttutrv  ('uiml  (Ita- 
vrni-l,  Hull.  Torrrii  linl.  I'luh,  \\.  (tl) 

'  III  Aliilminii,  wlirri'  it  wiu  tliiM'oviTetl  in  IS'.M)  \iy  fir.  Cliiirlra 
.\|nhr.  flt'urhl  mvrt-^tir,rf<fnin9  (jrowi*  on  low  llinnitonc  priirii-*.  (mtii- 
pvin^  A  iMrroH  Im-U  ,-i^'liti't-li  or  twi'iity  tllili-^  loiiR  from  wml  to 
piiiit.  wliu'li  fiti-niU  IrtPiii  |li>it)o|Milis  on  tlii*  roinlM^twv  Ki\i-r  to 
'lullion  iH'Hr  till'  Aliiliiuiia  i  Mohr,  fi'anlrn  utut  Fttr^nt,  \i.  ;17'J), 

'  TliL*  «'si«t«'iii-r  of  tliii  tn>(*  in  .MiNniMHippi  wmi  tint  iiifttli*  known 
liy  thi*  fxliibition  of  II  iiimntity  of  thi*  niitu  in  the  I'xliiliit  of  that 
ntati*  at  tilt*  NVw  (Irlfaim  Kxpoiiition  tif  ISH-I,  hut  it  wan  not  until 
tilt- iiiihiiiin  of  IS'.lt  that  it  wiiii  foullil  )iy  l>r.  Charh'N  Molir  alMMinil- 
iii^  and  gruwing  tu  ita  largpkt  »uv  in  thick  forvata  un  calcareous 


soil  in  the  iii'iKhlHirhiMMl  of  M)    'itiN  Vallry  in  the  t-t'titral  iwrt  of 
till*  state. 

*  In  .\rkaliRas  iiuiirnt  inifrmttntt'trmn  in  I'oiniiion  in  the  south' 
I'aAti'rn  part  ri  the  Hlate  Iwtween  I'ltie  hliilT  imi  the  .Arkansas  Kivrr, 
where  it  was  fnunti  in  IHSl  h\  Mr  lieor^e  \\ .  I.4*tterili:lll,  iliul 
Arkansas  City  on  the  .\tMsi«ki)i|H,  ami  aloii^  Ihe  lleil  Kiver  Uitlouis 
aUtve  Kiilloii  111  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state  (llarvry,  Am. 
.liKir.  f'ltrvMtry,  i.  1.^1). 

*  //ir  t^iii  mi/ntluirfimnu  was  ili.seovenMl  in  i-ul\i)ns  of  the  .Sierra 
.Maiire  Mountains  near  Monterey,  in  Nnf\o  l.,>oii,  hy  .Mr.  ('.  C. 
IVinyle,  in  .Inly,  IHHH,  covering  nvky  slo|ies  almost  to  the  eiclu- 
jlon  of  other  trees  (Prinjfle,  fiiintert  ttful  t-'itrrttt  iii.  iXI'J). 

'  A  Niitine^'-llii'kory  In-e,  which  has  lieen  growiii);  for  iiniiiy 
yeai-s  in  the  ^nli-ii  of  the  I>epartiiient  of  .Xgriculture,  in  ^^'aBhltlJ(- 
ton,  IS  now  alNMit  tweuty-lUe  feet  hi^h. 


;  ( 


Jl'OI.ANDACKX 

I  itnil  rovi'i'i'il  with 

l>t>  IIH  l(lll)r  IIM  tllO 
III-  liraiicli,  in  clliii- 
it  III)  inch  uiiil  11 
;  till'  liUNk  in  not 
liiiN«>.  'I'hi>  nut  in 
I'oail,  niiinth'd  iinil 
hnal  liriikt'ii  hantU 
ard  hony  nIh'II  iinu 
,  a  low  thin  ilornal 
iirfact'  III'  thi-  tiiick 

rich  nioiRt  miil  or 
(•  and  very  h>c'ai  in 
lanui'  lH>twi>«>n  tlie 

/>in(iiiilii,  and  in 
idrc   Mountains  of 

i'loiM<-^rainfd,  and 
iiIm  of  one  or  two 
lii'k  hjjhtcr  colored 
y  of  till*  al)Noliit«>ly 

icrn  ArkaiiMiH,  wait 
younfrcr  Mitliitux, 

'liarlcHton  in  South 
|M<rha|iM  the  most 
lind  a  |iiace  us  au 


•y  ID  tli(f  ('4'ittr»l  iwrt  of 

IN  ruiiiiiHMi  ill  the  Ktiiith* 
iff  iti)  till'  Arkniiiuu  Kivrr, 
itrffi'  \V.  I^'ttt-rnirtii,  uiitl 

1^  the  IUmI  Uivit  tNttliiUlA 

r  till'  fitiit*'  (lliirvry,  vim. 

d  ill  I'linMnii  i>f  tlio  Siirr« 

ii>\(t  Ii4-iiii,  liv  Mr.  ('■  <i. 

)|N*!«  nliiiiMt   t(i  ihv  rtclii- 

^■'nrrat,  iii.  'MVl). 
It4*rn  Kritwin^  for  iiiniiy 
AgrieuUurv,  in  \V»jihiii^ 


t 


y 


l!li    I 


EXPLANATION   OF  TIIK    I'LATKS. 

Platk  C'CC'XUI.     IIkhuia   y.viiisric  .kkhumis. 

1.  A  Hi)\vei')ii}(  hranrli,  nutural  kizc 

2.  A  Hlainiiiiitt'  Hnwrr,  wht  vii-vv,  (>iil;ir;;o(l. 

3.  A  stiiiiiinulf  tlowir.  frnnt  view,  cnliirt:)'!. 

4.  A  j-t.iint'ti.  riiliir-^fil. 

r».   A  ]ii?ttilliito  tlowtT,  latrnil  viow.  enUr^pd. 
G.  A  witiUT  liraiii-lilut,  iiiUural  kI/o. 


PlATK   (TCXLIII.       HltoltlA    MVUlsTli.KKOKMW. 

1.   A  fruiting;  l»ranrli.  natural  hizo. 

*J.  A  nut,  natural  site 

3.    Vertical  st'Ctiun  of  a  luit.  natural  hiu:. 


y 


•^-^ 


,'^M 


/ 


/ 


I 


1 


■^  m>   T) 


11 


^11 


EXrLA>.A.fM)N 


I'l^ATKH. 


.    ;,            f 

r 

■ 

1 

V  .An:  C'l 

i.   A  il 

■.'.    A  -t  . 


;;.'.!. 


'-Uir^'fMi. 


Aii*riu«i>oK»ii». 


Si!va  cf  Noi'h   AmcrKd 


lb    CCCX:, 


V 


i>  ^  D 


r  s  y.ur,-i  w 


Htmeti4 


mCORIA    MYRIST1C>€F0RM1S   nnf 


.-I  Hi.-,rn,.t    Jtt,:r 


Imp  J  i^tiun.r 


ih 


ii  V 


f 


1 


c;,l,ra    nf   Nnrlh    America 


Tab  cccxi.ni 


a) 


I . 


,!l 


w 


Htmeiif 


'  E  ftuton  <M 


HICORIA    MYRISTlCiCFORMlS    Bnii 


A  .Htturrtn.r  JiTfj' 


/•f;/'  .  ^  jii/wur   r^ruf 


I 


I! 


f 


) 

•} 


t 


I  r 


JUULANDACE^. 


8ILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


149 


HICORIA  AQUATICA. 
Bitter  Pecan.     Water  Hickory. 

LEAFLETS  7  to   1.'}.  oviito-lanceolatc,  often  falcate.     Fruit  compressed,  4-wingcd  to 
the  biuse  ;  nut  flattened,  l-ritlged,  rugose,  thin-.xhelled  ;  kernel  bitter. 


Biooria  oquntica.  Hri  .on,  IhtU.  Tnrrrij  lint.  Cluh,  w.  '.'HI 

(ISHH).— |)i|,|H..l,  ittiHilh.  I.niihhnhj;.  ii.  ;i:iH,  f.   i,-,,-,._ 

KiH'liiic,   I)ful»rl,e,   Di-nilr.  ''A. — ('(mlliT.   C'liitrili.  I'.  S. 

\af.  Ifrrk  ii.  Ill  (M.i>,.  I'l.  »'.  T,'t,i>). 
Ju<{lan8  oquatioa,  .Mlrliauit  f.    Ulat.  Arh.   Am.  i.   IKL',  t. 

5  (1810).—  I'ur»li,  /■•/.  Am.  Sr/,l.  ii.  (J.'iH,  —  IViirit,  I.nm. 

Dirt.  Siippl.  iv.  IfJ. 
Hicorius  inteifrifolia.  Kiit' iii'wiiic,  F/.  Lmlnri,:  KM.)  (IHI7). 
Carya  aquatioa,   Nutiall.   tlin.  ii.  '."."J  (ISiS).  —  Kllioit. 

Sk.  ii.  ti'.'T.  —  S|iri'n','i'l,  ,S'v»<.  iii  S4'.».  —  S|)a.-li,  llUt.  Vnj. 

ii.  K'J.  —  Louili)!!.   Aril    llr'.t.  iii.  till,  f.  iL'a'i.  VM't. — 


Scliwlt),  it'iiiiiir  Tixii.i,-\-l7. — Curtis,  I^fji.  Oeoln,/.  Sitrv, 
iV.  Cir.  ISCO,  iii.  1 1.  —  C'lm|mi;ui,  /V.  .110. —  C.  de 
Ciiiiil(.ll.\  Ann,  Sri.  y„t.  si<r.  1,  xviii.  iiG,  t.  1,  f,  4,  t,  5, 
f.  ."i.l,  ,")(!,  ,1":  J'nulr.  xvi,  ]it.  ii.  144. —  Korli,  Pindr.  i. 
.MKi.  —  Siir;;..|it.  /-orr.if  Trees  X  Am.  UH/i  Cenaiis  U.S. 
ix.  1.1.-,.  —  Mmvi-.   )(■.(/-/.  Snnhni.  KiL'.  t.  4, 

Cnrya  intoKril'olia,  S|iicni,'cl,  SijhI.  iii.  84'.t  (1820).  —  Loii- 
(l.in.  Arh.  Ilrll.  iii.  ILM. 

Hicorius  aquaticus.  .Siiryeut,  Gunlen  and  Funat,  ii.  460 
(,1,S8'J). 


A  tree,  (K'cnsioiMlIy  I'ijjlity  t<»  one  liuiiilri'il  feet  in  licij^lit,  witli  ;i  iniiik  riiri'ly  cxcccdinfj  two  feet 
in  (liaiiii'tcr.  anil  s't'uilcr  ii|irl<;lit  hranclics  which  t'orni  a  iiairow  licid  ;  or  usually  inai'h  sinalk'r.  The 
hark  of  tlic  truiiA  is  from  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  thick  and  sfj)aratcs  freely  into  ion;^  loose  plate- 
like  lij;ht  lirown  .simIch  tin^ii!  with  red.  The  liranelilcts  are  slender,  dark  reddish  hrown  or  asiiv  f^niy, 
lu.stroiis  and  marked  with  numerous  pale  li'iitiei'ls;  when  tiicv  first  appear  thev  are  slightly  <j;landidar 
and  eoate  1  with  loose  eadueous  pale  toiiientum  ;  they  hccoiiie  ;;lal)rous  or  puheru'.ous  durinj^  the  summer, 
am  tiT.irked  (luriiijj  the  winter  with  small  nearly  oval  or  ohseurely  three-lolied  slij^htly  elevated  leaf-scars, 
and  in  tiieir  second  year  jjrow  dark  hrown,  ultimately  turniufjf  j^ray.  The  luid.s  are  slif:;htly  flattened, 
aoute,  tlark  reddish  hrown,  and  clothed  with  eadueous  yellow  glands.  The  terminal  hud,  which  v  iries 
from  an  eighth  to  a  (piarter  of  an  inch  in  len;;tli  and  is  often  covered,  especially  while  yonnjj,  with 
pale  scattered  hairs,  is  ahout  twice  as  larj^e  as  the  axillary  huds,  which  are  often  solitary  and  freipiently 
nearly  sessile.  The  leaves  are  composed  of  from  seven  to  thirteen  leaflets,  whiuh  increase  slightly  iu 
size  from  the  lowest  to  the  uppermost,  and  slender  d.irk  red  pnhendous  or  toinentose  terete  petioles, 
and  vary  from  nine  to  fifteen  inches  in  length  ;  the  leaflets  are  ovate-lanceolate,  long-pointed,  falcate, 
etpiilateral,  and  gradually  rounded  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  hase,  or  ohliipie  and  very  iineijually  wedge- 
shaped,  or  with  one  side  rounded  and  the  other  wedge-shaped  at  the  hase  ;  they  are  serrate  with  minute 
remote  teeth  or  conspicuou.sly  and  coarsely  serrate,  and  .sc.ssile  or  petiolulate,  the  terminal  leaflet,  which 
is  .sonu>times  ohovate  and  rarely  rounded  at  the  apex,  heing  mori  or  less  deeurrent  hy  its  regular  wedge- 
Hha|)ed  hase  on  a  slender  stalk  often  nearly  an  inch  long,  or  rarely  nearly  sessile ;  when  they  unfold 
thev  are  coated,  like  the  j)etioles,  with  pale  tonientum  and  covereil  with  yellow  persistent  glaiulular  dots, 
and  at  maturity  are  from  three  to  five  inches  iu  length,  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in 
width,  thin  and  memhranaceous,  dark  green  on  the  upper  surface,  and  on  the  under  surface  brown 
and  rather  lustrous  and  more  or  less  puhescent  or  tomeiitose,  e.speeially  along  the  slender  midribs,  which 
are  also  tomentose  on  the  upper  side,  and  along  the  slender  primary  veins  connected  by  finely  reticulate 
veinlets.  The  catkins  of  staminate  flowers,  which  appear  when  the  leaves  are  about  a  third  grown,  iire 
solitary  or  fa.scicled  and  are  produced  from  .separate  or  sometimes  from  leaf-hearing  huds  on  branches 
of  the  previous  year  and  at  the  hase  of  branches  of  the  year  ;  they  are  hirsute  and  from  two  and  one 
half  to  three  inches  long,  with  common  peduncles  one  third  of  an  inch  in  length  and  ovate-hmceolate 


III 


r 


If 


11     I 
! 


150 


SILVA    OF  NOliTir  AMERICA. 


JirOLANDACEiE. 


Bcarious  cndiicoiis  liitprnl  brnctH  Hometiinos  nearly  nn  inch  lon^r ;  tho  bmct  of  tho  flowor  is  ulongatod, 
ol)ovato,  rouiiilt'd  at  the  apex  ami  coated  on  tho  oiitur  siirfai-i',  like  tho  Hhorter  ealyx-loboH,  with  yellow 
glandiilai'  puhcscciice ;  tiiere  are  six  stamens  with  oblonjj  slightly  cmarjrinato  lijifht  yellow  anthers. 
The  lemale  llower  is  obloii};,  siij;htly  tlattened  and  i'oui-angled,  and  covered  with  ghmdiilar  pnbes- 
teiice  ;  the  braet  is  linear-lanceolate,  aciito  and  about  twice  as  long  as  the  broad  nearly  triangular 
acute  bractiets  and  the  acute  calyx-lobe.  The  fruit,  which  is  often  in  three  or  four-fruited  clusters, 
is  much  compressed,  usually  broadest  above  the  middle,  rounded  at  the  slightly  narrowed  base,  rounded 
and  aliniptly  narrowed  at  the  apex  into  a  short  thick  jMiiut.  conspicuously  four-winged,  dark  brown  or 
nearly  black  and  covered  more  or  less  thickly  with  bright  yellow  pubescence,  from  an  inch  to  an  inch 
and  a  halt'  long  and  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  cpiarter  wide,  with  a  very  thin  and  brittle  husk 
which  splits  tiirdily  and  usually  only  to  the  middle.  The  nut  is  llattened,  slightly  obovate,  from  an 
inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length  and  often  ns  much  in  breadth,  rounded  and  abruptly  shar|>-pointed 
or  umlionate  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  narrow  base,  four-angled  and  ridged,  the  ridges  which  alternate 
with  the  sutures  being  much  broader  and  more  developed  than  the  others,  dark  reddish  brown  and 
h)ngitudiually  and  very  irregidarly  rugose.  Tho  walls  ami  partitions  of  the  cavity  are  thin,  with  large 
and  very  irregidar  lacunte  tilled  with  a  dark  red  bitter  powder.  The  st-ed  is  oblong,  compressed,  two- 
lobed  to  above  the  middle,  covered  by  a  dark  brown  testa  and  very  irregularly  and  mostly  h)iigitudi- 
nally  furrowed,  with  cotyledons  which  are  divided  from  the  base  for  about  one  third  of  their  length 
by  the  thin  dorsal  partition. 

//iroriii  /ii/ii(it(cii,  the  smallest  and  le.'ist  valuable  of  the  Hickory-trees,  is  an  inhabitant  of  low 
river-swamps  often  inundated  <luring  a  considerable  part  of  the  year,  where  it  is  associated  with  the 
Water  Ash,  the  Sweet  Gum,  the  Red  Majtle,  tho  Cotton  Gum,  the  Bald  Cypress,  and  olhor  water-loving 
trees.  It  is  distributed  from  tin-  neighborhood  of  Mobjack  Hay  in  Virginia  '  south  through  the  co;ist 
region  to  Ca|)e  .Malabar  and  the  vallev  of  the  (Jaloosa  Iviver  in  Florida,  ami  through  the  maritime 
portions  of  the  (iulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Hra/.os  River  in  Texas,  ranging  north  through  western 
Louisiana  to  northeastern  .\rkansas,  eastern  .Mississippi,  and  southern  Illinois.-  Comparatively  rare  in 
the  south  Atlantic  states,  and  seldom  if  ever  approaching  within  fifteen  or  twenty  miles  of  the  coast, 
the  Hitter  I'ccau  is  most  abundant  and  grows  to  its  largest  size  in  the  swamps  of  western  Mississippi, 
Arkansas,  and  Louisiana. 

The  wood  of  J/lcurin  lu/iiiitlni  is  heavv,  strong,  and  close-graimMl,  although  soft  and  rather  brittle, 
and  contains  niinierous  thin  mcdull.try  rays,  occasional  scattered  open  ducts  and  obscure  bands  of 
similar  duets  marking  the  layers  of  antiual  growth  ;  it  is  dark  brown,  with  thick  bright-colored  or  often 
nearly  white  sapwood.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  0.7407,  a  cubi(!  foot  weighing 
4f>.])>  ])ounds.  It  is  sometimes  used  for  fencing  and  fuel,  although  it  is  diflicult  tu  obtain  an  account 
of  the  inacces-sibility  of  the  situations  inhabitecl  by  this  tree. 

The  Bitter  Pecan  was  first  distinguished  in  Louisiana  by  the  French  traveler  Robin. ^  Introduced 
into  France  by  the  younger  Michaux,  it  is  now  exceedingly  rare  in  cultivation,  or,  (Mirhaps,  has  entirely 
disappeared  from  ganlens. 

'  lliitirui  iiipuiliiii  VIM  eiilliilid  np«r  Mulijark  Hay  l>y  Mr.  W.  II.  li'K'')-      I'  i»  iiicludul  witli  tlieoria  m^aliciirformu  in  the  liit  of 

Lcgp-tl,  of  New  York,  on  .\u^u»i  7,  lH7."i  (tcMtu  Herb.  Cotuiuliia  tri'p.s  iiotii-tMl   liy  Muxitiiiltan,  triiix  voii  Wii'tl,  f^rowintf  near  Now 

ColK'i;!')'  Ilariiiniiy,    Indians,   iliiriii);  liia  viait  tbet«  in  1832   (Heite  in  ilat 

"  Ilictma  a'lualica  was  oollcctiMl  in  lSf<  near  K<|uality,  (Jallntin  Innrrr  von  .Xiinl-AmtrUii,  i.  'JOU). 

County,  lUiuoia,  by  .Mr.  \V.  K.  Fortune  jteale  Herb.  Columbia  Col-  '  I'ojaga,  iii.  fill  (1H07). 


JlTOLANDACEiK. 

)wer  is  clongntud, 
jbt'H,  with  yi'Uow 
t  yi'llow  anthers, 
giaiuhiliir  puhes- 
iivarly  trianpihtr 
r-fruitu(l  cliwttTS, 
t't'd  biiHi-,  rouiulud 
1,  (hiik  brown  or 
II  incii  to  an  ini'h 

and  brittle  liimk 
obovate,  from  an 
|itly  shar|)-j)ointi!d 
L's  which  alternato 
'ddish  brown  and 
re  thin,  with  hirge 
,  fonipri'ssed,  two- 

mostly  h)nptu(li- 
ird  of  tlieir  huij^th 


inliabitant  of  hiw 
ssociated  witli  tlie 
[)lher  wut»'r-h)ving 
tiiroufjli  the  coast 
iigh  the  maritime 
I  through  western 
iiparativcly  rare  in 
lilcs  of  tlie  coast, 
estvrn  Mi8tiisMi|i|>i, 

and  rather  brittle, 
obsc'.ire  bands  of 
it-colored  or  often 
ibic  foot  weighing 
obtain  an  account 

)bin.'  Introduced 
irhaps,  hii8  entirely 


infrformu  in  tbr  lUt  of 
'ilmI,  jrruwing  uoar  Now 
e  in  1832   (Heite  m  ilai 


1 


III 


ill 


i 


Wi 


.f 


f 


EXI'LANATION   «)K  TIIK   I'LATI-X 

ri.ATK  Cl'CXl.IV.      IlllclKM    AiJlATUA. 

t.  A  llowiriiiK  I'raiii'li.  natiirul  nhi: 

J.  A  >l.iiiiiii;ili'  lluwiT.  front  vii'W,  i'iiliiri;iNl. 

;t.  A  "luniiiiiilf  llowir,  ii'ur  \ '»•»■,  mUrjjwI. 

i.  A  nt.iiiii'ii,  riil:ii');i'<l. 

i'l.  A  |ii»lilliilt'  llowir,  luliTal  \ii»,  onliirKi'<l. 

1).  A  winter  liniiiilili't.  iiiituntl  r^\la. 


I'l.ATK    ('('I  XI.V.       lllcciKlA    AglATI'A. 

1.  A  fruiting  liniiirli,  imtiiritl  aiit'. 

'J.  A  fruit,  imtiirikl  mix: 

l\.  A  iiiit.  nntiiral  »\te- 

i  l'tif>»  Mii'tiiin  of  u  iiiit,  imturol  liic. 

Ti.  A  nut.  natural  »iu: 

0.  A  Icuf.  natiiru'.  >iie. 


\ 


J 


1 


,  TK 


ilva  of  North   Arnenc.a 


Tib    CCCXI.IV 


"^ 


I    f  flUfl    ,lW 


»,.;■ 


HICORIA    AQUATICA 


A  SuK/r-^... 


Jmp  J  TtlttHtir  Pi&fbt 


illlf 


fl 


hi 


} 


i     I 


Silva  of  North  America       \ 


-f    f 


111 


•'■*%i.jB»!y." 


'*''■ 


11 


i 


f. 


( '  £  /^Ui't  tif-i 


.Vf/'tWi, 


HICORIA    AQUATIC  A    brm 


.-/  /ii.nyi»,./     ,/, 


lUt./      uV/'rt? 


."u»  .    .u^fV4--  .an/ 


f 


III 


JUOLANDACKJt. 


8ILVA   OF  NOIiTH  AMEBIC  A. 


163 


HICORIA   OVATA. 

Shellbark  Hickory.    Sbagbark  Hickory. 

Leaflets  5  or  7,  obovatc  to  oblong-lanceolate,  ciliatc  on  the  margins.  Fruit 
globose,  depressed  at  the  iipex ;  nut  ovate,  more  or  less  flattened,  4-angled,  thin  or 
thick-shelled,  pale  or  nearly  white. 


Hiooria   ovata.  Hrilton.  Hull.   Torrfi/  Hot.  C'tiih,  xv.  283 

(1X«8).  —  Dippel,  lliimth.  l.ntihhithk.  ii.  335. —  Kufliiie, 

l>ful».-h,'  Ih-mU.  72.  f.  '.'J  C.  C\  C '. 
Juglana  ovata.  MiUor,  Dirt.  .-d.  8,  No.  (1  (17fi8). 
Juglans  alba  ovata,  Muralmll.  Arbust.  Am.  0'.)  (I'S.'i). — 

Cu»tif;li<iiii.   ('/•/;/.  urijli  Sluti  f'/iiVt,  ii.  201*. —  llurltlmu- 

Hcii,  Hit  miff.  I'nrsthtit.  i.  7<)*-. 
Juglans  ovalis.   Wungciilu'im,  Sunlitm.  Il'ih.  21,  t.  10.  f. 

23  (I7«7). 
Juglans   comprosaa.   fia-rtiiiT.    t'nirt.  ii.  .">1,  t.  S'.t.  f.   1 

(IT'.U).  —  .Miifliliiili.r;;    &    Will.liii.nv,     .V.h"     Srhrlfl. 

(lisill.    tint.  h'r.  lUiliit,  iii.  ,'tiMt.  —  Willilcriow,  .S'/>fc.  iv. 

•l.'iH;    /•.'.111  ri. '.»7'J  ;    lli-fl.    llitiiiiz.  cil.  2,    l',t."i.  —  IVr-icmn, 

iS'yri.  ii.  ."iOti.  —  Dcufuiitaini'S  //.'.«/.  .liVi.  ii.  ,317.  —  Aiton, 

llort.  Kric.  I'll.  2,  V.  2'.t7.  —  llajiu",  Dettdr.  Ft.  IG-I. — 

I'.iiret,  /,.iwi.  lUct.  iii.  .it;."!,  i.  7H1,  f.  ,3. 
Juglans  alba.  Miilmiix.  Ft.  li'ir.-.im.  ii.  19.3  (not  Liiiim-iis) 

(IMKi).   —  ^llr^ll,  Ft.   .Im.   .ifpt.   ii.  (>;i7.  —  Uu   .MdiiI  ilo 

(Jouni't,  ll'it.  Cult.  Ill  2,  vi.  2.'!."i. 


Juglans  obcordata,  Poirot,  Lam.  D'lft.  iv.  504  (1797). 

Juglant  squamosa.  Miclmux  f.  Hist.  Ai-li.  .-l/w.  i.  190,  t. 
7  (imt  I'oiii't)  (ISIO).  — liigi'low,  /•■/.  ISoiitoii.  229. 

Carya  alba,  Nuttall,  Gen.  ii,  221  (1818).  —  ^;lliott,  SIc.W. 
(124.  —  .Sprcngfl,  Stjst.  iii,  849.  —  Spiieli,  lli.it.  IVy.  ii. 
174.  —  Limilun,  Afl>.  lirit.  iii.  144(1,  f.  12G9,  t.  —  Hooker, 
Ft.  /lor.-Am.  ii.  143,  —  Toirey,  Ft.  .V.  }'.  181.  — Dur- 
liii-ton,  /■■/.  (V,s/ced.  3,  2(13.  —  K.l.  .Murreii,  IM'jf  Ifort. 
vi.  22.3,  t.  4.'>,  f.  8.  —  Curtis,  Hep,  Oeotmj,  Siirv.  N.  Car, 
18tlii,  iii.  43.  — Chapman,  Ft.  418. —  C.ilfCamlollc,  .■(«». 
Sci.  ym.  «V.  4,  xviii.  3l>,  t.  2,  f.  13,  14,  18:  I'rmlr.  xvi. 
pt.  ii.  142.  —  KiiiiTson,  Tiris  Mti.is.  191,  t.  12.  —  Sar- 
j;.'nt.  A';;v,</  Ti-ei-s  X.  Am.  Id^/i  On.iiis  f.  .9.  ix.  1,32.— 
\Val<iiii  \  Coulter,  llntijs  M,tn.  nl.  (1,  4(18  — JIajT, 
W.d.l.  .\or,t.i,„.  l.-,8,  f.  .1,  t.  4. 

Hicorius  ovatua,  .Sargent,  UarUeii  and  Forest,  ii.  400 
( 1889). 


A  trt'(<,  iifti'ii  scviMity  to  iiiiipty  fi'ct  and  occa.sionally  one  liumlrod  ami  twenty  fort  in  Iii'ijjfht,  with 
a  tall  Htraifjlit  culuinnar  shaft  thrco  or  four  feet  in  diaint'tcr,  in  the  forest  often  free  of  liratiehes  for 
iifty  or  si.\ty  feet  ahove  the  j;roimd,  and  then  divichMH'  into  two  or  three  comparatively  small  liinhs 
which  form  a  narrow  head  ;  or.  when  it  has  had  siiflicient  space  for  its  free  development,  sometimes 
dividin;>;  near  the  fi;roiiiid  into  stout  slijjhtly  s|)readiiior  limhs  wiiich  form  a  narrow  inversely  conical 
round-topped  head  of  more  or  less  pendidoiis  hranches,  or  {rrowinij  with  a  sinjjle  stem,  forkecl  ]ieriiap.s 
at  half  tlie  heij^ht  of  the  li'c.  and  retaininLV  its  short  small  lateral  inanches  which  spread  at  nearly  rijjht 
angles  to  the  trunk,  droop  toward  their  extremities,  anil  form  an  ohlenf;;  round-topped  synnuetrical 
head.  The  hark  of  the  trinik  is  lij;ht  gray,  and  from  three  ipiarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  thickness, 
and  separates  in  thick  strips  ol'ien  a  foot  or  more  Ion<j  and  six  or  eijjht  inches  wide,  which  remain  more 
or  less  closely  attached  to  tlie  triuik  hv  the  middle,  givino^  it  the  shaijfjy  appearance  to  which  the  tree  owes 
its  common  name ;  the  hark  of  the  young  stems  and  hranches  i,s  smooth  and  light  gray.  The  hranchlets 
are  stout,  ami  marked  with  oMong  pale  lenticels ;  when  they  first  appear  they  are  slightly  angled,  covered, 
like  the  young  leaves  and  the  intlorescence,  with  caducous  Iirown  scurf,  and  i  )ated  with  pale  grandidar 
pubescence,  and  during  their  lirst  year  are  hriglit  reddish  brown  or  light  gray,  glabrous  and  lustrous, 
or  covered  more  or  less  thickly  with  short  rufous  puhescence,  growing  dark  gray  in  their  second 
year,  and  ultimately  light  gray.  The  leaf-.scars  are  ovate  to  nearly  .semiorhieular  in  outline,  or  are 
very  obscurely  threi^-lolied,  emarginato  at  tli'  apex,  pale,  and  slightly  elevated.  The  terminal  buds 
are  broiully  ovate,  rather  obtu.se,  and  from  one  half  to  three  (|uarters  of  an  inch  long,  and  fnuu 
one  third  to  one  half  of  an  inch  broad  ;  their  three  or  four  outer  stales  are  broadly  ovate,  nearly 
triiingidar,  acute,  dark  brown,  pubescent  and  hirsute  on  the  outer  surface,  the  exterior  ones  being 
often  ubruptly  niirrowed  into  long  rigid  points,  and,  opening  as  the  bud  eidargcs  iu  the  autumn,  fall 


I   ' 


ir.t 


SILVA    OF  XOIiTli   AMtnUCA. 


J>;GLANI)ACEi«. 


t,|.., 


i" 


lii'l'oro  tlie  ajux-araiicc  of  the  leavos  in  tlic  s|)riii}j :  williiii  tlu'se  wvcn  or  pij;ht  ncuIi'h  proti'ct  tiio  bud; 
tlu>  l()W(>st  and  oiitt'i'mnst  of  tlu'sc  arc  coated  on  tlioir  exterior  surfaee  witli  tliiek  pale  tonientnni,  and 
are  liistrons  and  |inl)endoiis  on  tiie  inner  snrfaec;  thu  upper  and  inner  side  is  piiherulous,  lustnum, 
covered  with  resinous  jjhinds,  vellow-j^reen,  often  tinu;ed  witli  red.  espeei.illy  aliove  tile  middle,  oliloiifr- 
ol)iiViite.  pointed  at  tile  apex,  lellexed,  and  from  tWo  and  one  half  to  three  inelies  lonjj  and  lialf  an 
inch  liroad  at  maturity,  and  usually  pcrNistent  until  after  the  anients  of  lualu  lluwors  liavo  fallen.  Tlio 
axillary  liuds  appear  with  the  leaves,  and  are  coated  at  first  with  thick  white  tonieiituin,  and  when  fully 
<;ro\\n  are  from  one  third  to  one  half  of  an  iiu'h  in  len<;'th.  The  leaves  are  composed  of  live  or  rarely 
of  seven  leaflets  and  of  stout  "jreen  glahriMis  or  puhescent  petioles  Nliijhtly  grooved  and  ahrnptly 
enlarged  at  the  liase.  and  are  from  ei'.jht  to  fourteen  inches  in  length  ;  the  leaflets  are  ovale  to  ovato- 
lanceolate,  or  those  at  the  end  of  the  leaf  are  sometimes  oliovate.  e(piilateral.  and  acuminatt;  or  rarely 
rounded  at  the  apex  and  srssiie  or  short-petiohilate  ;  they  are  more  or  less  thickly  ciliate  on  the  mar- 
gins with  soft  white  hairs,  and  serrate  with  minut<'  incurved  callous  teeth  except  toward  the  hase, 
wiiich  is  eipially  or  sometimes  nneipially  \vedge-s'ia|ied  or  occasioiiallv  ronndeil  on  hoth  edges;  wiien 
they  unfold  they  are  thiii,  light  yeliow-greiMi  and  lustrous  aixtve,  and  coati'd  lieluw  with  pale  pulii's- 
ceiice,  which  is  thickest  along  the  under  side  of  the  midrilis  and  on  the  petioles,  and  at  maturity  they 
are  tliin  and  firm,  dark  yellow-green  and  glahrous  on  the  upper  surface,  and  paler  ami  glahrous  and 
lustniiis  or  puliernlous  on  the  lower  surface.  'I'he  termin.il  le  idet,  which  is  dicinrent  at  the  liase  on  a 
slender  stalk  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length,  is  from  five  to  seven  inches  long,  from  two  to  three 
inches  Itroad,  rather  larger  than  the  upper  leaflets,  and  tuire  or  (d'ti'ii  three  times  as  largo  om  tiiUHu  of 
the  lowest  pair.  The  catkins  of  st.nninate  flowers  are  slender,  light  green,  glandid.ir-hirsute,  an<l  (our 
or  five  inches  long,  with  ])cdnni'les  often  an  inch  in  length,  and  elongated  liuear-laiu'eolate  scarious 
caducous  lateral  liracts;  the  flowers  open  late  in  the  spring  after  the  leaves  have  grown  nearly  to  their 
full  size  ;  they  are  glandular-hirsute  on  the  outer  surface,  and  pedicellate  with  short  slender  |KMlicelM 
about  oiu'  eighth  of  an  inch  in  length  ;  the  bract  is  elongated,  acute,  ovate-lanceolate,  or  often  narrowed 
and  wedge-shaped  from  iic.ir  the  middle  to  the  base,  and  two  or  three  limes  as  long  as  the  ovate  concave 
loiies  of  the  calyx,  which  are  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex  ;  there  are  four  stamens  with  nearly  ite«»ile 
yellow  anthers,  tinged  with  red,  ami  slightly  hirsute  above  the  middle,  the  lobes  slightly  spreadnig  at 
the  apex.  The  pistillate  flowers,  which  are  usually  borne  in  two  to  five-flowered  spikes,  are  one  third 
of  an  inch  long,  and  clothed  with  rusty  tonientum  ;  the  bract  is  linear-lanceolate,  elongated,  much 
lunger  than  the  broader  acute  bractlets,  and  like  them  green  .alxive.  and  covere<l  on  both  tiurfaces  with 
pale  scurfy  pubescelu'c  and  long  scattere<l  white  hairs;  the  stigmatii;  lobes  are  pale  green,  and  do  not 
mature  until  most  of  the  anthers  have  shed  their  pollen.  'I'he  fruit,  which  is  usually  »olit;iry  or  in 
pairs,  is  subglobose,  rather  longer  than  it  is  broad,  or  slightly  obovate,  depressed  at  the  upex,  from 
which  the  blackened  renniants  of  the  stigmas  protrude,  dark  reddish  brown  or  nearly  black  at  maturity, 
roughened  with  small  pale  lenticels,  glabrous  or  ]iilose,  and  from  an  inch  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long; 
the  husk,  which  sjtlit.s  freely  nearly  to  the  base,  varies  from  one  eighth  to  one  half  of  an  inch  in 
thickness,  and  is  hard  and  woody  and  pale  cm  the  inner  surface.  The  nut  is  oblong,  nearly  twice  as 
long  .as  it  is  broad,  or  obovate  aiul  broader  than  it  is  long,  compress«'d,  prominently  or  obscurely  four- 
ridged  and  angled,  and  sometimes  furnished  with  two  aildiiional  narrower  ridges  at  the  two  sutures, 
more  or  less  compres-stnl,  acute  and  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  or  rounded  or  nearly  truncate  at 
the  apex,  which  is  tipped  with  a  stout  ]ioint  eipialing  in  length  the  valves  of  the  fruit,  gradually 
narroweil  and  rounded  at  the  b.ase,  which  is  furnished  with  a  dark  bony  point,  longitudinally  and 
irregularly  rugose  between  the  ridges,  nearly  white,  reticulate-veined,  and  thick  or  rarely  thin-walled, 
from  half  an  inch  to  nearly  two  inches  in  length,  and  from  thre<'  (piarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in 
breadth,  the  walls  and  thin  partitions  being  penetrated  by  small  lacunie.'     The  seed  is  two-lobed  from 

'  ILilin'  |)a|wr-iihi'll  Hickory  nut  i.i  tlie  licut  linowii  of  llione  nuts       gyxiA  nimlily.     Thu  Ireo  tlmt  |pr<Klii<3<'!i  it  ia  jfniwiiijj  uii  Imttoiii- 
of  thu  tjiecit's  wlii<li  urti  ili»tiliguiAlu'il   fur  tliiiiiii'U  of  tlicll  ami       laiiili  di'iu  tliu  .Siulillo  Uivir,  uli  tlif  fwiu  of  .Mr.  Iliury  lliilea,  « 


JlIOLANDACEi*;. 


JUOLANIMCEil!. 


SILT  A    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


IBS 


the  liaso  nearly  to  the  npex,  witli  ii  short  tiiiii  conTicctive  and  flat  cotylcdonfl,  which  arc  narrowed  and 
rounded  at  tlio  base,  divided  nearly  to  the  middle  hy  the  thin  ventral  partition,  rounded  and  deeply 
lohed  at  the  apex,  irrej^ularly  and  often  pronunently  ridf^ed  on  the  back,  and  Hat  and  rujfose  on  tlii;  inner 
face ;  it  is  covered  with  a  thin  li^iit  brown  rather  lustrous  coat,  and  is  sweet,  with  an  aromatic  flavor. 

llivorld  oralti  ranijes  from  southern  Maine  to  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  where  it  iinils 
itti  most  northeasterly  borne  in  the  neiijhborhood  of  Montreal,'  thence  southwestward  alonjjf  the  northern 
shores  of  Lake  Krie  .md  Lake  Ontario,  throufjh  soutlieri.  Micliii^an  to  central  Minnesota' and  south- 
eastern Nebraska.'  southward  throuj^h  the  northern  states,  with  the  exception  of  the  elevated  reirions 
of  northern  New  Knirland  and  northern  New  York,  to  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware,  and  alon<r  the 
Appalachian  Mountains  to  western  Florida,  northern  Alabama  aiid  Mississippi,  and  westwaril  to  central 
Kans;iy,'  the  Indian  Territory,  and  eastern  Texas.''  It  is  usually  found  {jrowinjr  on  low  hills  or  in  the 
neiirliborhood  of  streams  and  swamps  in  rich  deep  and  moderately  moist  soil.  Hare  and  comparatively 
local  in  the  Province  of  (Quebec,  the  Shellbark  Hickory  is  abundant  in  the  forests  of  southern  (Jntario, 
where  it  often  jjrows  to  a  larfje  si/.e.  It  almunils  in  southern  New  i']n<r|and  and  the  central  states; 
althouirli  it  does  not  extend  to  the  south  .\tlantic  ami  (iulf  coasts  or  ascend  to  hi^li  elevations  on  the 
southern  mountains;  it  is  nut  rare  in  the  country  lyin^if  at  the  eastern  base  of  the  Alle^rhany  Moinitains, 
but  is  most  I'onunou  on  their  western  slopes  and  in  the  reijion  watered  by  the  tributaries  of  the  lower 
Ohio  Kiver,  where  it  f^rows  to  its  lar^jest  size,'' and  in  Missouri  and  .\rkans:is;  in  Kansas,  the  Indian 
Territory,  and  eiwlern  Texas,  it  is  comparatively  rare  ami  contined  to  the  inimeiliate  nei^^hborhood  of 
streams. 

The  wood  of  //iiuriii  unitu  is  heavv,  very  hard  and  stroni;.  touy;h,  close-jjrained,  and  tlexible  ;  it 
contains  numerous  thin  medullary  rays  and  baiiils  of  from  one  to  three  rows  of  larije  open  ducts  cltarly 
markini;  the  layers  of  annual  growth.  It  is  li<;lit  brown,  with  thin  neail;,  \\liite  sapwood.  The  specilic 
jjravitv  of  the  absoluteiv  drv  wood  is  (>..">>l)7'_',  a  cubic  foot  wi'i:fliins,''  ."i-.lT  iiouuds.  It  is  largely  used 
in  the  manufaiture  of  a'^'iicuitural  implements,  in  tairia'^n-  and  wa'^ciri-makintj,  for  axe-handles  and 
baskets,  anil  for  fniL  The  nuts  are  the  romniiin  Hickory  mils  of  coiiiiiierie,  and  are  jjatliereil  in  the 
forest  in  f^reat  (piantilii^s. 

J/iiiirin  oiv/^(,  accoriiinij  to  Loudon,'  was  cidtivated  in  Kui^land  as  early  as  Ki'J'.t;  and  what  is 
probably  a  desi'ription  td'  this  tree  was  publislieil  by  PInkenet  in  his  AIiiiikji  stinii  /Inluiiicinii  in  KilMi." 

The  stroni;  vi>;orous  appearaiu'e  of  the  Shellbark.  the  reiiiaikable  character  of  its  bark  hani;ii!<]f 
from  the  trunk  in  Ioom-  plates,  the  lieiutv  of  its  bead  with  its  <,'racefui  winter  (Uitliiu's.  tlie  charm  of  its 
burstinj^  buds  with  their  briL;lit  petai-liki'  scales,  and  its  clean  fra^jrant  foiiai^e.  nial<e  it  one  of  the  most 
interesting^  and  beautiful  as  well  as  one  of  the  most  valuable  trees  of  the  nortlieili  forest.' 


fi'w  iniloH  fjl-st  til*  KhIjJi'WimhI,  IliTi^i'll  t'ouiitv,  Ni'W  .IiT-»i'y  ;  tin*  nut 
i%  tllxiilt  itii  tiu-ll  anil  u  liillf  lit  it'll;,'tli,  luni  .•ininrwIiHt  liiiirt*  ill 
l)n-udt)i.  viTV  wiili>  anil  full  at  IhiIIi  I'ttilH,  oltscuri'ly  ^ix-an^ll-(l,  ami 
full,  nuiniliMl,  anil  ilrt'ply  j,'riMiVfil  on  tli.'  hark  nf  thr  valves.  Thi' 
walU  art'  nnt  nmn'  tliait  a  tliirty-<M'i-i>nil  of  an  ini-li  in  tliii'kni-ss,  anil 
tlii>  partitiiin«  an<  pmjMirt  nnatflv  thin.  'I'lii'  tlavnr  of  tlni  krrni'l, 
wliit-h  kr«-pH  NWfi'l  fur  a  i-rinark;ilily  Imii^  time,  it  nnuiiially  ^rnml. 
(.>v>t'  KillliT,  /'nil  fi  It/  /'.>ri-«ry,  I'.'O,  I.  M,  WJ.  V\g.  Ii,  pl.ili'  iiixlvii. 
of  thi«  .N'l/rii  n'pn'SfiitH  tlii.i  nnt.) 

I  hriini't,   I'ttt.    V<ii.    Ail/.    Ctin.  47.  —  Iti'll,  (i^nloi/.    Utp.   Can. 
1S7;»  SO.  .v.'.  —  .MaiiMin,  l\il.  Cm.  I'l.  IXt. 

*  .Mai'inillan,  .Ufi'd.'/jfrmif  of  the  Mirmfnota  VatUt/,  ITS. 

•  l;.'Mi'y,  Itrii-  y-firilihl  Slalr  lUxml  Aaric.  ISOI.  101). 


.timili,  forlit'f  gluhrit,  .itimmn  fa.iti'jio  veliiti  in  nrulrum  prmiuri,\  *J04  ; 

/•h;,t.  ;wx  f.  '.'. 

.ViiJ-  Juijlitn.*  Viri/iniit'iti  nUm,  frurtu  ixirro  ttiit/uhiOt  cortU  ^  /leri, 
•JlJl;   I'hi/I.  ami,  f.  •-'  0. 

Tlii'st'  ti^^iiri-H  ari"  not  vi-ry  ;,'ooil,  liowi'vrr.  anil  niii;h(  almost  as 
will  rrprt'si'iit  soiiM'  forms  of  tin-  iiiits  of  Hu-nna  ijtiif'ni  as  tliosf  of 

tlli^  spci'irs. 

"  Thf  ili>maiiil  fur  Ilirkorv  woimI  in  the  arts  anil  for  fiit'l  is  very 
^'ri';it.  ami  larjj;i'  iiuliviilnals  of  this  spiM-ii's,  wliirli  is  usually  eon- 
siilin'il  III!'  Iii'st  tiinlii'r-tn  e  of  tin-  f,'i'nus,  an'  no  lonp'r  I'onunuu 
in  any  part  of  tin*  omintry.  Vvw  trocs  of  tlu'  nortlu'rii  forest 
jjrow  more  slowly.  Tlie  lo;;  spin-iinen  in  the  -lesiip  C'ollectioll  of 
North  .\iner!ian    Wooils   in    the    .Vun'riian    Museum   of    Natural 


«  llitelieiK-k,    The  ll'ow/y  /Vim/.,  uf  .UunAiKdin  m    7'Afir    Winter  lli.tory,  New '\'ork.  ohtaineil   from   Missouri,  is  thirteen  inehes  in 

Condiliun,  18.  iliaineter  iu'.i.le  ihe  hark,  aiul  shows  two  humlreil  ami  thirty-threo 

»  ConlUT,  Conlril).  I'.  S.  .Vil(.  llerh.  ii.  117  (.l/dii./V.  U'.  TeliLi).  layi  .s  of  ammal  growth,  forty-live  of  whiih  are  sapwooil;  hut  it 

•  Kiilifwav.  I'm:  C  S.  .Yu/.  Mid.  1SS'_',  77.  prohahly  imlieates  an  exeiplionally  slow  rate  of  urowlh,  as  the  nar- 

'  Arh.  Itrit.  iii.  l+lll,  f.  l'.iti!t,  t.  rowness  of  the  rin^s  fornu'il  ilnriuf;  Ihe  tirst  one  humlreil  and  uino 

'  A'lix  Juglilns    Virijinidna    nlha    minor,  frm-ln    Nltcii   muschatir  years  shows  that  the  tree  was  overshadoweil  at  tirst  by  other  trees, 

and  its  ilevelupinent  stunted. 


•I 


It  I 
i 


t 


'      !  5 


II 


s 


t  ■!  : 


EXPLANATION   OK  TIIK   I'l.ATKS. 


I'l 


K  ('(CXl.Vl.     Ill 


nil  A    IIVATA. 


t.  A  lldwi'i-iii','  liiiiMcli.  niitiiiiil  »i/.<'. 

2.  A  Htniiiiiuiti-  tlowiT.  ri'ar  \'u-\\.  ciiliiriiril. 

3.  A  stniiiiiuilr  Hiiwir,  fnnit  viiw,  iiilmgiil. 

4.  A  Bliiiiioii,  i'nliir|,'iil. 

r>.  A  pistilliitfl  fliiwrr,  lat<T:il  viow,  ciilurm-il. 

(i.  Veriinil  n.cliim  «if  a  ).i-till:ilo  lluwer.  i-iilttri;<'il. 

7.  A  «inli'r-l>iiil.  n;ituriil  si/o. 

8.  Uiagrsiii  of  a  wiiiUr-biul. 


I'l.ATK    ('((XI.VII.       HiroHIA    OVATA. 

1.  \  fruiting  1>r:iiH-li.  nalural  Hi/t>. 

'.'.  A  valvf  iif  tlip  fiiiit,  imtiiml  »l/.i'. 

H.  A  nut,  iiuliiial  ^iM'. 

4.  Cross  section  of  a  ni'it  cut  tlirnu(;li  thi"  iniilillc,  natiirnl  nil*. 

5.  An  lnvi'r«o<l  I'otyliMhui.  natural  sl/.c. 

(>.  A  lhin-«lii'lleil  nut,  cut  traiwveriely,  natural  site. 

7.  A  nut,  nalural  aisc. 


ilva  of  North  America 


Tab   CCCXl.Vl 


A 


¥ 


'»■-. 


iil 


(!) 


i\i 


^jTj^jjjfijrgj^ 


f' 


S.   lJiaii;'d,ii»  u'.  <  ntu! 


'  multlhi.  Mtnrai  »')>,»■ 


Silvii  of  Notlh  Anii>rica 


Tib  rccii.V! 


HICORIA    OVATA      -iitt 


,-( s, ...-■,„. 


/'*iP  r,    .ttn^i,r  ritri^- 


^r 


ki 

1               : 

i   } 

r 

.  I 

1 


I 

I 


C,>1v,     oC    Nr,^>n      li. 


i        \ 


1=:.: 


p 

1 

"■ll 

j 

:, 

i 

■ 

- 

( 

^ 

- 

1 

1 
1 

'■)ilva  of  North   Arr 


Tib    CCCXLVn 


HICORIA    OVATA      :h 


.•I  liuhreiAj-  .//r A/- ' 


.'••i/"  ,'  ?'ttf:ts,i    ,'  aru' 


L- 


il'i 


m 


I 


f; 


JUGLANDACEjE. 


SJLVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


167 


HIOORIA   LACINIOSA. 

Big  Shellbark.     Bottom  Shellbark. 

Leaflets  5  to  9,  obovatc  or  obloiiif-lanccolatc,  jjubcrulous  on  the  lower  surface. 
Fruit  oblong,  depressed  at  the  ajjex  ;  nut  thick-walled,  ridged  or  angled,  dull  white. 


Hiooria  laciniosa. 

Jugltma  Incinioaa.   Mioliaiix  f.  Uisl.  Arh.  Am.  i.  1'J'.),  t.  S 

(IHKI).  —  l'„ir..t,  /../»(.  0;,t.  Supiil.  iv.  I IJ.  —  W.  r.  ('. 

Hartdii,  Conijienil.  Ft.  J'/iilti.  ii.  178. — AuiluKiui,  lliril.^. 

t.  KM. 
JuKlana  sulcata,  I'lirsli,  /•'/.  .tin.  Srj,f.  ii.  (LiT  (imi  WilliK- 

lluw)  (ISM). 
Carya  sulcata,  NutUiII,  f7eii.  ii.  •."Jl  (1818).  —  Elliott,  .S7.. 

ii.  0^4.  —  Spri'iijfi'l,  .^i/ft.  ili.  84it.  —  .S|moli,  //'■      IV'/.  ii. 

171.  —  I<<>ii<l„ii,  .irl).   tint.    iii.   1118,  f.   r.'71.  —  Curtis. 

Hi'/i.   (Iroln,).   Sun:    \.   Cir.   IStil).   iii.    IJi.  —  ('li:>|iiii;in, 

/v.  418. — C,  ili>  C'limloUc,  Ann.   ,Sii.   .Viit.  iii'r.  4,  xviii. 


;iC,  t.  .">,  f.  ,")1,  r.'.' ;  Prn,!r.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  143.  —  Ridjjway,  Proc. 

f.  S.  Xn/.  J//«.   188'.',  78.  —  Liiiiclie,  Ih:ilx,-hc  Demlr. 

308.  —  Sai ^'cnt.  Fnrest    Tre,:i  X  .Iw.  Wth  Cetiiiii.i  U.  S. 

\\.  1. '!.'!. —  Wat-<"ii  &  Conltir,  (Irnij'.i  Man.  id.  G,  4Cd. 
Cnrya  puboHcens.  .Swctt,  lln'l.  lir'it.  1)7  (1S'J7). 
Carya  conliforniis.  KdcIi,  Jh'm/i:  i.  ."i'.)7  (18(i'.)). 
Hicorid  sulcata,   iiiillon,  Jln/l.  Tunvy  Hut.  Ctui,  xv.  283 

(l.s.ss,. 
Hicorius  sulcatus,  Sai^cnt,  flunh-n  and  Forest,  ii.  400 

(ISS'.I). 
Hicoria  acuminata.   Dlpiiol.   Il'imlli.    L'lnhhuhh.   ii.   3,36 

(IS'.f.'i.  _  Kiifhru'.  I>,nt.ir/,e  Dvmli:  7'.'  1).  1)', 


A  tret',  orcasioiiiilly  oiii'  IiiiikIi-imI  and  twenty  IVi't  in  liciu'lit,  with  a  straijjlit  sleiuli'v  trunk  often 
free  of  brandies  for  more  tlian  li.ilf  its  licii;lit  and  lately  exceedinj^  tliree  feet  i'l  diameter,  and 
comparatively  HimiU  spreadinjf  braiieiies  whiiii  fcniii  a  naii-ow  oiiloii;;  iicad.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is 
from  one  to  two  indies  tiiiek  and  b<;ht  jj;r:iy,  and  separates  into  broad  thick  plates,  wliidi  are  fre(]iieiitly 
three  or  four  feet  loiij;  and  .sometimes  remain  for  years  hantjin;;;  on  the  trunk  ;  the  bark  of  yininj^  stems 
and  of  the  small  hranehes  is  smooth  and  lij^ht  or  d.irk  jjray.  The  brandilets  are  sioiit,  and  when  they 
first  upjM'ar  are  sli;;litly  aiiijle<l.  il.trk  or  li;4lit  orani^e-red,  and  pilose  or  eovered  with  pale  or  rtifoua 
piilr  scence  or  tomeiitiim  ;  ihev  sipon  lieeonie  'i:;lit  oranjje-eoior  and  roiii;;hened  hy  scattered  elevated 
oblon^j  pale  lentieels,  ami  dnriiii^  their  lirst  winter  ire  oranij;e-hr()wn,  "glabrous  or  piibertiloiis,  and  marked 
with  obloiifj  threi-lobed  emar;fiiiate  liaf-sears;  in  their  second  year  they  turn  ashy  gray.  The  terminal 
buds  are  ovate,  rather  obtuse,  sometimes  a'l  inch  long  and  two  thirds  of  an  inch  broad,  and  three  or 
four  times  as  large  ;us  the  axillary  buds  ;  they  are  iisii.illy  covered  by  eleven  or  twidvo  scales,  the  outer 
ones  being  dark  hrown,  piiberiilous  on  the  exterior  surface,  generallv  keeled,  and  long-pointed  at  the 
apt  X  ;  the  scales  next  within  tlie.se  are  ovate,  roiindetl,  and  coated  with  thick  orange-colored  tonientuni, 
ami,  lengtliening  slightly  in  the  spring,  fall  .is  the  hrandi  begins  to  grow  ;  the  six  or  seven  inner  scales 
are  accrescent  and  become  retlexed,  tile  edges  curling  liackward,  and  when  fully  grown  are  obovate, 
pointed  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  light  green  tinged  with  red  or  bright  red  or  yellow  and  glabrous  imd 
luHtroiis  on  the  inner  face,  and  covei-ed  with  silky  pubescence  on  the  outer,  slightly  resinous,  two  to 
tiirce  inches  long  and  an  inch  broad,  and  fall  with  or  before  the  catkins  of  staniiliate  flowers.  The 
leaves  are  tifteeii  to  twenty-two  indies  in  len<;tli,  and  are  composed  of  from  five  to  nine  but  usually  of 
seven  leaflets,  and  of  stout  glabrous  or  pubescent  petioles  flattened  and  grooved  and  then  iibruptly 
enlargeil  at  the  base,  and  very  often  persistent  on  the  branches  during  the  winter  ;  the  leafk'ts  are 
usually  placed  at  some  distance  apart  on  the  petiole  and  are  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  or  broadly 
obovate,  especially  the  upper  ones,  which  are  generally  two  or  three  times  as  long  iis  those  of  the  lowest 
pair,  and  are  usually  etpiilateral,  acuminate  with  long  slender  points.  e<|ually  or  une(|ually  'vodge-shaped 
or  roiinilcd  at  the  base,  which  is  ofti'ii  obliipie,  finely  .serrate  with  incurved  callous-tipped  teeth,  and 
sessile  or  sometimes  raised  on  short  stout  stalks  ;  when  they  unfold  they  are  lustrous  and  red  ou  the 


I! 


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tf    I 


jiiii 


II  ii- 


ii 


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if 


ij  !f 


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\ 


158 


SILVA   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


JUGLANDACE^. 


upper  .surface  as  well  as  on  tite  petioles,  coated  on  the  lower  surface  with  soft  pale  pubescence,  and 
ciiiiiti'  on  tlie  niarj;riiis  with  lonjj  white  caducous  hairs ;  and  at  maturity  they  are  dark  green  and  rather 
lustrous  above,  and  pale  ycUow-grccn  or  hronzy  brown  and  covered  with  soft  pubescence  below, 
especially  along  the  broad  yellow  midribs  and  the  numerous  straight  stout  veins  connected  by  prominent 
reticulate  veiniets ;  tiie  terminal  leaflet,  which  is  from  five  to  nine  inches  long,  three  to  five  inches 
broad,  and  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  stout  stalk  often  an  inch  in  length,  is  not  nuich  larger 
than  tiie  upper  lateral  leallets.  Tiie  catkins  of  staminate  flowers,  which  open  from  the  middle  of  May 
in  Missouri  to  tiie  middle  of  June  in  central  New  York,  are  nearly  glabrous  or  covered  with  rufous 
scurfy  toiiientuiii  and  from  five  to  eight  inches  long,  with  common  iieduiicles  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a 
quarter  in  length  and  lanceolate  linear  scarious  ilark  brown  cadiicoas  lateral  bracts  from  half  an  inch 
to  nearly  an  inch  long  ;  the  flowers  are  short-pedicellate  with  linear-lanceolate  acute  bracts  twice  or 
thrice  as  long  as  the  broader  rouixled  ioiies  of  the  perianth,  and,  like  them,  coated  on  the  outer  surface 
wilii  loiwe  pale  or  rufous  tomentum,  and  have  hirsuti>  yellow  subsessile  anthers  more  or  less  deejjly 
emargiiiate  at  the  a]iex.  The  pistillati  flowers  are  usually  produceil  in  two  to  five-flowered  spikes  and 
are  oblong-ovate,  about  twice  as  long  as  they  are  broad,  slightly  angled,  and  clothed  with  pale  tomen- 
tum. with  linear  acute  bracts  much  longer  than  the  nearly  triangular  bractlets  and  calyx-lobes  ;  the 
stigmas  arc  light  green  and  btgiii  to  wither  before  the  anthers  shed  their  pollen.  The  fruit,  which  is 
solitary  or  in  pairs,  is  ellip.soidal,  ovate  or  subglobose.  depres.sed  at  the  apex,  roughened  with  minute 
orange-colored  lentieels,  downv  with  pale  pubescence,  or  glal)rate,  light  orange-colored  or  dark  chestnut- 
brown  at  maturity,  from  an  inch  and  three  (piarters  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long  and  from  an  ini'h  and 
a  ijuarter  to  two  inches  broad,  witii  a  hard  wooilv  husk,  pale  and  markeil  on  the  iusidt-  with  dark  con- 
spicuous veins,  and  from  a  ((uarter  to  a  third  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  The  nut  is  ellipsoiilal  or  slight!^ 
obovate.  longer  than  it  is  broail.  or  sonietiiiies  as  broad  or  broader  than  it  is  long,  flat  and  ronnded  at 
both  ends  or  gra<lually  narrowecl  and  rounded  at  the  base,  sometimes  acuminate  at  the  apex,  more  or  less 
compres.sed,  rather  prominently  four-ridged  and  angled  or  often  six-ridged,  full  and  roinuled  on  the  back 
of  the  two  valves,  furnished  at  the  base  with  a  stout  long  point,  slightly  reticulate-rugose,  light  yellow 
to  reddish  brown,  and  fron\  an  inch  and  a  tjuarter  to  two  inches  ami  a  ipiarter  in  length  and  from  an 
inch  ami  a  half  to  an  inch  and  three  ipiarters  in  breailtb.  with  a  hard  and  bony  shell  from  one  eighth  to 
one  (juarter  of  an  inch  iii  thickness.  The  seed,  which  is  covered  by  a  lu.strous  light  chestnut-brown 
coat  and  is  verv  sweet  with  an  agree.ible  flavor,  is  divided  nearly  to  the  apex  by  the  dorsad  ]iartition  of 
the  cavity  of  tile  nut;  the  cotyledons  are  flat,  longitiidiiially  and  deeply  two  or  tliree-groovecl  on  the 
back  Ity  the  broad  inward  projections  of  the  wall  of  the  nut,  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  b;use, 
which  is  separated  nearly  to  the  middle  by  the  thin  ventral  jiartitiou,  and  rounded  and  deeply  two- 
lobed  at  the  apex,  the  lobes  being  rather  longer  than  the  short  thin  connective.' 

Il'iiar'ni  /iiriiiiiisd  is  distributed  from  the  neigliborhood  of  Muscatine  on  the  banks  of  the  Mi.ssis- 
.sippi  Iviver  in  Iowa,'  through  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  eastern  Kansas^  aixl  the  eastern  portion  of  the 
Indian    Territorv,'   and    through    houthern    Illinois  and    Indiana   to   central    Teiines.see,''    western"   and 


'  The  N'dsslmimipp  nut  (  Nu'rvi,  t.  rt-cxlix.  f.  4),  named  for  itA  dis- 
coverer,. J.  . I.  Nu-vtl»iiii:  ;  of  Okawvillo,  lllinnin,  Iioa  t>opn  Hitiue- 
tilne.-*  conHldered  tlie  fniil  nf  a  Iivlirid  lietweell  l/icnriit  lanuiiNKI  and 
Jitriiritt  Prmn.  It  is  ii  tij^lu  red-!iri)wii  luri^-pniittt-d  nut  with  the 
ridges  nf  the  nut  of  llimna  lurinio.ul,  (inn  hiird  witll.s  vnrunj;  fn>tn 
one  thirtv-Aecond  to  one  eighth  of  an  ineh  in  Ihii-kliesi^,  thin  par- 
titiorifi,  and  the  hir;;e  hieniue  |>ei-nliar  to  ntitn  of  the  Kpeeie.i  of 
A|KK-urya,  hut  not  futnnl  in  tl  true  ilirkoricH  {VnUvr,  Auwri<^iu 
At/rirullnrifl,  xliii.  .M<i,  f.).  A  yonn^  tree  raided  from  one  of  tlieno 
nuU,  and  ^rowin^  in  Mr.  A.  .S.  KuIIit's  ganlen  near  Uidp'WtHHl, 
New  Jersey,  eannot  l>e  di^tin^iijibcd  fnini  jilant^  of  Iliroria  litcin' 
iota  of  the  same  a^e. 

The  Floyd  nut,  fruui  a  tree  supposed  t^f  have  }{rown  i';  Indiana 


anil  propHf^ted  l>y  .Mr.  U.  M.  Kloyd  of  Cedar  Uapids,  Iowa,  has 
the  internal  slruclnre  of  the   NuHsbHuiner  nut,  hut  is  hiliifer,  fuller 
at  the  iipei,  and  less  pnnninently  rnl^*d  ;  and  is  |MThaps  a  Ityhrid. 
(See  Fuller,  .Y.   )'.   Tnhuue,  weekly  e<l.  ,luly  il,  ISICJ.) 
■J   Srintrf,  xix.  -.'V 

•  Mason,  I'arifli/  ati'l  lH*trihutiim  nf  Ktmttn  TrrfS,  12. 

*  In  Au);ust,  ISHO,  it  was  diseovered  near  Ouachita,  Indian  Ter- 
rititrv,  hy  Mr.  *i.  \V.  Letternian. 

*  (iiitlin^er,  Thf  Mnhriil  I'lautt  of  Ttunrftff,  81. 

•  Ihforui  Ittriiiiiud  is  not  rare  in  the  valley  of  the  (JelM'see  Uiver, 
and  the  nuts,  which  ore  Called  king  nuts,  are  sold  in  thu  markela 
of  (ieneseo. 


JUGLANBACE^. 

e  pubescence,  and 
jj;reeii  and  rattier 
)ube.sccnce    below, 
I'ted  by  prominent 
ree  to  five  incbcH 
is  not  nmcli  larjjer 
le  niiildle  of  May 
Dvcred  with  rufous 
til  an  iiicli  and  a 
from  liiilf  an  inch 
te  bracts  twice  or 
the  outer  surface 
)re  or  less  drcply 
iwercd  s|)ikes  and 
1  with   pale  toMicn- 
d  calyx-lobes  ;   the 
'be  fruit,  wiiicii  is 
icncd  with  minute 
1  or  dark  chestnut- 
1  from  an  inch  and 
4de  with  dark  con- 
psoidal  or  sljijlit*.^ 
at  and  rounded  at 
'  apex,  more  or  less 
linded  on  the  back 
u^ose.  lijrht  yellow 
Icnj^th  and  from  an 
from  one  cij^htli  to 
^ht  chestnut-brown 
dorsal  partition  of 
'fc-i^rooved  on  the 
iided   at    the    base, 
d  and  dcejily  two- 

iiks  of  the  Missis- 
ern  portion  of  the 
ee,"   western*  and 

I'llnr  lUpiiln,  Inwa.  Iini 
riitt,  liiit  in  hitigrr,  fulliT 
anil  in  |HTlia[)i  a  h\l>ri(I, 
\y  SI,  IS'.C'.) 

i.m.»  Trtfs,  VI. 

ir  Oimcliita,  Indian  Ter- 

\rnfe^  HI, 

•J-  of  tliii  (irncrtev  Kivpr, 

m  aold  in  the  niarkrti 


J 


JUOLANDACEiE. 


SILVA   OF  NOIiTII  AMERICA. 


159 


central '  New  York,  and  eastern  Pennsylvania.^  It  is  an  inhabitant  of  rich  deep  bottom-lands  usually 
inundated  during  several  weeks  of  every  year ;  rare  and  local  cist  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  and 
comparatively  rare  in  Arkansas,  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  Territory,  it  is  one  of  the  commonest  trees  in 
the  great  river-swamps  of  central  Missouri  and  the  lower  Ohio  basin,  where,  growing  with  the  Swamp 
White  Uaks,  the  Tupelo,  the  Ued  Maple,  the  Spanish  Oak,  the  Sweet  Gum,  the  lied  Ash,  and  the 
Swamp  Cottonwood,  it  attains  its  greatest  size  and  beauty." 

The  wood  of  I/irorid  lacinioKK  is  heavy  and  very  hard,  strong  and  tough,  close-grained  and  very 
flexible,  with  many  obscure  medullary  rays  and  bands  of  one  or  two  large  open  ducts  marking  the 
layers  of  annmd  growth.  It  is  dark  brown,  with  comparatively  thin  and  nearly  white  sapwood.  The 
Bpecilie  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is  U.iSl()8,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  rH).,"}!}  pounds.  Confounded 
conunercially  with  the  wood  of  Curi/n  oratt',  it  is  used  in  the  minufacturc  of  wagons  and  agricultural 
implements,  for  the  handles  of  axes  and  other  tools.  The  nuts  are  sold  in  the  )uarkets  of  some  of  the 
western  states  in  large  ipiantities,  but  commercially  are  not  often  distinguished  from  those  of  the 
Shellbark  Hickory. 

JJiruriii  lurlnldxit,  which  may  be  readily  rccoginzcd  at  all  seasons  of  the  year  by  the  orange-color 
of  the  young  branchlets,  is  hardy  ab  fur  north  as  eastern  Massachusetts,  and  in  cultivation  grows  rather 
more  rapidly  th.;M  the  .)thcr  true  Hickories.'  Introduced  into  England  in  IHO-l,"^  it  is  occasionally  seen 
iu  the  gardens  of  central  and  western  Europe." 


*  l>ilillry,  Hull.  Contrll  i'nivrrsitij,  ii.  Ht  (f'nijnita  nnra). 

■  liu-nrui  IwiniiKin  liiM  lipfii  Hfi'n  Itv  Priifi-HHnr  Tliumiw  I'.  I'ortiT 
of  Liifavi'tto  C'lillt'^*  ill  Kmnktiii.  I.iiiu-tii«ti-r,  ami  Itiii-ks  (-inintic.i, 
and  nn  the  Imnks  of  thi>  Juiiiuta  Uivor  in  lluntingilun  C'uiinty, 
IV'iinHylvaniii. 

■>  Hnl>;«ay,  Prix:  r.  S.  Xill.  Mm.  1882,  78. 

*  i.ikf  tlio  other  IliokorifH,  this  is  a  slow*f^wing  tree  in  I  ho 
for«'nt.  Thu  l4>^  M|HH'iincn  from  MiMouri  in  tin*  .loAiip  (\illfi-tioti 
of  North  Anu'riciin  WinhU  in  tho  Anu'rioan  MtiHi'uni  of  Natnnil 
History,  New  York,  i.t  tliirt\  -two  iin'hi'.s  in  ili.inu>u-r  insiilu  tin'  burk, 


and  ithnws  three  hundp'd  and  forty  layers  of  annual  growth,  forty- 
four  of  wliii-li  are  sapwooil. 

''•  London,  .irli.  lira.  iii.  IIIH,  f.  I'iTl  {Ciiri/a  ^itlrnla). 

"  Like  many  otlnT  deeiduons-leaved  trees  of  eastern  North 
Ann'riea,  the  lliekories  all  grow  badly  in  Knrojio  ;  and  I  liavo 
never  seen  a  largo  or  well-grown  speeimen  of  any  of  the  species 
there,  althotigh  a  eentnry  ago  great  nnnilwrs  of  nuts,  carried  over 
by  tlu<  Miehanxs,  were  planted  in  Kranee,  and  nniny  attempts  to 
cultivate  them  have  bc'en  mado  in  tiernniuy  and  Kngland. 


i  I 


f 


:  S 


i    I 


EXPLANATION   OF  THK   I'LATKS. 

I'LAri:  CCCXLVIU.     Himiuia  i.aciniima. 

1.  A  llowcriiiK  lirnni-li.  imtiiral  niie. 

'.'.  A  »t;iiiiiiiatt"  ttiiwtT.  roar  view,  eiilnr);p<l. 

;!.  A  stiimiiiaU-  tli>«cr,  front  view,  i iilargfJ. 

■I.  An  antliir.  enlar^jcd. 

5.  A  iiistillali'  flower,  lateral  view,  natural  iiite. 

6.  A  wintiT  liraiii'li,  natural  niie. 


PiATK  CCCXLIX.     HicoRiA  UAciNnau. 

1.  A  fruiting  lirancli,  natural  iiize. 

2.  A  nut.  natural  »he. 

3.  Crom  iie<'tion  of  a  nut,  natural  iiiie. 

4.  A  nut  eiit  tran«vcr»ely.  natural  niie. 
6.  A  leaf,  retluced. 


;! 


;',ilva  of  tlorlh    hnr.t\c:\. 


Tab    CCCXI.7I 


I 


^ 
^ 

♦ 


J'    / 


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I 


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rLATKM. 


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I     ' 


11 
i  i 


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(     .'■  .'..-JUT    .M 


.fV:/..-/!,- 


HICORIA    I.ACINIOSA 


A  A.. 


wrtu    ,ii/i\t 


-t>  .  ■    .  .sfit-i^r    "aruT 


8*:=^, 


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11 


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Silv*  tjf  Nort>i  Ameni.<L 


T»b    CCCXI.iX 


rit 


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V 


_■.  .-.-.kJUUiUM. 


.i^ 


M  i 


t  t 


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111 ; 


i 


Silva  of  North  Amcr 


Tab    CCCXI 


lii 


HICORIA    LACINIOSA,  Sarij 


.v./7^^ 


A  .'i.i'  *  it,,!   .tW  M 


Ml/'  .  ■■  TAn^ur  t.irtj 


i! 


tl 


>  I 


} 


JUGLANDACEJt. 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


161 


HIOORIA    ALBA. 
Mockemut.     Big  Bud  Hickory. 

Leaflets  7  to  9,  oblong-lancoobito  or  obovato-lanccolate,  tomcntosc  on  the  lower 
surface.  Fruit  subglobosc  to  oblong ;  nut  globose  or  oblong,  often  long-pointed, 
4-riclgc(l  toward  the  apex,  thick-shelled,  reddish  brown. 


Hiooria  alba,  Itrittun,  liuK.  Tnrrcij  Hot.  Club,  xv.  283 
(1888).  —  I)i|>l)el,  Hamlh.  L.tiMoh/:.  ii.  ;3;il.  —  Koi'lino, 
Drutache  Dendr.  72,  f.  23  E.  E'.—  Cdultcr.  Contrib.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Herb.  ii.  411  {Man.  I'l.  W.  Texas). 

Juslans  alba,  LiiiiiiGUH,  Spec.  0^)7  (in  port)  (IT.'^S). —  Du 
|{i)i,  lliirhk.  /Iiiniiiz.  i.  333.  —  Kuliii,  Acail.  Storkh. 
Jfiindl.  %xx.  ll'.>.  —  MiionrliliauHi'ii.  Uuii.^i:  v.  181. — 
Wangi'liheini,  llearhreib.  Sunlnm.  Huh,  (it  ;  Sonlnm. 
HoU.  2.'5,  t.  10,  f.  22.  — Walter,  Fl.  Car.  23.-).  —  Aiton, 
Hart.  Keii:  iil.  .3C>0.  —  OwrtiiiT,  Fnirl.  ii.  (10,  t.  S'.).  f. 
1.  —  Moi'iidi.  .Mrlh.  ti'.lti.  —  Alibot,  liisert.i  of  (leonjia,  i. 
t.  2'.t.  —  Wilia.nciw,  lierl.  li'tiimz.  l.VJ  ;  S/iei:  iv.  4.">7. — 
Toirot,  Lam.  I>irl.  iv.  TAY.i  ;  til.  iii.  3ti»,  t.  781,  f.  2. — 
Muehli'nbir);  i  WiUcli>iii>w,  Seue  Sehrift.  Gesell.  nat.  Fr. 
Herliii,  iii.  ,'589.  —  Di'nfuiitainri,  lli.it.  Arb.  ii.  ,'!.t7.  — 
Sloki'n,  Hot.  .}f'it.  Mfl.  iv.  4IM».  —  nigilow,  Fl.  liotton. 
228.  —  Watnon,  Demlr.  liril.  ii.  MS.  t.  148. 

Julians  rubra,  ( ;.Trliu'r,  Frurt.  ii.  ,->I,  I.  89,  f.  1  (1791). — 
I'oiret,  Lam.  Dirt.  iii.  .'tiri,  t.  781,  f.  4. 

Juglans  tomentosa,  Puiri't,  Lam.  Pit.  iv.  .')04  (1797). — 
Miclmux,  Fl.  llor.Am.  ii.  192.  —  Mi.lmiix  f.  IlUt.  Arb. 
Am.  i.  184.  t.  (■>.  —  rur.li,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii.  ti;i7.  —  I)n 
Mont  Jo  Cuuraet,  Hot.  Cult.  cil.  2,  vi.  23t). 


?  Juglans  pubescens,  Willdenow,  Ilerl.  Baumx.  cd.  2.  19G 
(IHll);  /■.■«»/«.  Suppl.  fil. 

Carya  tomentosa,  Nuttall,  Gen.  ii.  221  (1818).  —  Elliott, 
Sk.  ii.  625.  —  Sprengel,  Syst.  ii.  849.  —  Spucli,  Ilkt.  I'ey. 
ii.  176.  —  Umdon,  Arb.  Jlrif.  iii.  1445,  f.  1207.  —  Torrty, 
Fl.  X.  Y.  ii.  182.— Durllngtoii,  Fl.  Ci;slr.  ed.  3,  203.— 
Curtis,  h'l/i.  (Iroloij.  Sun:  X.  I'ar.  1860.  iii.  4.3.  — C'li.i])- 
inan,  F'l.  419.  —  C.  do  (Jiiiidullc,  Ann.  Sci.  Xat.  si'r.  4, 
xviii.  36  i  Prodr.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  143.  —  Emerson,  Trees  Mass. 
194,  t.  1.3.  —  SarKint,  Fure.it  Trees  X.  Am.  lOth  Census 
I',  S.  ix.  133.  —  Watiiin  &  CduUit,  Grai/'s  Man.  ed.  6, 
4(18.  —  Mayr,   Ifald.  Xonlam.  IllO. 

Corya  tomentosa.  var.  maxima,  NutUiU,  Gen.  ii.  221 
(1818)  ;  .sy™,  i.  40.  —  I^udon,  Arb.  ISrit.  iii.  144.').— 
('.  di'  Candolli',  I'r'idr.  xvi.  pt.  ii.  143. 

Hicoria  maxima.  Ualiin'squr,  .{/.■ni'/rn/di.  Am.  07  (1838). 

Carya  alba.  Korli,  />.«./,•.  i.  591!  (not  N'uttall)  (1807).  — 
Uanidic.  Ihulsrh,-  /h-ndr.  .318. 

Hicoria  alba,  var.  maxima,  liritton,  Jliill.  Torreij  Hot. 
Clidi.  XV.  2S:!  (18S,S). 

Hicorius  albus,  Sargent,  Garden  and  Forejt,  ii.  460 
(1889). 


A  tnH>,  riirely  oiu«  hiindn'd  foot  lii)jli,  usiiiilly  much  sniiilU-r,  with  a  t;ill  trunk  oco.isioniilly  three  feet 
in  (lianit'ter  Jiiiil  coiiipuriitively  sm.ill  H|)reiMliii<^  l)raiiehes  which  make  a  narrow  or  often,  wlien  not 
crowded  by  other  trees,  «  broad  roiind-to|>|H>d  head  of  iiprijflit  rii^id  or  of  fjracefid  jiendidous  branches. 
The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  from  one  Italf  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch  thick,  sli<^htly  ridj^ed  by  slialKiw 
irrepfidar  interrupted  li.s.sures  and  covered  with  lij^ht  or  (hirk  }j;ray  ( losely  appressed  scales.  The  bninch- 
lets  are  Htout  and  terete,  and  wlien  they  (irst  a{)pear  arc  slij;litly  annled  and  cU)tlie(l,  hke  the  pedicels, 
the  inner  surface  of  the  leaves  and  the  flower-elusters,  with  thick  p.ale  tonientuin.  and  during  tlieir  first 
year  are  ratlier  bri)^lit  red-brown,  nearly  jjlabrous,  pubescent  or  tonientose,  niarki'd  witli  conspicuous 
pale  lenticels,  and  in  winter  with  pale  cniarjrinate  leaf-scars  which  are  sometimes  almost  cipially  lobed  or 
are  elonjfatfd.  with  the  lower  lobe  two  or  three  times  as  Ion<^  as  the  others,  and  which  display  minute  and 
mostly  marginal  clusters  of  pale  fibro-viweular  buiulle-sciirs  ;  in  their  second  year  the  branches  become 
lijjht  or  dark  pray.  The  terminal  buds  are  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  and  from  (Uie  half  to  three 
quarters  of  an  inch  in  leufjth,  bein<r  two  or  three  tiiwes  as  larjj;e  as  the  axillary  buds,  which,  when  they 
appear  on  the  young  branchlets  in  early  spring,  .are  coated  with  long  white  hairs ;  the  three  or  four 
outer  bud-scales  are  ovate,  acute,  often  keeled,  or  apiculatc,  thick  and  firm,  dark  reddish  brown  and  jiilose 
on  the  outer  surface,  and  usually  fall  late  in  the  autiunn,  disclosing  the  closely  imbricated  ovate  rounded 
and  short-pointed  inner  scides  which  are  clothed  externally  with  thick  light  yellow  silky  lustrous  toinen- 


f 


i  I 


1G2 


STI,VA    OF  NOItril  AMERICA. 


,iriJLAND\CK/i5. 


^'jv,.  aii'l  cover  the  bud  during  the  winter;  they  are  slightly  acpresccnt  in  the  spr' .«;,  and  idl  sonu 
attiT  tho  brancii  begins  to  grow  ;  thu  innermost  scales,  which  do  not  fall  until  alter  the  opining  Oi  the 
staniiiiatc  liowcrs.  arc  at  maturity  ovate,  rounded  or  ai-ute  and  short-pointed  at  tho  apex,  liglit  green  and 
co\ered  with  .soft  .sllUy  i)ubeseenee  on  the  outer,  and  often  bright  red  and  jtilose  on  the  inner  surface, 
from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long  and  half  an  inch  broad,  becoming  much  retlexed  and  twisted 
before  falling.  The  leaves,  which  are  from  eight  to  tw.'lve  inches  in  length,  are  more  fragrant,  with  .i 
powerful  pleasant  resinous  odor,  thai,  those  of  otiier  Ilickory-trecs,  and  are  compoiied  of  five  or  .seven 
Icallets  ,111(1  (if  llir^ate  or  tomentose  petioles  tlattened  and  grooved  and  gradually  nuicli  enlarged  ■.'  the 
base  ;  the  leallets  are  oblong-lanceolate,  or  are  obovate-hmeeolate  toward  the  extremity  of  the  leaf,  giidu- 
ally  or  abruptlv  acuminate  with  long  or  short  points,  mostly  eijiiilaterai,  e<|uaHv  or  une<pially  routided 
or  wedge-shaped  at  tho  ba.su  whiih  is  sometimes  rounded  on  one  side  and  oblicpie  on  the  other,  and 
minutely  or  suiuetiines  coarsely  and  occasionally  very  obscurely  serrate,  and  are  sessile  or  short-p(.'tio- 
lulate  witii  the  exception  of  the  terminal  one  whicli  is  decurrent  by  its  wedge-shajied  base  on  a  short 
stalk  varying  from  one  ipiarter  to  one  half  of  an  inrli  in  length  ;  when  they  unfold  they  are  thin,  light 
yellow-LTiceii.  covered  with  soft  pale  pubescence,  am!  tijiped  at  the  apex  wiili  clusters  (d'  lonii  I'ale  hairs, 
and  at  maturity  are  dark  yellow-green  and  rather  lustrous  above,  and  lustrous,  ]>aler  or  often  light 
orange-color  or  brown  on  the  lower  sinface  which  is  clothed  with  soft  jiale  pubescence,  most  thicklv 
along  the  stout  yellow  midribs,  slightly  impressed  and  often  hirsute  above,  and  along  die  slenih'r  veins 
connected  by  tine  retieidate  veinlets  ;  tlie  upper  leaflets  are  from  five  to  eight  inches  long,  and  from 
three  to  live  inches  wide,  and  are  often  two  or  tiiree  times  i\»  large  as  those  of  the  lowcsi  imir.  The 
catkins  of  staminate  llowers  are  four  or  five  inches  in  length,  with  slender  light  gi  ■ii  ..tems  and 
comnion  peiluucles  coated  with  ni.itted  hairs,  and  lanceolate  acute  scarious  hairy  c.idueous  liter.il  bracts 
half  an  inch  in  length  ;  the  llowers.  which  open  from  tin-  beginning  of  .\pril  in  oulhern  I'lorida  to  the 
enil  of  Mav  in  eastern  New  Knglanil.  are  shoit-pe(licell.ite.  pale  yellow -green.  U'uui  one  sixteenth  to 
one  eijrlitli  of  mx  inch  long,  and  scurfy-i>ubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  with  elong,  d  cl  ovate-lanceolate 
bracts  ending  in  tufts  of  long  pale  hairs  and  three  or  four  times  the  lengtii  of  the  ovati  rounded  calyx- 
lobes  ;  there  are  four  stamens  with  nearly  sessile  oblong  emarginate  bright  rcl  hir..at<.'  anthers.  The 
pistillate  (lowers  are  produced  in  crowded  two  to  livi>-tlowered  spikes  and  are  slightly  contr.icted  .iliove 
the  middle  and  coated  with  pale  tomcntum  ;  the  anterior  bract  is  o\ate,  acute,  sometimes  a  ipiarter  of  an 
in-.h  long,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  broadly  o>a''  nearly  triangular  br.utlels  ajid  calyx-lobe,  and, 
like  t'lem,  glabrous  or  |pubcrulous  on  the  inner   surf  !)  u  stigmas  are  dark   red   and  begin  to  wither 

before  the  anthers  shed  their  pollen.  The  fruit  is  ellij  '  ..'  or  obovate,  gradually  narrowed  at  both  ends, 
acute  at  the  .ipex,  abruptlv  contracted  toward  the  lias'',  more  or  less  roughened  with  small  lenticels, 
pilose  or  nearly  glabrous,  dark  reddish  brown,  and  from  an  inch  and  one  half  to  two  inches  long,  with 
a  husk  about  one  ei';hth  of  an  imdi  thick  splittin'^  to  the  midille  or  nearlv  to  the  base.  The  nut  is 
nearlv  globose  or  ellipsoidal  or  obovoid-oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  rounded  at  the  b.ise,  and  acute 
and  sometimes  attenuated  and  long-pointed  at  the  apex,  much  or  onlv  slightly  compressed,  obscurely  or 
pnaninentiv  foiir-ridg<'il,  rather  conspicuouslv  reticulate-venulose,  light  reddish  brown,  he<oming  darker 
and  sometimes  red  with  ;ige,  from  three  (piarters  of  an  inch  to  two  inches  in  length  and  from  three 
cpiarti'rs  of  aii  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  (jnarter  in  width,  with  vt>ry  thick  liard  walls  ami  partitions,  and 
a  sm.tll  sweet  seed  <leeplv  divided  bv  the  |>artitions  id'  the  cavity  and  covered  by  a  dark  brown  lustrous 
coat,  the  cotyledons  being  deejily  grooved  on  the  back  by  the  broad  longitudinal  ridges  on  the  iinier 
*'ace  of  the  wall  of  the  nut. 

//iiiiii'  '  'lid  is  distributed  from  southern  Ontario'  southward  to  (^ape  Canaveral  and  the  shores  of 
Tampa  Hay  in  Florida,  and  westward  to  Missouri,  eastern  Kansas-  and  the  Indian  Territory,  and  the 
valley  of  the  Hrazos  Hiver  in  Tc  is.  Comparatively  rare  at  the  north,  where  it  grows  on  ridges  and 
hillsides  !•>  :icli  soil,  (jr  less  frequently  on  the  alluvial  of  river-bottoms,  IH'oria  iilhii  is  the  commonest 

'  iir  ID  -♦    f'ct'.  I'ig.  I.uj.  Can.  47.  —  Miu'oun,  Cat.  Can.  Pi  433.  '  &1aioii,  t'(irr>/i/  ««</  I tiMlrihutio't  nf  Kanma  Trtft,  I'J. 


.rriiI.AND\CK.i5. 

.jT,  an(J  i'lll  sdoii 

B  o|)i-iiiii<j  oi  the 

liglit  green  and 

lie  inner  surface, 

exed  and  twisted 

fragrant,  witii  i 

of  five  or  seven 

1  enlarged  i,'  the 

f  the  leaf,  gi  cdu- 

ie(|ually  rounded 

n  tlie  otlier,  and 

le  or  siiort-j>etio- 

hase  on  u  siiort 

V  are  tiiin,  light 

long  pale  hairs, 

er  or  often  light 

nee.  most  thickly 

tlie  slender  veins 

's  long,  and   from 

lowisi  pair.      The 

;jiii.'ii   stems  and 

on>:   i  iteral  liracis 

•rn  b'loriila  to  the 

one  sixteenth  to 

(I  ovale-lanoeolate 

ill  rounded  calyx- 

itv  anliiera.     The 

lontrieted   almve 

IS  a  (juarter  of  an 

id  calyx-lobe,  and, 

d  liegin  to  wither 

)\ved  at  hotli  ends, 

ill   small  lentieels. 

inehes  long,  with 

base.     The  nut  is 

le  hase,  and  acute 

•sse<l,  obscurely  or 

,  becoming  darker 

I  and  from  three 

ml  partitions,  and 

k  brown   lustrous 

.dges  on  the  inner 

and  the  shores  of 
Perritory,  anil  the 
iws  on  ridges  and 
is  th(!  communest 
at  Tna,  I 'J. 


JUOLANDACB^. 


STLVA   OF  NORTH  AMEPWA. 


V)3 


and  most  generally  dist/buted  of  the  ilickory-trees  in  the  south,  and  gro'ws  to  ita  laigest  size  in  i:m 
h.isin  of  the  lower  Ohio  River'  .and  in  Missouri  and  Arka.isas.  It  is  the  only  Hickory  found  in  the 
Pine  forests  of  the  sandy  maritime  Pine-belt  of  the  southern  states,  where  it  is  not  rare,  and  with. 
the  Pignut  it  grows  in  great  abundance  on  low  sandy  hununocks  close  to  the  shores  of  bays  and 
estuaries  along  the  coast  of  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states. 

The  wood  of  Ilii-ar'tti  alba  in  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  tough,  close-gr.iined,  and  flexible,  with 
many  thin  obscure  medullary  rays  and  numerous  large  regularly  distributed  open  ducts.  It  is  a  rich 
dark  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  absolutely  dry  wood  is 
0.8218,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  .'»1.21  jjounds.  Confounded  connncrcially  with  the  wood  of  the  Shell- 
bark  Hickories,  it  is  used  for  the  same  purposes. 

The  abundance  of  this  species'-  on  the  shores  of  Virginia  and  the  other  southern  states  probably 
made  it  kiu)wn  to  Kuropeans  earlier  than  any  of  the  other  Hickories,  and  it  was  first  described  by 
Parkinson  in  his  'J'liidtndii  Jiolaiiicum,^  published  in  VAO. 


'  KiclRwav,  f'rm:  IT.  S.  .\„l.  .U.i.i.  ISS'J.  7«. 

■^  llirnria  nll>4i  itt  AoinelinifH  I'lilU'ti  HIai'k  llickor)-,  Bull  Nut,  ami 
Whili'  llrart  Ili.k.irv. 

•  Shj  Jtujlnni  I'lri/inittna,  I  IK.  —  ('ilti'sljy,  \tU.  Hist,  Car.  i. 
3S,  t.  38  (ill  part). 

Xtix  Juglivis  oUhi  VirijiiifusU,  Kay,  liisl.  IH.  ii.  1377,  1U15. 


iVuj:  Jiif/tam  Virf/ininnn  foliis  ynlfjnrh  nimiJiSffrnrin  nufirntundo, 
riirlirr  ilunnre  in-i,  I'liiki'llft,  Aim.  ISnl.'liH. —  Miller,  iJUt.  So. 
it.  —  Duliaiiifl,  Tntitr  ihn  .ir/irf':<,  ii.  ijl. 

./ui/litn.*  iilha,  h-<:-"ttt  iirato  rinnf/rf.ssn,  prn/'imtlf  itwulpfo  il'iriifim'i: 
cauUate  itUiijt  muitiitii,  jiltrunii]tie  apyreua,  (^hiyiuiif  Fl.  Virt/ia.  lltO. 


I  4 


I 


I  ■ 


EXPLANATION   OF  THK  PLATES. 

Pi.ATK  CCCL.     IIkiikia  ai.ha. 

1.  A  llinvi'riiijj  liramli.  nntiinil  si/.i'. 

2.  A  sliuiiiiiiitf  Hnwer,  fniht  virw.  I'liliir^ji'il. 
ti.  A  stanifii.  onlnr^'i'd, 

4.  A  pistilliili'  tidwi  r.  literal  view,  I'lilarp'il. 

5.  V'lrliiul  surlion  nf  a  |ii«lillato  tlowcT,  uularjjcd. 
0.  A  wiiiUT-liiul,  natural  ^iic. 


Pi.ATK  CCTI.I.     Hi.  imn   ai.ha. 

1.  A  fruiting  liraiiili,  natural  si/.i-. 

2.  All  "liKuii;  fruit,  natuni  nizc. 

3.  Cross  section  of  a  fruit,  ..atural  siie. 

4.  A  nut,  natural  ni/u. 

5.  A  nul,  natural  si/-o. 
C.  A  nut.  natural  si/t'. 

7.  ViTtii-ul  ^c^•lion  of  u  .lUt,  natural  siie. 


!i    i 


fi 


A       ^ 


Silva  of   Nor'h   America. 


Tab    CCCL 


i    M 


1AI'I-\N  V  I-  IN 


Silva  of   North    Ainentd. 


Tab.  CCCI. 


II' 


A  HiMtfut-  .irna' 


HICORIA    ALBA 


,  *-=. 


I  f 


t 


\h 


1 

t 
t 

1 

V 

t 

t 

i 

Silva  of  Norih   Amrrica 


,^ 


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\' 


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— ' gjg'^iy'iiiawiwianMwa^'^     '-zi 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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JTJOLANDACEA 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


165 


HICORIA   GLABRA. 

Pignut. 

Lkaflkts  5  to  7,  oblong  or  obovato-liinet'olatc,  <rlul)rous  or  villous-pubcsccnt.  Fruit 
nyriform  or  globose ;  husk  usually  tliin ;  nut  oblong,  oval  or  globose,  thick  or  thin- 
Khelled  ;  kernel  sweet  or  slightly  bitter. 


Hicoria  glabra,  Rritton,  Hull.  Turmj  Hot.  Cluh.  xv.  L'.St 

(1HS,S).._  I)i|,,„.l,  llaiiilh.  I.uihliuUh.  ii.  .'531.  —  Kuelii'-., 

Dfiit.irhe  Dnulr.  70,  f.  '.M.  It.  It'. 
Juglana   glebra.   Miller,   Dirl.   ed.  H,   No.  r>   (17(W).  — 

Sliu'iK'liluui.'ii'H,  lliitt.li:  v.  181.  —  l)ii  l{<>i,  llarbk.  liiutmx. 

i.  .'tii.").  —  WunuiMihi'ini,  SorUam.  JloU.  '.'.'),  t.  10,  f.  'Jl.  — 

Miii'lili'iilii'ix  >^  Willilcniiw,  Sew;  Svlirifl.  (Ifuv/l.  nut,  Fr. 

lifrl'ui,  iii.  .'J'.tl.  —  ViUiltMiow.  Siirr.  iv.  4.18  ;  Bi'rt.  littinnz. 

eil.  2.  liMi.  —  IVnioon,  Sijii.  ii.  MO.  —  lli|,'i'low, /'/.  ISo.i- 

t'in.  '.".'!».  —  Hiiyni',  Demlr.  Fl.  H14. 
Juglana    alba    acuminata,    Miirsliiill,   .irlm.st.    Am.    IW 

(178,")).  —  ('a«ti(;lii)i]i,   i'in'j.  nfj/i  Stutl  I'liili.  il.  I'li'.'. 
Juglana   squamosa,  roirct.  him.  Vict.  iv.  o04  (li'.)7).  — 

DeafiintaiiivD.  }ti»l.  Arh.  ii.  348. 
Juglana    obcordato,  MiioliIeiilMTg    &    Willdcnow,    Xeue 

Srhrlft.   (imi'll.    iiiif.    Fi:    Ilerliii,    iii.    .WJ    (not    I'oiift) 

(1801 ).  —  WilliU-nov;-,  .S'/«Y.  iv.  4.")8.  —  I'tisooii,  S(/ii.  MV,. 
Juglana  poioina,  Miilmiix  f.  Ili.-it.  Arh.  Am.  i.  '.'ot;.  t.  '.• 

(1810).  —  Pur»li,    Fl.    Am.    S>'pt.    ii.    tJ;i8.  —  Amlubon, 

Hlr,l.i.  t.  91. 
Juglana  porcina,  a  oboordatu,  I'ui-sh,   Fl.  .im.  .s'>7<^  ii. 

RtS  (1814).  — \V.  V.  C.  Uarton,  (•„mi>,n,l.  Fl.  Phila.  ii. 

180. —  Watson,  Iiendr.  Itrit.  ii.  107,  t.  107. 


Juglana  porcina,  Ii  floiformis.  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii. 

038  (1814).  — W.  v.  C.  IJuiton,  Cumpciul.  Fl.  I'liila.  ii. 

180. 
Carya  porcina,  Nnttall,  Gen.  ii.  222  (1818).  — Elliott.  Sk. 

ii.  ()'.'7. — .S|ireni;il,  Sijst.  iii.  84'J.  —  S|iaili,  lliit.  JVy.  ii. 

178.  —  l)ailint;ton.  Ft.  I'entr.  nl.  2,  r)40.  —  London.  Arh. 

Jlnt.  iii.  1  I4'.t.  f.  1272-1274.  — C.  di-  Can.lollc.  Ann.  Scl. 

.\iit.  srr.  4.  xviii.  30,  t.  1.  f.  ">,  t.  5,  f.  .">4  ;    I'nulr.  xvi.  pt. 

ii.  14.i.  —  Kidt'way.   I' me.  V.  S.   Xat.  .l/»,i.  1882,78.— 

Lanclit',   Deiilsrhe.  Ihwlr.  300.  —  Sar^'ent.  Forest  I'rces 

.V.  Am.  10/A  Census  C.  S.  ix.  131.  —  Watson  &  Coulter, 

rV/vy',*  Mni.  cd.  0.  40'.t. 
Carya  obcordata.  Swci't.  Uort.  Ilrlt.  i)7  (1827). 
Carya  glabra.  Spacli, //M^   Ve>j.  ii.   179  (1834). —  Sweet, 

/lort.   /;nV.  97. --Xutt.ill,  .V'"-    i-    40.  —  Torrey.    F/. 

.V.  )'.  ii.   182.  t.  101.  — Cray.  Afan.  412.  —  Darlington, 

/•■/.  ( 'estr.  cil.  3.  204.  —  Curtis,  lie/,.  Geolaij.  Sun:  .V.  ( 'nr. 

18()0,  iii.  44.  —  Chaimuin.  Fl.  419.  —  Koch,  Dendr.  i.  594. 
Carya  amara,  var.  porcina.   Darby,  Hot.  S.  States,  513 

(I.8.V.). 

Hicoriua    glaber.  Sargent,    Gimlen   and    Forest,   ii.    460 
(1889). 


A  tree,  I'iglity  to  niiu'ty  or  occasionally  one  liundred  and  twenty  feet  in  height,  vnih  a  tall  slender 
often  forked  trunk,  occa.sionally  from  three  to  four  feet  in  diameter,  luid  spreading  limbs  whicii  form  a 
rutlier  narrow  liead  of  slender  more  or  less  pendulous  and  often  contorted  branches.  The  bark  of  the 
trunk  is  from  one  half  to  tiiree  quarters  of  an  iiieli  thick,  and  hglit  gray,  with  a  firm  close  surface, 
usually  divided  by  small  fissures,  tlie  surface  of  tlie  low  ridges  separating  in  close  loose  scales ;  or 
sometimes  scaly,  with  loose  thick  plate-like  scales  five  or  six  inches  long.  The  branchk'ts  are  slender, 
and  marked  with  oblong  pale  lenticels,  and  when  tliey  first  appear  are  sliglitly  angled,  liglit  green, 
nearly  glabrous,  .'ten  covered  witii  yellow  scurf,  puberulous,  tonientose,  or  coated  with  long  pale  hairs ; 
during  their  first  year  tiiey  are  rather  light  red-brown,  glabrous,  or  rarely  puberulous  or  pubescent,  and 
turn  dark  rod  in  their  se<'ond  season.  Tiie  leaf-scars  are  comparatively  small,  semiorbicular  to  oblong, 
obscurely  lobed,  and  slightly  emarginate  at  the  apex.  The  terminal  buds  are  usually  about  a  quarter 
of  an  inch  or  sometimes  fully  half  an  inch  in  length,'  ellipsoidal,  acute  or  obtuse,  and  two  or  three 
times  cs  large  as  the  axillary  buds ;  the  outer  scales  are  acute  or  often  slightly  keeled,  and  frequently 
long-pointed  at  the  apex,  light  orange-brown  or  dark  reddish  brown,  lustrous,  and  covered  with  soft 

'  On  the  ihoraa  of  Mobile  ll»y,  where  the  Pignut  grows  at  tlie      fornw,  and  much  larger  than  I  have  seen  them  in  any  other  part  of 
water's  edge  on  sandy  dunes,  and  at  lllufTton,  South  Carubiui,  the       tlic  eouutry. 
buds  are  fully  twioe  as  large  as  those  of  the  connuou  northern 


I 


1 


f  ! 


•  i 


IGO 


SILVA   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


JOOLANDACE^. 


sliort  pubescence,  und  sometimes  with  clusters  of  yellow  articulate  hairs,  and,  beginning  to  unfold  early 
in  the  autinnii,  oecasioiially  fall  before  winter,  or  early  in  the  spring;  the  scales  immediately  within 
these  are  tlotiied  on  the  outer  surface  with  thick  yellow  lustrous  silky  pubescence,  and  are  somewhat 
accrescent,  htni]>-shapc<l,  rounded  or  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  and  often  three  ipiarters  of  an  inch  long 
when  fully  grown  ;  tin-  inner  scales  increase  in  size  from  without  inward,  and  are  yellow-green  more  or 
less  tinged  witli  red,  covered  with  long  pale  hairs  on  the  outer  surface,  lustrous  on  the  inner,  lanceolate 
and  acute  to  broadly  obovate  and  a|)iculate,  frecpiently  two  and  a  half  inches  in  length  and  an  inch  and 
a  ipiarti  r  in  width,  and  retlexed  and  more  or  less  curled  before  falling.  The  leaves  are  composed  of  five 
or  seven,  or  rarely  of  nine,  leaflets,  and  of  slender  glabrous  or  pubescent  |)etioles,  slightly  grooved  and 
enlarged  at  the  base,  and  are  from  eight  to  twelvt!  inches  long  ;  the  leaflets  are  oblong  to  obovate- 
laneeolate,  gradually  or  abru|)tly  long-pointed  at  the  apex,  eipially  or  unequally  rounded  at  the  base, 
sharply  serrate  with  incurved  teeth,  subsessile  or  short-jietiolulate,  or  the  terminal  <me  decurrent  on  a 
slender  stalk,  and  from  a  ipiarter  of  an  inch  to  nearly  an  inch  in  length  ;  when  they  unfold  they  are 
bright  bronzy  green,  covered  below  with  long  ]iale  hairs,  giandnlar-iiunctate  with  dark  mostly 
deciduous  glands,  which  usually  disaj)])ear  before  niidstnnmer,  and  furnished  with  tufts  of  long  snowy 
white  hairs  at  the  base,  pilose  above  along  the  midribs  and  primary  veins,  and  eiliate  on  the  margins 
with  long  pale  or  rufous  hairs;  and  at  maturity  they  are  thick  and  firm,  glabrous  and  dark  yellow- 
green  on  the  upper  surface,  and  glabrous  or  rarely  |iubescent,  and  often  furnished  with  tufts  of  palo 
hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  slender  ju'imary  veins  on  the  lower  surface,  whivh  is  much  li^Iiter  colored  and 
sometimes  bright  vcllow  or  vellow-brown  ;  the  upper  leaflets  are  from  six  to  eight  inches  long,  and 
two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  broad,  and  are  three  or  four  times  as  hirge  as  those  of  the  lowest  pair. 
The  catkins  of  staminate  flowers  are  from  three  to  seven  inches  long,  wita  stout  common  peduncles 
from  half  an  inch  to  an  iii>'h  and  a  ipiarter  in  length,  covered,  like  the  slender  rhachises,  with  soft  pale 
scinfy  ])ubescence,  and  liiiear-lanecolate  scarious  hirsute  lateral  bracts  ;  the  flowers,  which  open  frrmi 
the  middle  of  March  in  Texas  to  the  beginning  of  .Inne  in  New  Kngland,  are  short-j)etlicellate,  vcliow- 
green,  and  coated  wiili  pale  pubescence  or  tomentnm  ;  the  bract,  which  is  very  variable  in  si/e  and 
shape,  is  lanceolate,  acute,  and  much  longer  than  the  ovate  rounded  calyx-lobes,  or  it  is  ovate,  rouniled, 
and  does  not  mucii  exceed  them  in  length;  there  are  four  stamens,  with  nearly  sessile  ovate  emarginate 
orange-colored  anthers,  slightly  hirsute  above  the  middle.  The  female  flowers  are  produced  in  from 
two  to  Hve-Howcred  spi'ies,  and  are  about  one-  cpiarfcr  of  an  inch  long,  nutre  or  less  prominently  foui^ 
ribbed,  and  nearly  glabrous  or  coated  with  scurfy  pubescence  or  with  pah?  tomentnm  ;  the  bract  is 
lanceolate,  a:>nte,  sonu'tinies  half  an  inch  long,  or  usually  shorter,  much  longer  than  the  ovate  acute 
bractlets  and  the  ealyx-lobe.  and.  like  them,  tiark  green  and  glabrous  on  the  inner  surface,  and  more  or 
less  covered  with  pale  hairs  on  the  outer  surface  and  along  the  niargitis ;  the  stigmatic  lobes  are 
veliow.  and  be^in  to  wither  before  the  anthers  shed  their  jiollen.  The  fruit,  which  is  extremely  variable 
in  shape  and  si/.e,  is  pyriform,  ellipsoidal  or  subglobose.  rounded  or  often  much  depressed  at  the  apex, 
abruptly  or  grailiiallv  narrowed  at  the  base,  cylindrical  or  often  obscurely  winged  to  the  mid<lle  or 
nearly  to  the  base,  rather  bright  reddish  brown,  often  pubescent  or  covered  with  scattered  clusters  of 
bright  yellov  hairs,  from  en  nicli  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long,  and  from  three  ipiarters  of  an  inch  to 
an  inch  and  a  half  broad  ;  the  valves,  which  vary  from  one  thirty-second  to  one  sixteenth  of  an  inch  in 
thickness,  open  in  some  forms  only  at  the  ajiex,  and  continue  to  inclose  the  nut  after  it  has  fallen  to  the 
ground,  and  in  others  split  to  the  middle  or  nearly  to  the  bas«!.  The  nut  is  ellipsoidal  to  subglobose, 
often  nearly  as  broi,<l  as  it  is  long,  rounded  at  both  ends,  or  obcordate  or  rarely  acumiinite  at  the  apex, 
obscurely  foui'-angled,  conipri'ssed  or  sometimes  nearly  cylindrical,  and  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch 
and  a  half  in  length,  with  thick  or  thin  hard  walls  and  partitions,  and  a  small  seed  with  cotyledons 
deeply  diviiled  at  the  bas<',  and  often  deeply  grooved  on  the  back  by  the  thick  longitudinal  ridges  on 
the  inner  face  of  the  wall,  and  a  light  brown  coat. 

Jllcoria  ijlabru   inhabits  dry  ridges  and  hillsides,  and  is  distributed  from  southern  Maine  to 


JUGLANDACE^. 

5  to  unfold  early 
imediately  witiiin 
lid  are  somewhat 
)  o{  an  incli  long 
iw-<^ri'i!n  more  or 
inner,  lanceolate 
and  an  ineh  and 
composed  of  five 
litly  grooved  and 
long  to  obovate- 
ided  at  the  base, 
le  deciirrent  on  a 
y  nnfold  they  are 
ith    dark    mostly 
'ts  of  long  snowy 
!■  on  the  margins 
and   dark  yellow- 
vith  tufts  of  |>ale 
filter  colored  and 
inches  long,  and 
f  the  lowest  pair. 
on\mon   jiednnclea 
ses,  with  soft   palo 
which  open  from 
U'diccUate,  yellow- 
riahle  in  size  and 
is  ovate,  rounded, 
ovate  emarginate 
produced  in  from 
prominently  foui^ 
tuni ;    the  bract  is 
n  the  ovat»3  acute 
irface,  and  more  or 
Liginatic    lobes  are 
extremely  variable 
■essed  at  the  apex, 
to  the  middle  or 
•attered  clusters  of 
rters  of  an  inch  to 
LMith  of  an  inch  in 
it  ha.s  fallen  to  the 
idal  to  subglobose, 
uinate  at  the  apex, 
n  inch  to  an  inch 
ed  with  cotyled(m8 
;itudinal  ridges  on 

southern  Maine  to 


JUOLANDACEii:. 


SILVA    OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


1G7 


southern  Ontario,'  and  through  southern  Michigan  to  southeastern  Nebraska,"  and  southwiud  to  the 
shores  of  the  Indian  River  and  Peace  Creek  in  Florida  and  to  southern  Alabama  and  Mississi()pi,  and 
through  Missouri  and  Arkansas^  to  eastern  Kansas'  and  the  Indian  Territory,  and  to  the  valley  of  the 
Nueces  River  in  Texas.  Extremely  common  in  all  the  northern  states,  the  Pignut  ascends  to  higher 
elevations  on  the  southern  Appalaciiian  Mountains  tlian  the  otiicr  Hickories ;  it  abounds  on  the  shores  of 
bays  and  estuaries  along  the  coast  of  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states,  and  ranges  farther  south  in 
Florida  than  the  other  species,  and,  with  the  exception  of  the  Pecan,  farther  to  the  southwest  in  Texas. 
In  Missouri  and  Arkansas  it  is  perhaps  the  commonest  species,  and  it  probably  attains  its  largest  si/e  in 
the  basin  of  the  lower  Ohio  River. 

The  wood  of  Ilicuritt  (jhibra  is  heavy,  hard,  very  strong  and  tough,  Hexible  and  close-grained. 
It  contains  numerous  thin  obscure  medullary  rays  and  many  large  open  ducts,  and  is  light  or  dark 
brown,  with  tliick  lighter  colored  or  often  nearly  wliite  sapwood.  The  speciric  gravity  of  the  absolutely 
dry  wood  is  0.8217,  a  cubic  foot  weighing  .")1.l!1  pounds.  It  is  used  for  the  bandies  of  tools  and  in  the 
manufacture  of  wagons  and  agricultural  impleMients,  and  conniitrcially  is  not  distinguished  from  the 
wood  of  the  Shellbark  Hickories. 

The  earliest  authentic  account  of  lliror'ni  ijldhru,  with  an  excellent  figure  of  the  nut,  appeared  in 
Catesby's  Nuluntl  /Ilslor;/  of  Curoliiiit,''  published  in  IT^il  ;  according  to  Aiton,"  it  was  introduced 
into  Pjiglish  gardens  in  17!M). 

Ia'ss  variable  than  several  of  the  otiier  Hickory-trees  in  habit,  foliage,  and  flowers,  Iliairlu  (jhtbra 
varies  more  than  any  of  them  in  the  size  and  siiape  of  its  fruit  ;  in  one  form  the  fruit  is  oblong  and 
usually  pyriform,  with  thick  husks  splitting  nearly  to  the  middle  or  to  the  base,  and  thick-shelled  nuts; 
in  another'  it  is  subglobose,  with  rather  thinner  husks  splitting  freelv  to  the  base,  and  small  compara- 
tively thin-shelled  nuts  and  better  flavored  kernels  than  those  of  the  pear-shaped  form.  In  Missouri  a 
variety*  of  the  Pignut"  with  remarkably  small  buds,  branchlets,  petioles,  and  leaflets  clothed  with  soft 
villous  pubescence,  and  rather  large  subglobose  thick-shelled  fruit,  is  common  on  dry  Hinty  hills  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Allenton. 


'  Macoun,  Til/.  Ctm.  I'l.  IX\. 

•  ttmivy.  Itr/i.  Sriimikn  Sinir  IUhiM  .lgri<:  ISiM,  109. 
■  lliirvi'y,  Am.  Jmir.  FtrtMry,  i.  \'h\. 

*  Miuwii.  i\iritty  (in*/  Itiitrihutian  of  A'«i«.«(M  Trt-tf,  12. 

*  Muj  Jugtiitui  Ctirotiti^rmis  fnti-tu  mimmn  iiutamiite  liri-i,  i.  IW,  t. 
38. 

tJut^utv  alfni, /rwlu  mtnori^  r'irtwe  ijlaltro.  Clayti)!),  /V.    I'injm. 
118. 

•  Horl.  Knf.  f<l.  '.i,  v.  '.'97  (Jui^am  ijlahra). 
^  //i(  "fia  gliihra,  viir.  i»li>ntl<i. 

Juylant  nlha  mlomlii,  .Murnliall,  Arbml.  Am.  08  (1785). 

Carya  miiTocarjHi,  NiitUll,  fifu.  ii.  li-1  (181S);  Sprenjjol, 
Sj/sl.  iii.  819.—  Loiuluii,  .4r?).  llril.  iii.  ll.'il.  —  I)iirlin(,'tiiri,  /V. 
Cetlr.  eil.  It,  LW.  —  CiirtU,  f!  p.  (irth.:!).  S>irv.  S.  Var.  l'M^).  iii. 
44.  —  CImpiimii.  Ft.  -119.  —  Tie  OhimIoH**,  Prottr.  xvi.  pt.  ii. 
14J.  — (iray,  ittm.  nl  o,  418.  —  Kinli,  Dnulr.  i.  .")Wi.  —  Hid^'- 
WBV,  I'me.  V.  S.  Sal.  Mus.  188'.',  77.  —  l.mii'lie,  Umtsehe  Dnulr. 
308.  —  Diulloy,  Hull.  Cornell  I'niemiiii,  ii.  83  (Cayuga  Flora).— 
Wstooii  &  CimltiT.  (Iray'n  .Udti.  eil.  0,  Wi. 

Jtttflaus  w/u(iffMW(i,  0  inicrtx-arjHi^  \V.  1*.  C.  Itartun,  Compenil. 
Ft.  I'hila.  ii.  179  (1818). 

liiroria  mu'rtx-arpa,  Hrittoii,  Itull.  Torrey  Hot.  Clnh^  xv.  -83 
(1888). 

Hicoriiu  odoratu.1,  .Sargent,  Oardtn  and  Foretl,  ii.  IfiO  (1889). 

liicoria  aioratti.  l)ipp<>l,  Uandh.  i.anhholzk.\\.  Il^Wi  (18lhi). 
Thia   form  waa   recui^iizotl   by  niin)phr<>y  Miirshall,  who   tir<t 
deacribod  it.   It  Jraa  known  tu  Muohloubcrg,  tbo  younger  Michaux, 


Hij;oIi>w,  and  rurnli,  ultliiiu|;li  only  tin-  first  of  th('.io  nuthora  oonsid- 
crt-tl  it  spcciliciilty  (tistirii-t  front  tlit'  Pignut  with  uhtong  fruit. 
Nultall  ili'.<iTiliiMl  .1  .iinull-fruitt'il  Hickory  .i  hi.s  Genera  of  Sorth 
Amertran  I'lnitt.'i,  hut  figured  in  hi.-*  Sytra  as  (\irya  mirroivirfia,  a 
snmll  fruit  of  i  'aryi  ovtitit  with  .i  hniui-li  of  what  i.s  posHiltly  the 
I'ignut.  u.H  sliown  f»y  hi.s  s^'fi'iinon  preservt'd  in  the  hertiariuni  of 
the  i'hiliith-Iphia  .\oadeiuy;  and  in  liis  Syh-a  rocugnizud  tho  two 
furni.s  of  Uicoria  glalira. 

liiroria  ijtahra,  var.  o^torata,  is  fonunon  in  eastern  Massachusetts, 
in  C'ouneetii'ut,  eastern  and  central  New  Yori«,  eastern  Pennsylva- 
nia, IV'laware,  tlu"  I>istriet  of  t'oIund)ia,  central  Michigan,  soutliern 
lutliana  ami  I'liiutis.  ami  in  Missouri.  In  Massachusetts  aiul  in 
aoiue  parts  (tf  New  Yorli  it  grows  siiie  hy  side  with  the  other 
form,  tlie  two  *.rees  iM'ing  indistinguishr.i)le,  Itut  in  other  states  it  is 
sotuefinu's  found  in  rather  h)w  groriul,  wlicn  the  hark  is  scaly, 
i.ltIiouf;Ii  in  rich  soil  trees  with  jwi  r--'::ipcti  fruit  sonu'tiuies  have 
more  scaly  bark. 

•  Hii'oria  glabra,  var.  rillosa. 

•  llicoria  glabra  is  sometimes  called  Hrown  Hickory,  Black 
Hickory,  and  Hroom  Hickory.  The  last  name  is  said  to  be  due  to 
the  fact  that  in  the  early  settlement  of  the  coinifry  brooms  were 
nuule  with  narrow  strips  split  fn>m  the  wood  of  this  tive,  and 
probably  also  from  that  of  the  other  species.  It  lias  been  sug- 
gested that  its  most  common  nanus  the  Pignut,  is  a  corruption  of 
Kiguut,  from  the  shape  of  thi'  fruit  (Tucker,  Treef  of  Worfesler, 
57),  hut  Pigimt,  according  to  t'atesby,  was  in  nsc  in  Virginia  early 
in  the  eighteenth  century. 


f'-'l      '  ■ 


} 


*1.        1 


EXPLANATION   OF  TIIK   PLATES. 

Platr  CCCLFL     IIkokia  .ii.amka. 

1.  A  tliiwrriiij;  tiranrli.  natural  «i/.p- 

".'.  A  "laiiiimili'  tl.iwir,  front  view,  onlarRwl. 

;{.  A  ulaininalo  tluwir,  ri'ar  view.  enlarm>J. 

■'  A  »tanii'ii.  enlarjtol. 

5.  A  |ii»tilliili'  lliiwrr.  wilargMl. 

C.  Vtrt.ral  «f<'liim  uf  a  (li^tiUato  Hower,  enlarged. 

7,  A  wintiT  lirancli,  iiaturul  liio. 


Pl-ATR   CCrLIII.       IlliOKIA   .1I,AW»A. 

1.  A  fruilinK  liranrli,  natural  »i/.<'. 

2.  A  nut,  iinturikl  size. 

3.  A  nut.  natural  site. 

4.  Vertiral  icrtiiin  of  a  nut,  natural  nu, 

5.  CVoM  rtwtiiui  of  a  mi.  natural  »iie. 


Plate  CCCI.IV.     IPiokia  <ilaiira.  var.  oixtRATA. 

1.  A  flowering;  lirunrli,  natural  iii/e. 

2.  A  utainiimto  llowor.  ri'ar  virw,  enlarged. 

3.  A  Rtnimn,  I'lilnrRril. 

4.  A  |)i«tilUte  flower,  enlarged. 

.'i.   A  fruiting  l>ranrli,  natural  ■izc. 
G.  A  fruit,  natural  l<i/<^ 

7.  A  fruit,  natural  n'tw. 

8.  A  fruit,  natural  i>i/o. 

9.  A  nut,  natural  (izc. 

10.  A  nut,  natural  fi/e. 

11,  A  winter  bruncbli:!,  natural  iiiic. 


Plati!  CCCLV,     Hkokia  (ii.AnRA.  Tar,  viluma. 

1.  A  flowering  branch,  natural  «iie. 

2.  A  male  flower,  rear  view,  enlarged, 

3.  A  mab  flower,  front  view,  enlarged. 

4.  A  fruiting  brancli,  natural  siio, 

5.  A  nut,  natural  i>iie. 

6.  One  of  tlie  ^alven  of  t!>e  fruit,  natural  liu. 

7.  A  winter  branchlet,  natural  sixe. 


]i      . 


f     > 


jl 


l!lH' 


n 


t 


;  1 


I  I 


i    I 


I 


FXIMANATION   OK  TlIK   ri.AlK.s 


1';  xtK   11  (I. I!        II 
I.  A 


l->  A 
•i.  \ 
7     ^ 


i.'L\tr  ('  < 

\      A 


.,•>.,:.  .1 


•wpr,  »riUri;<.l. 


natnrnl  MM. 


1 

i 

i4L^ 

SiW.a  of  Nor'^    Ainrii    i 


(   /'  /"'ituxin  ,M 


HICORIA   GLABRA 


.'/  /•'ith'TtSi.e     ./irr\r  ' 


/•'y»  J  Taneur  Pttrts 


■I! 


li! 


} 


I 


it 


t. 


Silva  of  Norlh   Americi 


Tab    CCCLMI 


■-!'.'•,<.«-;   .W 


Hinittii.   sc 


HICORIA     GLABRA 


A  h'uur^t.u--  litr^ii  ' 


l-np 


i'lfx^.r  rcttu 


m 

'^ 

f  if  ^f 

! 

If!  •■    ■ 

1 

i 

1 

I 


r 


I  \ 


I 

3\ 


1 

i 

|!  . 
1, 

i 

p 

' 

mm 

f! 

It 

M^    1  - 

■ 

M       1 

1 

11 

••'•.. •''.'•■^.•■•J-.'i'gijg 


t 


ll 


<      , 


Silvii  of  Norlli   America- 


Tab,  CCCLiV. 


'  ,*,  fi'.t.it.ft  <.w  ■ 


HICORIA   GLABRA   ,■.:    ODORATA  ,  ?ai  o. 


,1  /fit'rrMAf   ./vX  /  " 


//•y      '  I-irt,i.f    /■;/.. 


i 


II 


IJI  I 


i' 


*«>>.- 


-^ 


fW 


«1  ■•■ 


\ 


(^fi: 


'^:/- 


f 


! 


t 

r 

1 

1 

I 
1 

i 

1 

ti 


i 


CjiWd  ot    Norili  AiTicii'-.i 


Tab   CCGLV 


,  r  y.u.MM. 


!!tr„-h, 


HICORIA    GLABRA    ..     VlLLOSA.Sarg 


A  !ii,},'rru.t    -fiTi' 


fnifK  .-/.  Tanviit  i'u 


1 

!! 


f^i 


e 


I  if 


» I 


V. .  ^ 

i 

i     1 

'' 

I 

INDEX   TO   VOL  VIF. 


N«inei  uf  Ordeni  %n  in  imall  CAi'iTAUf;  nf  mlnuttnl  (inirra  ami  Speoioi  uid  otlirr  prupcr  imtncr*,  in  romnn  t/pe; 

iif  1^1)1)11)11111,  ill  tlitUct. 


Ai'AnlhfMUn*ii  qiifttlriKthhus,  133. 

AiTnliii^irt  ,lllt;t>lliilM,    IIH. 

Ai'miivi'tii  rutirii'utiiH,  0-1. 
Ai-tiiK  l.tiiiit,  llti. 
A^irit'H^  tiliiLirtitfi,  12. 

Alli^titiir  IVnr,  2. 
AiiiiTifKii  Klin,  i!t. 

AtitlKittiMim  OrfiHliiplim^N,  'JO. 
A|mlr  loiMl.iris  \'Xl. 
A|>iiliir:i  ('•'ItM,  (^1. 
A|mtiini  ClUoii,  IVI. 
A|MN'Hr\ii,  lit'.*. 

A«|iiil|n|IM  JilKlrtluliit,   110. 

Ai*)H<lititiM  r!t)>}it,  'Ji>. 
AH|iit|itt  ti  iii|;lftiiilii-llii,  110. 
i\tt)irii<t  |*riiii)i-tht'ii,  l.*i. 
Aiutriilitiii  ljttl>l)iril  IWttll»| 'JO. 
AviN'H'lx  IViir,  *-'. 

Itiilaiiiiint  iiufiriii,  \'M. 
MiilmiiiHii  riH-tuN.  l:Vl. 
lUy.  U.-.),  1. 
lUy.  SwHiitp,  7. 
Ituv-lm*.  J I 
ItfMM-ti,  WiKfr.  io:t. 

iifttrni  Mfiiuoifi,  '27. 

KiK'  MimI  lli.-k.>ry.  101. 
Iti^r  Sh.lltmrk.  157. 
Itiitfriiiit,  lit. 
Ititttr  IVnut.  I  111 
Hlark  llH-knrv.  lOa.  107. 
Ifhu'k  MiillH-rry,  77. 
liUrk  \Vi4lhiit,*l'Jl. 
lUiutDpliaKA  ^rtHMtiniiii,  03. 
ll«>ttoii>  Slitlllmrk,  l.'i7. 
Bi>w  WinhI,  Hi). 
ItnMjm  Mirkory,  107. 
Itrinijuiimeltn  tturtorin,  H9. 
llmwii  llii-knry.  107. 
Hull  Nut.  lOa.' 

Iliinh,  lUMijamiii  FniiikUn,  110. 
HiittKriiut,  Itrt. 
Iltittoii-hull  tn-v,  103. 

HuttOIIWlHKJ,  1U2. 

Cnjeput,  'Jl. 
Califurnia  Ijturel,  *J1. 
California  OliTe*  'Jl. 
Camphoror   *ti,  9. 
CapriHtatiou,  \K\. 
Ctiprificus,  Ul. 
Caprijicxn  innriti/erQ^  93. 
Capri  Htf,  IKI. 
Cart/a,  l.'il. 
Caryi  alha,  153,  101. 


Cnrtfft  finuini,  \  II. 

('itn/H  ani'iri,  \nr.  mffriMlirirfhrmu,  Xi't. 

^V|"/*i  iiimtni,  vnT.  iiorrina,  105, 

Ctiri/'l  tttufti^ti/'.lni,  I'M. 

diriftt  tt'i'tulint,  1  ll». 

CurifH  rillhurlirii,  \\H. 

i'ttri/u  ri-rtlt/iirtniii,  1.17. 

(\iri/u  ifUthm,  lO.". 

i'tiriftt  ///ifiM.  n.<M,  i;i7. 

i'firifii  ihtrifrifhlfi,  1 19. 

((iryi  Mmninit,  V.VJ. 

Cnryn  tnn'rin-tir/m,  |ti7. 

i'ftryn  murutiorfiinniHt  115. 

CtirtfU  f>/«iT'/rI/*l.   10.'». 

Ctinta  oltiufftirim*,  137. 

Curtftt  /Hjfrittu,    UiTl. 

Cur'tn  fuittftrrtm,  157. 

Citrifit  nulritii,  |,*»7. 

Cur'fti  Ufntftt't'i,  i;(7. 

I'ftrun   r^ittrui,  \'M. 

C'ltri/a  tnmruloAit,  Kit. 

Cartftt  tomrttiitiitf  v»r.  marima,  101. 

iVditr  Klni,  57. 

ColtiH,  o;t. 

Celfin  .liiiM,  01. 

(V/(M  nrulrntti,  (Vt. 

(V/Zm  atUt,  71. 

<V//u  .In'/iVr/Kifia,  07. 

Cfltit  Amlihrrtuirtu,  rnr.  «/..       *iM,  67. 

Crltis  Ainlthrrhiiim,  var.  uvalu   07. 

Ci'Itifi  HiiN(niti)t,  01. 

(V//IJI  ilrrliiiuiifri,  71. 

(  V//iji  hrrvi/ien,  7-. 

CrltiA  rnnina,  07. 

<^V//ij  CVjiM'itfiid,  *>4. 

C^ltu  conlnUi,  t'tl. 

Crllui  rrtijtuifitlia,  07. 

Cfltui  rrti.i>i/itii»t,  viir.  futtilt/ptifitlin,  07. 

Crltit  rrttMi/tiliii,  vur.  m(»ri/(t.'ui,  07. 

(>/(./  cmnm/oltn,  var.  lUitrjoiia,  07. 

Crltut  I>imt/{ttiii,  07. 

(  V//M  Khrrtih^Tijiiinitt  0-1. 

Velliit  frtiHiirfiii,  tVI. 

Vrltii  Floritliinti,  Ii7. 

CvltiA.  fiiiipil  (liHt'imi-H  uf,  04. 

Crlti.%  fnAttita,  71. 

f  Cfltxx  fjraufluirtUftta,  07. 

CV//U  hfterophiiUn,  07. 

Celtifi  if;tiaii(>ti<t,  01. 

Ci'ltid,  iiiMcct  (>ntMni('B  of,  04. 

Critic  intf^/olia,  71. 

CW/i.*  UrvujnUi,  71. 

Cz-Z/u  LiwlKfiuieri,  71. 

Cc//iJ  lotii/ifUiti,  71. 

f  W/i*  wKiri/iHid,  07. 

Ci'ItJH  MiA.siA.HippiiMiAJff,  71. 

CeltU  Mittsiuippiensifl,  var.  reticulata,  72. 


f  VZ/M  niorifhtifi,  *17. 

r.//H»/./r7N.i.  07. 

('flliH  tN'tiiliMilali".  't7. 

(V/r**  ,un>hufnl,i,  71. 

f  V//H  wmifnttth*,  vur.  Auitifiirtidim,  Ofl, 

f V//M  thrnlftitnln,  Viir.  rmhita,  07. 

(■>//(.«  iH-riilfniiiliM,  \ar.  rmnAij'nhti,  OS. 

T  f  V//IJI  it4-i'i>ifuliih!i,  I'  ffnituhiithiiitu,  «JM. 

f  f  V/fM  tirrii/rnln/it,  vur.  tfnitiilnlrutattt,  07. 

Crltii  iHTiiiftiliilit,  Var.  iiitn/nttiiiii,  71. 

CrltiM  iM-fiiU'iitali^,  var.  pMiiiitit,  t>l>. 

<V//M  iH-mUulnU*,  var.  rHirulitht,  7'J. 

{'r(ft»  in'riiliiilith.^t  var.  xnifiniiymln,  ti7. 

f  V/^H  nciif/rt,ttili.i,  viir.  ifrrulnUi,  07. 

f V//(A  iH-rulfiitfili ',  var.  trnHijolm,  07, 

fV/^■.*/.,i//..A^ol. 

fW/M/»i/.(/,i.  «i7. 

Ctlti*  i>rin-rrtt,  07. 

f. //M  fiumtUt,  01». 

fV//M  rrUruhit,!,  liH,  71!. 

f  V/f»*  rhninmn'lfi,  (>|. 

i'l-UiN  Tula,  fl  piiltiila,  01. 

Vrlti*  tftmifitliii,  til. 

f  Vi7i.i  Trrnrut,  71. 

('rnimiMirn  .liij;!anihi.  117. 

('t'n'n..piira  Mnrii-i.|;i,  77. 

CtTi'o.tiMtm  pitrpiin-a,  'J. 

Chtrtopttlta,  :U». 

Cliali-opluira  i-iinipi->triH,  10|. 
Cliapnian,  .MviMi  Wi'iitwurtll,  110. 
I'liapntaniiia,  KH). 
Cli.rry.  I>i>jf,  09. 
Cliiiiit  fint'tiiM,  133. 
Chmitraii,  ritrrr.  80. 
Cliratni'fiiiH  In'riu',  133, 
Cirrha  ptiit.iiiclla.  101. 
CithtTuiiia  ri-^alis,  110. 
ClitY  Klin,  IS. 
C<K>k?<t>nniti  (iall-liiii4<>,  11. 
ColiMiplx.ra  I'aiyu'folii'lla,  133. 
Ctilli'^plufria  t-orliiata,  87. 
Colopha  rimii-nla.  11. 
ConutraclirliH  •lu^laiuliti^  110. 
Cork  Klin,  47. 
Cork  WoihI,  111. 
Covillia.  O-J. 
CorW/m,  91. 
Crab  \V,mmI,  30. 
CylK'ni' pii'tus.  110,  VX\. 
Cyntoffi/ne,  91. 

Pataiia  inh'^prrinm,  110. 
Dataiia  ininistra,  110,  133. 
DomlnitlapliiU',  9. 
f  Ih'ndrwitiphnfy  9. 
Oog  Cherry,  09. 


tl' 


r  i 


f 


''■< 


i 


170 

U.in  liiiwrliriim  WiMii,  AT. 
itfiiiiiiphitiiinn,  IK, 
Ifri'ruifhitllunt  f>itm\/iorum,  *1. 
l>rM<)>i.'li<i.  10 

hrttf»h.i  tllfnl,  \nr.  /(|/l/(»/lfI,  1*7. 
th'tprltii  rrnifti,  *J7 
hrtiftffru  (T(H'r«|,  H  hmtftftft,  'J7. 
hr>ff»t*ii  croinl,  y  liitifitiiil,  ml. 
Ifru/i'hn  rrik-rit,  \iir.  ItUtJoiul^  UA. 
hrufht  ifliitiril,  ■.'.%,  li?. 
llnpt-ti-tt  KfM'liniN,  '.Tl. 
l>t7|H't<*«  liitiritlnni.  'J7. 
Ifntf>*tf.«  hnhu,>i.  'J 7, 
l>ri/ftfr»  imtmUfiiirit,  'J7. 
Ptiiiliur,  Williiiiii,  HtK 
l>itttlt  Kill),  10. 


Iilplinlinll  \lllitMlllll,  l:i3. 

lilt,  AiiiiTti-iin,  l*». 
Ini,  i'l  itiir,  Ttl, 
liii,  Cliff,  |H, 
Ini.  Cnrk,  17. 
Iin,  Piiuli.   10. 
III).  Kiih'liiili,  tU. 
Iiii.  KuUi.  (ill 
hii.  Ili.-k.irv.  IH. 
Im-lruf  lt.-.-(l.-,  11. 
Ill),  Mniindiiii,  .VJ. 

Itll.    Kr,|,   .V.'.  .VI. 

Im.  It.H  k.  i:>.  17. 


Ml 


li' 


TV.  .VI. 


Itll.  .^Wiiiiiii,  I.V 

tin,  Wiiti-r,  i:i.  (II. 

Int.  Wittir,  W  Irt. 

lilt,  Wiii^rd.  .'il. 

Itll.  Wv.li,  lo. 

.iit;lii.li  Kliii.  40. 
KIihI)  WiilintlH,  115, 
itMHiiiiaCarMi',  133. 

rythnnftfir,  HI. 
li'Hpil,   I3'J. 

M» itiH,  ('.;*. 

ii){i<iiiA  Ntihsii^'iiariji,  It. 
uiM-r^fji,  I. 

I'lloHHIACK.K,  U3. 
tifiyff,  \K. 
xriemno,  iH*. 
Cic-tctirui  lucula,  30. 


Fall  Welxworni,  41.77.  110. 
KhIm-  Kim.  CO. 

Klrtl..  lU. 

/■'in*j»  iifhmnr,  1V|. 

Ficiis  Aiirt'ii,  l>i'». 

FwH*  nurtn,  var.  lati/itiia,  05. 

FtrnA  hrmf'-HVt,  1*7. 

Kii'iis  Citrii-A,  Ut. 

Kiciii  Carit-a.  miltivatioii  of,  (Kl. 

/■'iViij  rriu//(i((i,  *.H. 

Kicuii  fliiHtifii,  1*3. 

Kh'Uh.  fi-rtiliiation  nf,  hy  inaecU,  U3. 

KiiMIN.  ^all-tlnWIT4  of,  92. 

FiniM  f^tiunnihtta,  1)7. 

Kit'iu  |Mi|iiiliica.  'J7. 

KifiiH  rcIiK^inna,  IM. 

Fii-tu  Urtibtirffliii,  frrtilizatiun  of,  03. 

Fi^tl^  SvrniiioniH,  '.*3. 

i-i),'.  '.'•■t' 

Klovil  nil!,  Ih..,  ir>7. 
Flutcil  Sculf,  ao. 
frrirtoilendron,  ii3. 


/A7>AX 

Funirri!  (liHritM'M  itf  (iltii,  H4. 
Kiiiiifiil  (ii'tniHi  1  Itf  Ijii-iiriit.  I.'U. 

KlIIIKul    lllM'ltM'K   ttf    .tll^lllllll,     IIU. 

Kiin;;:il  iJiMtwt"*  ot  Moni*.  77. 

Klinunt  litni'itM'i*  nf  riT^ni,  'J. 
KiiMUiil  iJiHi'iiMri*  til   I'liittiiiii^,  101, 

Ktltl^lll    tllM-llM-N  (if    >>|tNnilfrillt,    \>^. 

Kllll^ill  tll>ti;lm'«  nf    rtinOiill.  h7, 
Kllllpil  lilMMM'it  nt    I    liiil(<«,    1'.' 

Kiitit{iil  ilix-iint  <•  Itf  liiiU  lliiliiriik,  'JO. 

(iltliTlli'll  lltlltht>llli'lil-llll.  11. 

(;)tll-tl.min  of  KifiM.  IV.'. 
titiio'tnfhm.  Hi. 
(■i-lri-liiii  (til \ii-\i>rt-Il.t,  lil3. 
(ilii*(ii>|i<iniiiii  i't'lliiliii,  (I'l. 

<il(l*im|M)|tlltll  l|rr%  lHft|llll||),    101. 

(iiM-i  ii^Ttiiiiii,  i;i3. 

(ii>«<iypiiriii  (  liiii,  II. 

(ir:i<'iliinii  jiiifliiiKltiii^ni'fllii,  110. 

(tniriliirtii  •*ii«'*tifriiM«'ll)i,  l.*i 

(ini|>litiiirii<i  ti't.iiitfittifvr,  (Vt. 

(iriiplii)lttli.i  rarviiiiii,  131. 

(iiiiititii  IMiiiii.  'J7. 

(iiiiiilNi  hitt,  11. 

(tyiiiti4iittii'4,  *Jt). 

(■yiitthUilhcH  liii'ulrt,  30. 

ff'yrfifi'i/Hi/(jr)iu(,  t^ 

f  (ilf'»>iitf<illttUU9   t  'tttrthi/titttn,  11. 

G^rruvt-nui  Ci'ltiilti,  Im. 

Ilitt  kU-rry.  (i7,  71. 

IIjiIiV  iHi|Mr-«li.-ll  lli.kKrjT  nul,  K»4. 

Iluli><(t<liita  rur>ii>,  i:u. 

llt'llll<N-t>(ll|,    0. 

llniit)i('r<ti-:i,  1. 

Ili'tcruiiilrii,  1. 

Ili'iiintliirn,  1, 

III*  korv.  hit;  IW.  1(11. 

llt.kury,  HUrk.  1*U.  1(17. 

Ilukiirv  liiinr,  llt>. 

Iltrknry,  Hr.M.n).  1(17. 

Ilitknry,  Hniwii.  107. 

Iliiknry  Klin,  IM. 

llii-kitry.  Niilini-^,  1  tri. 

Ilirkiiry.  i>n};iii  nf  tlir  iiaiur  nf,  134. 

Ilirknry,  Shu^Utrk,  I.Vt. 

Hickory,  Mn-lllKirk.  IVt. 

Ilii-kory,  .'^wnnip.  111. 

Ilii-knrv-trcf'w  til  Kiir>>iio,  150. 

Ili.knry,  W.d.T.  1  ID 

llirkory,  Whitr  lli-urt,  lOIt. 

lli.oria.  131. 

l/tnmn  ammmata,  157. 

Iltt-nriiiiillin.  101. 

fitcvrui  nihil,  vur.  rndrirnn,  101. 

llirnriA  iii|iii4ticiif  1 1!*. 

Hu'itrtn  FrruoH'uvui,  t  |."i. 

Ilii-nriii,  finijftd  dtAruM-H  nf,  1.31. 

Ilii'nrm  );l:ilini,  10.V 

Ilk'nrin  glabra,  \\\t  cxliirAU,  107. 

Ilicnria  i^UlirH,  var.  villiina,  l(t7. 

Ilicnria,  in.MTt  I'lictni:**  of,  \'X\. 

lliciiriit  Iju  MiiiMit,  l.'i7. 

llirnria  lai-iiiiiiHa,  hyhrulu  of,  l.'>8. 

ilu'oriit  tnnrima,  HII. 

Ilicnriii,  ini'ilti-a)  prii|M'rtifH  uf,  133. 

lli<-nria  Mi'xicnna,  13'J. 

Iliroriti  inuTit-  nrfnt,  107. 

llirnria  luiiiiina,  1  U. 

llirnria  niyri.Hti<'ii<fnrniiji,  l-tfi. 

/lirurui  otlitr'jtii,  107. 

llicoria  ovatu,  l.VV 


lliiuriu  iVi'iin.  l;»7, 

H >»i  IViiiii,  (iihivatnl  vnrlfllci  of,  130. 

Ilicnria  iViaii,  (iiliitiittnit  nf,  130, 
llicoriii  iVcaii,  hylirtiUnf.  t:iM. 

//l<  nritl  MtJiUhl,   |,'»7 
liifiirtfi    ttiium,   137. 
Illinrtrt.  WimnI    nf,    |3'J. 
Ilnnnui  nihuM,  llll 
i/i>„nuM  unnini,   I  ||. 
IhtonuM  mfUiiUfUM,  110. 
lluori'tM  ifdihrr,    |li,"t. 

itnonw  tuhiiniolui,  lit*. 
HuoriH»  tnihimuM,  1 1 1. 
l/iiiiriHM  m^rttlinrfiirttna,  1  |i\ 

ill.itflUM  iktnrulHH,    107. 

Hnimu*  ni-'i/im,  \'h\. 

fluttnun  t't'tiH,  137. 

/i.roriita  auhtthui,  l.'i7. 

llip|H>iinin»>,  'X\. 

Ili|>)>nii(iinc  Maiiciiit  Ha.  .'I'l 

IIi|'|HMtiai(f,  |H>i»niioiin  proiirrtirR  of,  31. 

llt|>|M>iniutc,  W'MmI  uf,  31. 

llnnUrr\.(ll». 

Ilvhri.l  WaliiMlH,  111. 

11)  pliaiilrm  ( mica,  11,77.  11(1. 

ll))Mii\toii  SuMJifnu,  '•'. 

Iri'r\a  iNin  liaxi,  'JO. 

IikIi.i  UmIiIh  r  frniM  Kii'ti*  rliuticii,  Kf. 

lift!  it    CIM-IIIKH   nf   (Vltt«,  (V|. 
lltMtt   (IM  iiiir^  nf   llicnrill,    l.'l^l. 

IiiM'i  I  nil  titici  nf  .lii^l.inH.  1 10. 
IiiHiii  cm  IIIII-4  .if  Mnrii!*.  77. 
Illicit  fill  iiiti'x  nf  I'lahinnit,  lot. 
litM'ct  citcintcN  nf  .Saji^nfraM,  |.'>. 
Ilt»r(t  I'lirniic*  nf  'ro«>l<»ii.  m7. 
IllnccI  ciicMlirii  nf  t    ItliiM,    It 
IliACct  (  liciiiic*  uf  I'llllM'UuliU'iM,  '**U. 

iojyUfHt  HA. 

JapMtirtM'  Waltint.  110. 
iln.i  4.sii,\( »  (,  113. 
(fii^litiit,  1 13 

JuiflniiA  rli/(iri/i/fi/if|,  116. 

Jwfi'ii*  tiit»t,  i:.3,  101. 
JuifiittiM  iiUm  rii-iimrntiM,  10<'. 
Jm/lnn»  utfMt  unuima,  111. 
Jugliina  riMii  i»l<irtita,  107. 

Juijl'Vl*  ttlfnt  (N-(iM,  l.'hl. 

JmjUtns  aihti,  f  ftttntna,  1.37. 

Juiflittt*  ithttim,  111. 

JutjtitiiM  itutpistifUm,  137,  111. 

Juiflnut  ti'fiuttuit,  I  ll». 

ilti^laiis  ('Mltfnriiicii,  r.'O. 

Jutjlnni  Caltfontnii,  TJ.'*, 

JuifUi'iJi  ntiharth'ii,  IIH.  '    V 

Juf;li4n»  ciiifi'ca,  IIK. 

9Jut/linig  ciurrro,  W^t. 

Jii^lttitf  ctiii'n-a,  nicilical  pm|>«rtic]|  uf,  120. 

*Jii^lai:.i  cint>m»-iii^rH.  111. 

JutfiiltiM  romprrsui,  1<~>3. 

Ju4fUtt\»  ami 'form*  f,  1  l(t,  141. 
Ju'jlftmi  tylttulnrn,  137. 
Jii^laiiH,  fnii^l  (liM-MiteN  uf,  116. 
Ju;/!n'U'  glohni,  Kk'i. 
Jiiglanii,  liyliriilii  nf,  114. 
Jii^laiiH,  ittru'ct  I'lif'iitii'N  of,  110. 
Jii^laiin  ill  Suitli  AiiuTicu,  llt'i. 
Ju^'Uiiit  iiiMulariii,  llTi. 
JugliiriM  IUin<Htirn»u,  137. 
f  Jutjl'tn.i  itilrrm^ltit  (tlahi,  1 15, 
Ju^lttiiH  iiiti-niii'dia  pynfnrniii,  114. 
fjuf/lans  intentieilut  ipuninitKjuhut,  115. 
Juglaiia  iuWrinnlia  Vilmuriiiiaiia,  114. 


ft' 


•  r.  lau. 
i:\H. 


..(►.rtH'i  ..f,  :n. 


iiti 


f-liiMtii'A,  {K\. 

I,  \X\. 
-.  1 1(( 

ii«,  inl. 
riti.  \'t. 

II.  H7. 
*.  II 
lluUria,  t!0. 


141.%. 
I 

7. 

i;»7. 

.  Ml. 

I. 


pmiwrtiei  of,  120. 

It. 

Ml. 
of.  116. 


f.  iia 

I,  115. 


.  nr». 

Drniiit,  111. 
nitupiltitti,  11.1. 
urmittiia,  114. 


JutfUtitM  /fjriniiMfi.  iri?. 
Jtnftttn4  mtieritftAifUti,  \U\. 
.lntiUti*  MiuiiMiiiiini.  ll.V 

Jut/hfn  Mfru-nnn.  ll.V 

Jinf!nHM  mi'iiiH'i    111. 

.hiXliiMfi  iiiiilli^,  ll'i, 

Jii4/linn  iHUi  titmthi.  111 

./«*//(((..«  mtfriMhi  itf.irmiji,  |  W. 

•liiKl'iX**  iiitfi*!  1-1 

Ji'Ulntt*  tiiifru,  IIK 

.futfliiHM  uufni,  tf,  IIH. 

•liii{Uit)i  ii(t(r.i,  vttr   Itiijtviiuia,  lliV 

J '*!/!. i„»  ttiifn$  tifilouifti,  iJl. 

Jniflatu  .»/« or./dM.  I.'kI,  lliiV 

Jutilttm  ..A/,*ti.;ii,  IIH. 

Jtti/iiittj  .>/i/.*ri*/»i  »|/M,  IH. 

./uy/fffM  ultvirtiimuit,  V.Vl. 

./ifftiiu»  iWnn,   |;i7. 

JuijUtHM  fMtrtltllt,    111**!. 

Jwjiitn*  /Ktn'trui,  m  "ti.nnhtn,  UMi. 
./ii(/.'(iiii  fmnnHi,  0  fi'tt'iimui,  ItiiV 

*./uflltlHM  fl>lht»i-ft,*,    |(i| 

•liiKl'iiit  I'ynfiirMiitt,  ll.'r 

•  lu^fhllH   rt-^lJl,    1  l.'r 

•IiikIiiiii  rr^L4,  tMiliiviitiiMi  mill  uai'^  uf,  115. 
•^)K''(i)t  ri*^i:i  |{iI>In>ui,  It  I. 

«lti^|jii4  n-^iii  iiitfi-i Iiii,  111 

Jm/'iiH*  rrifttt,  \,\T    h'l'inioniii,  1 1.*». 
Juifiitus  rrifm  iHltii/ini,i,  lit! 
Ju»fUm*  r^tfut,  viir.  .S'lMr'nH,  lla. 

•fiiUlHiDi  rii|N-«lrtr  I'.'.V 

./((i//*|fM  ru/>t*lri*,  \.tr    "Ml/Mr,   I'il. 
•Iii^litim  Nii'lHililiaiiii,  11(1 
Juffltin*  H'luitnunut,  \.W,   llki. 
JthflitnM  41/ mi  till t.n I,  H  "ii<  rtH-tirjMi,  1<>7 

fJ'ii/ittfU  MlruiturfMi.  ||."», 
Juijiitun  MuliiUn,  111,  157. 
Juifi.iHM  tiimfnutnitf  lUl. 

K'tlmt  twitif'ttlui,  'Jit. 
Kiiii;  nut*,  l.'»7. 
KtikylliotiiaM  iiril,  Kil. 

I.iirliiiiit  ('itr\ii>.  lil^l 

l.lti'hniH    I'liltllllltnlil,    101 

l.u<l>l>inl  llictir,  Aiitlruliiui,  LU 

hiixlnlh,  l>nvi(|,  h7. 

Lai  tMt>  »..  1 

l^unl,  ritlir<iriitti,  -I, 

l.uiirrl,  Mountain,  'Jl 

tMurui,  1. 

l.iturnA  nlhutit,  17. 

/.aurtu  lUtrhmtM,  4. 

/ii'iri.j  fxMtthi,  Ut. 

I.nnnut  i  'ttniiiiirtuiii,  4,  7. 

/.iiitru*  ( '(iriJii/M*»t.*M,  ■  i)liihrti,  I. 

/.ituniM  Ciirolini'HMii,  $  /'nfi**ftmi,  7. 

l.iiuruA  f'ltntltrn'HatA.  y  itltUuntf  I. 

I.ttHntJt  i 'iirititinutut,  I. 

i.itunu  i  'lU'-nf^ri,  \\. 

Launm  f '(ir*.<''(/((nri,  II, 

f.ituruM  fiir^TSifiJui,  17. 

I.tturus  Jittrttn,  10. 

l.iiurn.*  /mtuit,  "2, 

i.iiuni.1  .\tiiitrrirtt.ii$,  10. 

I.nur'in  l*rrnfit,  'J. 

I.nurut  Sti.mii/nin,  17. 

I.ourn.^   iiumlhr^  'J. 

/.uunu  7'(V/,  10. 


Imhth*  rHrtihtlm,  17 
Lfiititiiiin  (  III)  11*.  lil^l 
l<4'riiuiiini  .liiKlitniiifi-i,  lltt. 
I^ilnrnii,  l(n> 
U'lliM'iiii  lliiriiluitii,  1 11. 
I>IIN»  itlAi  »>,  too 

lr,,t.»h/,f,ur,  \i. 

l.iliytlM  It  Hiit-liiuMniii,  IVI, 
LuMki  m  Itinnfitiiit,  \n. 
t.ui|MiN  ciiM'rriii,  l^kt. 
/.tfHiniui,  'S-i. 

LltlitM-fillftit  i-iiryHtiill)fUii,  \'M\. 
MtlitHnll.-d-.  taniif.iln-ltii,  l;i:t. 

Ij|ll.H'.>||.tl-.i.lhr<.llrlU,  HI 
l.ltho.nll.-ll-.  <-.l(lMtL|,  lit 

l.itlMH'ull.ti-*  ju^Hiin.th'llii,  IIH 
LitlMHiilli-tiH  (  nil'<  lliiliiriu',  ^O. 
l.i>jilMNli-riii«  IritiriiniiH,  h7 
l.iiiM'^ti'Kc  Mill  liirti',  h7. 

KllllH  Mnth.   110. 

.\tit'lnni,  M,"» 
Stttvlnm  iiiiriintiifii.  HO. 
MiM-M.ihiin,  lt«  riiiin),  Htl 
Mitrr»i>thitlmii,  lit 
Mailt'irii  iiiiiliti).,'iin),  'J. 
M.ilio^iinv,  .MiiUrim,  'J. 
M.iliniim,  H7 
.M;illiit|on  nil  l;(ih>|Mi^,  HI 

i/'i'Htjui.i-*,  :i;*. 

MiUirlillif*'),  Iti'i 

.(/'iii'-".r//.i,  :t:i. 

Mutii  inriltl  ' '  'iftuUn,  Ilfl. 
Ma^^arMi  t'|nlim«,  77. 
Miiotiiriit  t'lini.  I'J 
.M.I»t:Muif.  Ill 
Mmr^tnitii,  1. 
Mrrtitmui,  (hi. 
Mrrtfh*iii  rhimtinuIrM,  IVI 

.yffrf>f,*tti  ,^;v/M.M./,., i;i 

M*  H|.il.>.la|.l to 

U,  ./"/"•/'»/'*"'■,  1» 
U- '/ti/'N/'i/'^'tr  ofiifrrrt,  |0. 
MiM.an  MiilUrry,  h:(. 
Mi'iari-t  hiitvlla,  -.U 
Mhr»|.t.  I.-...  10 

MuTifptfU,,  fMirVfniut,    11. 

Mii-rottnHnit  •ln);l,uiiliH.  117,  \'M 
M<Kk*rniil.  101. 
Motni'.ia,  I><'1- 

.W"'ri"<i'i,  t'>:t. 

.t/ffrfn.«iw  aruifillil,  iV\. 
MiilUltlil    EhrrHhrriJUVM,  tW. 

.M>>n<-lla  larvt'llii,  l;VI. 
Muriu-i'it>,  7."». 

.\t'iri>f>h'>rum,  7"t. 

Morii<t,  ".%. 

Miiruii  all>ii,  7l>. 

Monii   iiiha,  iiitriNlm-tioM   into  tlit'   I'intPil 

StatfH,  70. 
MiMiiH  allia   Tatariia,  70. 
M-'ru*  f  'iinttil'''><ii,  70. 
Moriii*  ri-ttitlit'oliu.  A:\. 
MoruM  1'tmntiiutitiitfHilittifiii,  70. 
Mnrii*.  fiiujfiil  iliHt'JiHi'N  tif.  77. 
MiM'ii-i  Inilii'.'i,  77. 
MoriiM,  iiiHii't  I'lit'inif!!  of.  77. 
Mnrii'*  lii'vi^ahi,  77. 
Miiru't.  tiii'itii-ul  pnipi'Hii'H  uf,  77. 
Mom*  .\ttxtifiini,  X'.\. 
M'trn*  nurntfthulUi,  Sll. 
Mums  niiiltii'auitM,  [-ultivatinn  of,  7H. 
Mui-ii>  ni>»ra,  77. 


171 


MiirtM  ni^rii,  lint**  nf,  77. 
MiiruM  rrtii'UiHii,  ^^l 

Mnrii^i  rutirti,  IM. 

MnniM  rnf'ni,  var.  hfhnifihtiHtlf  7tt 

Mnni»  rnhrn,  var.  ifuv.-d,  70, 

Miirfis  ruhni,  var  f'ttlli'ln,  70. 

MirruM  ruhrn,  vitr.  fnirfiurru,  l\l 

Monn  ruhrti,  vnr.  Uimrulum,  7l», 

,l/(*r'i.«  tttthni,  7t*. 

Moriu  itrraia,  77. 

Mt'fiu  t'uiurini,  70, 

\fiini->  luih.i.Unn,  7». 

Muiihtain  t.lni,  't'l. 

Mnunlaiii  l.auri-l,  'Jl. 

.M.ilU'irv,  h:1. 

MuIIh'II V.  Itlink.  77. 

MiiIIm  rr),  Mixifaii,  KS. 

MiiIIh  try.  Ki-il,  70. 

MiiIIm  rr>,  Kiiotiaii,  70 

MulU'iiy,  Wliitf,  7ti. 

i\VlVl/Mfl«,  01. 

S**tnHtlrn  tiiriffro,  11. 
Striitn'Irn  imnifuoifti,  11, 
S.ruvi'lru  \y,l;.UHn,mu'i.  tl. 
Nrrlna  t'nilH  Itiilariii',  'JJ, 
.\*->n-xhf>hn*;  0. 
.Ninnior|i|ir.  W. 
Nrptn'Mia  tarya-fnlnOta,  lil^l. 
N>-|.tM  iil>  (  li  iiMfi-ii  Mil.  I<>| 

Niptxiiii  jiit;i,iihi<f..iu-iiii.  no. 

Ni'|iti(-iila  iiia\init-Ua,  l0|. 
Nt  |itiiiilu  iilataiiilla,  lot. 
\.-(tli-trr,',  i;!». 
Niiinninlaii.t  iiiirru|tliU'ilt  ■■ 
Nii<-.l>.Minh'r  nnl,  tin-,  l.'>7. 
NkIiik  ;;  Uii-kur).  1  l-'i. 
\uj,  117. 

U,-„t.'a,  0. 
0>i>ti-ii  tmllatu.  10. 
OtMiifu  l'atf<tli\iina,  11. 
HculiMi.  i-(-iin<>iiiir  iiM>«  of,  10, 
Ottitca  f-i'li  iiK.  to 
nciid'ii  (iiiiaiii'ii^iit,  to. 
Oi'uira  npilVra.  lO. 
ri,T./..(  v>rir.,r,  10. 

(>. '  t  *)iIi'iM|i'n>.  10. 

Oitnnt.  IIH. 
Oil  of  .s;,,,„lr;(s  U. 
ih\  nf  t  nilH-lliilana, 'JO. 
Olivr.  Califnrnia,  21. 

Oiui,tn.<,  01. 

(>nt'itli-ri  ;i  oiii^iilatns,  lt)3. 

()nin>;<-.  *  'taj;!',  ^\*. 

Onoaapliiii',  to. 

<tn.>^l>l/>h>f.  0. 

<tn.:l'ii>/iHf  h'iiUUil,  10. 

nr'-i>t'tf'hut  I  'iilifhritint,  'Jl. 

thfuhii'hufj'.iUH.*,  til. 

(tr'inliifthne  (tuiiitietmii,  10. 

Ori-iftfif'hnr  ofnftrn,  10. 

Iht'ul.xjtHnf  .ifrtrto,  |0. 

(tniiiiafhm-  fpl'tiilrtu,  10. 

Ortiiliififiut-,  snl'^'fii.  I'ltiheiluhiriti,  19. 

UnMiptt'lta.   10 

i  >ii;>ia  '<Mh'ii-*ti>;ma,  41 

IVi.aM.  i:vt. 

Pai-livpH\||ii  i\-)tiitis-);t'inina.  01. 
r,i.-liv|iHvl|;i  i'rlli.lis-niatnina,  (V|. 
ra«  liyp-'vlla  I't'UiiUs-vi'su'iiluiii,  04. 


A 


r, 


I'ju-livjiHylla  vcinistii,  tU. 

l*aljiMiinin-]ilu'.  '.fJ, 
PiilriicrJIa  viriiitta.   II. 
I'ulllI^  llrallMllllM,    r_'. 

rupi-'-Hlifll  llickurv  nut.  Miilrs',  l.VI. 

Pa)iilii>  'rri>ilii<^.  l,~i, 

TarJa  iitrrriiiia.  I  lit. 

I'arn,  1  liarlc;*  C'hnstii|ilii>r,  liUt. 

i'airu-ila.  i:U». 

raw(tiliif4Mtni.  IIVL 

Tt  ur,  Alli^ntlnr,  '2. 

Vfnr,  AviHvulti,  'J. 

I'rraii.  i:t7. 

IVnin.  It.ttii.  1  !'.». 

I'l'iiiphi^UM  iiliiiifiisus,  tl. 

IVrM'ii,  1. 

Prrstti  ti>f/nitea,  10. 

I'lTHCH  Itorlxitiia,  I. 

I*tr$til  t'ttroiniittjfis,  -I. 

/Vr.vti  i'ltnu'nirujii.-*,  a,  T. 

Prrtra  ('firulini'fi.liA,  ti  fflii^'ritutniiti,  \. 

/*rr.*ru  CiiroliUfnni.*,  Q  fmhemrtm.  7. 

Versni  ('uritli>titixi.i,  var.  fKiliLttrix,  7. 

Pmnt  ('atithftiitiii,  11. 

Prrittn  hilem,  U». 

iN-rKra,  fiiiit;tii  <liM>a«es  of,  *2. 

I'tr*rn  i;riitt*-<itruit  'J. 

i'fisfn  |i)ilifii,  \i. 

lVr*ra  [.in^iif.  -. 

I'lTM'a  I'«'ri*iu,  1'. 

lVr*«fH  iVtHi  a,  i-iillivntiiM)  aikI  iist'H  i>f,  -■ 

IVrnpft  |iiilH''U'rii>.  7- 

/'rmm  Sn^tiifrn*,  17. 

/Vr-iV.!.  '.t|.   ' 

/'rtifiuuthtTii,  '.♦. 

/'hitrmwniti/i-in,  '.»!. 

riilio^pora  (.'ritulis,  ChJ. 

I'hl.u*|ti.ra  M«»n.  77. 

i*lili'nH|t|)iin4  1  liiii.  -II'. 

I'livrift  riil'nfa.-^iH-Ua.  \'X\. 

rhvilxHlii-liiCarva'.  i:il. 

l'li>ll«»tii'U  (clli.li*.  (m. 

I*li\lli>stirta  inii<ro)Miiirtata«  U. 

IMi\  !ln-»tji-ta  SiiHHufra-*.  \'t 

V\\\\\uxrr;%  laryii'fuiili-.,  i;i.'l. 

l')i\to).tu<.  riuii.  IL'. 

r.^n.i-,  IlM. 

I'ipal    Ir.-r.  !M 

J'/fl'/tnffn/m-l.  *.U. 

I'laiMT.  .Iiihaiii)  .lakol),  <i(). 

I'lanvrti,  .V.I. 

IMaiii'ra  ni|(iatii-n,  <i1. 

I'lauem  fMim/iarti,  II. 

I'iitnrrd  liirhtinii,  I'd. 

Pliinent  iilimfitiui.  111. 

I'lATASACK  K,  '.HJ 

I'lataiiiift,  W. 

Phitaiiujf  f'dltf'i/nitni,  KCi. 

IMatariiiit,  fungal  tliii-.-uti-s  nf,  101, 

IMalaiiUH,  iiiHcrt  tia-itiiivf  uf,  lOl. 
flnfiiuuji  itl-iUt,  IO_'. 

I'lataiMIrt   .McXhHM.l,   101. 

Phtiiuitx  Mrnrauii,  I0i"»,  107. 

riii(aiiii><  iHMiiltiitatit,  lOJ. 

I' ilUimut  ftrvuifnUllxt,  lO"i. 

i'liitnnux  thi-i'lffitiilin,  fi  lithata,  \\fl. 

I'hUnnu.*  (Ki'uhutnlt*,  var.  /finfMitnrii,  \it2. 

PlftfimitM  tHrit/eftnlm,  vhp.  Mrruiitui,  101. 

I'lataiiMH  (irii'titatiH,  1(N). 

I'tatiiniin  rat'i-iniiKa,  111"). 

/'Itiliinu.t  rtirrmnna,  l07. 

/'hifilnn.i  vulifun-*,  KNt 

J'hilanus  t■ul^Jfln^,  i  autfuhtaa^  102, 


I'lataiMis  Wrif.jhtii,  107. 
I'liini,  Itiiiaiia,  -7. 
i'oijnnutri'phr,  Ol. 
I'ttlyporiiH  I'linclnftT,  \'l. 
Ptiwcdliiiitru,  lil-l. 
Plininiri/n  sitrhi/niiti,  110. 
I'tiliruM  l>:i.sali>,  -0. 
I'ulvitiaria  iuiiiKiitTalitlis,  87. 

Itatiiiilaria  alliiKinai'iilata,  1*V1. 
Karniilaria  CcltiitiH,  OTi. 
U..1   lt;ty,    t, 
Kr.l   i:!m.  .VJ.  .Vl 
Kr.l  .MallK-rn.  70. 
/.''/.^.>-<,  01." 

tihniutin.\   lf/l(fPir'ti(,  tV\. 

Uh\ti<>ina  SaHHafras,  l.*). 
Knik  Khii.  i:..  17. 
Iloiiialt'iiin  .ittunariiiiii.  0|. 
liii'imm  rxriii.rn,  ■J7. 
KuNstari  MiilU-rrv,  70. 

SajMTila  <liM-t)i<It'a,  l.l'l. 

Sa|t«itla  trifli'iitata,  41. 

.^a-Hviifiiin,  \'X  17. 

Siit^itfrm  tiihitlnm,  17. 

Saf.-.afiii'*,  fiiii)fal  lii-ii-a^irji  uf,  1.%. 

S:i>-afni!»,  init-rt  t'Mriiiii-<i  uf,  !."». 

Sajisafra-',  iia-iliial  prfi|H'rtifs  i»f.  1 1.  15. 

Sivanfrn.*  ttjfirtuiiif,  17. 

Sa-'Sifra.s.  oil  ,.f.  11 

Sanxafni-H  .Siut^afni,-*,  17. 

Sii.i*ntrii*  runifi'iium,  17. 

S-al.-'.  Klat.'.!.  'JO 

Sih-r^f'Tiii  I'litrntliini.  '_'7. 

S'hi/nijriira  Aiiiirit'Hhi,   1) 

Snivtuj*  Kajii.  01. 

SmlUut   t-«pirMMti-.  I'Xi. 

.SVonil,  i;ti.  \M 

Smuchrrm,  t*. 

.S<pt..^plm>na  Mai-lttnT,  H7. 

Sir.ni.i'.  lOS 

Sliatfltark  iiitknry,  \'u\. 

.Slu'Ilhark,  Ui^;.  l.">7. 

.Mi.llkirk.  huttuii.,  i:.7. 

Sht-Ml.ark  lli.kon,  i:*:i. 

.^''ilk-t  iiltun-.  70. 

Silk-««trnn»  on  'rmyliin.  H7. 

.SiiioYvInii  liiiMilari'.  !:;;{. 

Sini'X\  Inn  (In-liiic,  '_i>. 

.Sjippi'iy  Klin,  7u\. 

.Sn»*ritilIinM  .In^laihli'*,  IIO. 

.S<»|i'rnfli;;iiia.  li,'J. 

SoUui>.-lu,-mn,  0:i. 

SplniTflla  .Mat  hmr,  H7, 

.^p)ni>r>'ll:i  1  iiilH-lhilana-,  'JO. 

••^pliana  f.ilJ.Tta,  H7. 

SpliJiTnttiri-a  ptiyt<>plu)t|i\  lla,  0«>. 

Spin.    Pri'i'.  -JI. 

.'^|xini<KT)t)H.  0,'f- 

.St<-riM'4p)MMiiin  n<itHtn-<,  \'Xi. 

Sliiik'tiuiil.  till',  10. 

Strifffitiinlii/ihur,  M. 

Sii^jarlrt-rry,  (i7,  71. 

.Swamp  Hay,  7. 

Swatnp  I'.lin,  I.*), 

SHainp  III*  kory,  141. 

Sviaiiu.r.-,  HI.',  lo;i,  105,  107,  ITO. 

Syi-iilimii,  '.►•-'. 

Siffiitniirfihf,  01. 

StinmmrMM,  \\\. 

Svt'njiiiinift.  IIKV 

Sifromuruii  onliifttomm,  03. 


Svnii'fia,  Ol!. 
Sf/Hiiciit,  01. 

I'timiilii,  1. 

Tamnia  Hi>rtn>tuo,  t, 

Tuintilii  /Hiliniru,  7. 

Tfltiiimlra,  0. 

Tfhurm,  01. 

Tt'ras  lia^liana,  H7. 

Tctrahfiira  I'lini,  II 

Tttnitithtni  iilfiKln.  17, 

Tl trtinlhrni  f  <  ''liifnnitrii,  'Jl. 

Thoina.s,  l>aviil,  4H. 

Tiiif^iN  .Iii^lanititt.  110. 

Toxyl'))!,  S-'i. 

ToTt/li'ti  tturnntianim,  SO. 

'rtixyliiii,  (M'nnoiiiit'  tiNt-H  uf,  Mt, 

Tnxylnii,  ftinyal  di-.t-ascK  nt',  S7. 

Toxyluti,  msii-t  i-ncniirN  uf,  h7. 

'J'liriih  »t  Aturlnni,  .S'.t, 

Tuxylon  ptiniir<'riini,  HO. 

Trt'ini'X  (uliniitia.  \'X\. 

Trtmiiti.*.  01 

TnftHiKk  Motli,  Wtiitr'.'«|H>iU'(l,  tl. 

liMArhf;.  ;iO 

rtiiMis,  :to. 

1  linuH  alata.  -M.     ' 
I'lmuit  iiilti,   VA. 
riiniH  .Vineriraia,  \'X 
t'ltnu.%  Amrrtrnuit,  17. 
VlmtiA  .1  m^rridn.i,  a  <//(l/<rrr,    l.'l. 
t'imtiji  .1  wrTif  ifKl,  a  ruhni.  Xi. 
(.■limu  Amrruilnil,  $  nUii,  \',\. 
I'linits  Amrnriinii,  0  un/,rn.  VA. 
ClmuM  Amrrtrauti,  y  nlnUi,  .M, 
L'iniiiA  Amfn>iinii,  y  '  /ittrtnnim,  l.'t. 
t'lmuji  .itiifrirano,  y  /trniiulu,  K(. 
Vimuf  .imrnrtttut,  var.?  iifftfni,  43. 
Vlmnx  it'fMittun,  01 
L'hnut  t'ani)M'Ktri.H,  10 
tVmiM  rttm/trntriA,  |0,   11. 
Vhnfis  cnmfHftrt*  i'htnrtmt.*,  41. 
t'lmiis  titmp*'»ini'  fmrnfitlta,  11. 
(■'hmu  <  'fii'irttHiM,  41. 
VhuHA  rtlial'i,  41, 
(hniiH  rraswifdlm,  ."i7. 

f   I'ilHUA   Vri.lfHI,  .V'l. 

f  UlntH*  ilruiiitn,  43. 

f  I'lmuA  ilimttiiiitii,  ax 

I'lnniK.  i-i'tuinriiii  inws  ».f,  41. 

OlmuA  rff UAH,  41. 

VlmuA  rii'fUn,  10. 

I'lmuA  Fioriiliinii,  43 

UlmuA  fitltiirrii,  10. 

VliniiH  fiitva.  '^t. 

riinuH  fuha,  iiu'diritl  pro|M-rtii>ii  nf,  ."Vt, 

ritnilM.  fiili^:il  ttlsra.Hi'K  (if,  4lJ. 
t'lmiiM  ifUlhni,    10. 

t//ff..*..  Holhn.it.n,  40. 
VimuM  litfttktTumttt  40. 
I'liim-*,  inM>('t  i-nruiirn  of,  41. 
I'lniut  hf\  iit,  40,  41. 
UlniuH  laiii'ifniin,  40. 
f  Clmtui  iotu/ifii/ui,  ol. 
rimn>i  Mrxuana,  lU. 
UlmuA  nuiilifUui,  43. 
L'lmus  mimlnuii,  40. 
UlmiiA  uutlii,  \<\. 
r  {■ItuuA  uhtwiUn,  43. 
Vlmun  tHtatulrii,  41. 
UlmuA  I'fHtni,  .'n. 
riiniiN  parvitltira,  41. 
Ulmui  fteiiiiuntiata,  40, 


INDEX. 


17:$ 


f,  Wi. 

■if,  ST. 
.f,  H7. 


nlU'd,   U, 


.?  /  'i'»Hrw  /lirifiHuif  r>;t. 

»  1'lnnt.i  jnihexi'i'n.t  f ,  53. 

/'/mri.i  /utmilit,  ."i1. 

riimis  nirciiiosjl,  47. 

I '111111.1  rnhrii,  r>3. 

l'lmn.1  ■ittliritt  -10. 

rilniiH  Ki'iitint,  to,  11. 

I'IniiH  sc'ulini,  viir.  luriniata,  40. 

rVmu.!  .■iiil'tniM.  10. 

/  7f»ri.<  trtrtiiiilni,  40. 

f  t'lmus  tinih'ntoul,  4M. 

/  VmiM  rn(/(i/(i,  41. 

/  Vmtw  rulijiirii.  II). 

riinii!!  WiilliiliiHim,  11. 

riiilii'lliiliiriii,  10. 

riiiln'llii|]trui  Culifiimii'ii,  'JI. 

I'lnlvilluhiria,  fulfill  ili.ini.HCS  of,  1!0. 

riiilM'lliilariii,  iiKiM't  I'lii'iiiii'S  iif,  'JO. 

linlirlliiliir:!,  inidical  iirupcrtits  of,  'JO. 

rinl..'llillari...  .lil  of,  ■-■«. 

rnilull.ili.'  lu-iil,  'JO. 

I'lu'inula  (jriiict-lata,  77 

ruuinuln  intvrmetliu,  42. 


I'liciimlft  maorospnra,  4'-'. 
I'ni'iiiilla  iHilyclniita,  U-l. 
riv,loCilH,'K7. 
L'rostif;""*'  '•**-■ 
I'ntilii/niit,  01. 
C'rnaliilmil  it[litu\  01. 
Vrmliiimii  iiii/i'ilwHin,  07. 
Uriiihijiml  rc/iV/KMUm,  01. 

Vftlna  .Mailurii',  H7. 

Viirinij*!,  01. 

Vcibilia  iai<liiiali»t  -0- 

V^itiatii'o,  '-. 

rMiioiKj,  01. 

Waho",  r»l. 

Wiillm.  Hit. 

W'lltlm  nmrfil,  IIR. 

Wiiltui  I'mximl'Jiii.  l'.;l. 

irii//iri  r.ivm.  l'.;!. 

tt'/i«i(i  nivrii  ml'-rnniriKi,  I'Jl. 

H'll/ild  ".yril  liM.ri«<lr/»;,   I'Jl. 

H'liHiu  pi/ri/iirmi.1,  1 1.">. 


Walnut,  l'J.">,  120. 

Walnut,  lila<k,  121. 

Walnut  C'a.<c'-lii'ariT,  tlic,  110. 

Walnut,  .lapauisc',  111!. 

Walnuts,  KiiKlisli,  ll.'i. 

Walinits,  hvliliil,  111. 

Water  HimmIi,  lOII. 

Wat.r  Kim,   111,  (il. 

Wat.'r  Ili.kory,  110. 

Wat.son,  Srrniii,  lOS. 

Wliitc  Klui,  1:t.  IS. 

Wliilc  Ili'art  lliikorv,  lli:i. 

Wliilr  Mnlh.rrv,  7(1. 

Wlutc-s|iollc'il  ru^>.oi-k  Molh,  41. 

Wliil..  Wooil,  •r.. 

Winsjiil  I'.lni,  ."il. 

Wv.'li  r.lni.  40. 

Xytnvna  niliilnm.  'SI. 

Zi'uzrra  pyrina,  11. 
Ziztnihu*  rnminuUttn,  tVl. 
Xizijphn.'i  iijwmeil,  til. 


*v 


Urn.  i:(. 

r.i.  .".;i 
.1,  i:i. 
i/.rc  t:i. 

wirfriimit,  43. 
ntiulit.  13. 


'"/' 


i,fnl,  43. 


'M.K.   41. 

Mxi,  tl. 


of.  41. 


projuTtu'tt  of,  'Vl. 
t'li  of,  42. 


of,  41. 


to 


